disulfoton

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (12.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 48 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Note: Disulfoton is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Disulfoton Exposure: Acute exposure to disulfoton may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Hypotension (low blood pressure) and chest pain may be noted. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Psychosis may occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to disulfoton may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to disulfoton.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to disulfoton.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of disulfoton is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of disulfoton may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos)/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Spillages of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with great care. Liquid formulation volumes may be reduced ... by evaporation. Dry sweeping of solids is always hazardous: These should be removed by vacuum cleaning or by dissolving them in water or other solvent in the factory environment. /Pesticides/

Environmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

Environmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheeet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos)/

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in the region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos)/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers which formerly contained organic or metallo-organic pesticides, except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds, should be disposed of in a pesticide incinerator or buried in a specially designated landfill as noted in 165.8(a); except that small quantities of such containers may be burned in open fields by the user of the pesticide when such open burning is permitted by State and local regulations, or buried singly by the user in open fields with due regard for protection of surface and sub-surface water. /Organo or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers whichformerly contained organic or metallo-organic pesticides except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds should first be triple-rinsed. Containers in good condition may then be returned to the pesticide manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or drum reconditioner for reuse with the same chemical class of pesticide previously contained provided such reuse is legal under currently applicable US Department of Transportation regulations including those set forth in 49 CFR 173.28. Other rinsed metal containers should be punctured to facilitate drainage prior to transport to a scrap metal facility for recycling or for disposal or burial. All rinsed containers may be crushed an and disposed of by burial in a sanitary landfill, in conformance with State and local standards or buried in the field by the user of the pesticide. Unrinsed containers should be disposed of in a specially designated landfill, or subjected to incineration in a pesticide incinerator. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P039, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence times for liquids and gases, seconds; Solids, hours. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases, seconds; Solids, longer.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Smoking, eating, and drinking before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide of moderate or higher toxicity is being handled or used. /Pesticides/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

Adequate ventilation /should be provided/.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Store in original container, preferably in a locked area, away from children, food, feed.

Glass jars; earthenware jars; composition jars; chipboard boxes; pasteboard boxes; fiber cartons; metal drums; wooden boxes. ... Keep away from heat and water.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.20 [mg/m3]

0.43 [mg/m3]

2.1 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³

TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin]

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m, skin, inhalable fraction and vapor.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cholinesterase activity in red blood cells; Sampling Time: discretionary; BEI: 70% of individual's baseline. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticides/

0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2000]

Acute Inhalation: 0.006 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134)

Acute Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.00009 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.00006 mg/kg/day (L134)

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory failure. Exposure above the OEL could cause death. Cholinesterase inhibition. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide O,O-diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl) phosphorodithioate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolites, calculated as demeton, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: barley, grain: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); barley, straw: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); bean, dry, seed: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); bean, lima: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); beans, snap: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); broccoli: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); Brussels sprouts: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); cabbage: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); cauliflower: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); coffee, bean: 0.3 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); corn, field, forage: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, field, grain: 0.3 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, field, stover: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, pop, forage: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, pop, grain: 0.3 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, pop, stover: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, sweet, forage: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed: 0.3 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, sweet, stover: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); cotton, undelinted seed: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); hop, dried cones: 0.5 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); lettuce: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); oats, grain: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); oats, hay: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); oats, straw: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); peanut: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); pea: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); pea, field, vines: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); pecans: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); pepper: 0.1 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); potato: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sorghum, forager: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sorghum, grain, grain: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sorghum, grain, stover: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); soybean: 0.1 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); soybean, forage: 0.25 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); soybean, hay: 0.25 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); spinach: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sugarcane, cane: 0.3 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); tomato: 0.75 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); wheat, hay: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); wheat, grain: 0.3 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); and wheat, straw: 5.0 ppm (Expiration/Revocation Date: None).

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for the combined residues of O,O-diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl)phosphorodithioate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolites, calculated as demeton, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: asparagus, 0.1 ppm.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Disulfoton:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and long sleeved coveralls with tight collars and cuffs.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear full protective clothing. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified, (compounds and preparations, agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)/

WORKERS HANDLING AND APPLYING ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES ... MUST BE GIVEN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT COMPRISING OVERALLS MADE OF A TIGHT FABRIC OR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, GLOVES AND RUBBER BOOTS. THEY MUST WEAR A RESPIRATOR WITH AN ACTIVATED-CARBON GAS FILTER CARTRIDGE AFFORDING PROTECTION FOR A DETERMINED NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS. THE EYES SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY GOGGLES. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames.

STRICT HYGIENE! PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Disulfoton is a dark, yellow, oily liquid with a characteristic sulfur odor. It is a water emulsifiable liquid. It is toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and/or ingestion. Exposure to skin or eyes may cause burns. It is combustible but does not ignite easily. When exposed to high temperature this material may emit toxic fumes. It is used as a pesticide. May be found in the form of a dry mixture where the liquid is absorbed onto a dry carrier.

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, sulfur odor. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a brown liquid.]; [NIOSH]

OILY COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, sulfur odor.

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, sulfur odor. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a brown liquid.]

Pure compound: yellow liquid

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid

Colorless oil

Characteristic, sulfur odor.

270 to 271 °F at 1.5 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

132-133 °C @ 1.5 mm Hg; 108 °C @ 0.01 mm Hg

Boiling point: 62 °C at 0.01 mm Hg

at 0.2kPa: 132-133 °C

270-271 °F

Greater than -13 °F (EPA, 1998)

greater than 180 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.003 % at 73 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

SOL IN MOST ORG LIQ & FATTY OILS

Miscible in n-hexane, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene

In water, 16.3 mg/l @ 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

(73 °F): 0.003%

1.144 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.144 @ 20 °C referred to water @ 4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.14

1.144 @ 20°C

0.00018 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.0002 [mmHg]

9.75X10-5 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.02

0.0002 mmHg

0.000054 [mm Hg] @20 °C

log Kow = 4.02

OXIDIZABLE IN AIR /SRP: TO SULFOXIDES, SULFOXONES AND THEIR OXONES/.

Stable upon normal storage conditions.

Relatively stable in acidic and neutral media. Hydrolyzed in alkaline media.

/Decomposition half-life/ (22 °C) 133 days (pH 4), 169 days (pH 7), 131 days (pH 9). Photolysis DT50 1-4 days.

Index of refraction: 1.5348 for 20 °C and sodium light

SUSCEPTIBLE TO ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS

Brown liquid /Technical/

Slightly soluble in water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Sulfides, Organic

DISULFOTON is incompatible with the following: Alkalis (NIOSH, 2024). Organothiophosphates, such as DISULFOTON, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Alkalis.

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Disulfoton is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

Disulfoton

4 x 10 ^-5 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group E Evidence of Non-carcinogenicity for Humans

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L123) ; inhalation (L123) ; dermal (L123)

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Laboured breathing. Dizziness. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

EASILY ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), chest tightness; blurred vision, miosis; cardiac irreg; muscle fasciculation; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); eye, skin burns

Depending on the amount of disulfoton that enters the body, effects on the nervous system, such as narrowing of the pupils, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, difficulty in breathing, tremors, convulsions, and even death may occur. Skin contact with disulfoton may cause weakness and fatigue. (L123)

Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Neurological (Nervous System)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Chemical: DISULFOTON

Other Poison - Organophosphate

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.0003 mg/kg bw

PDF Document

ATSDR Final

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 200 mg/m3

LD50: 25 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T23)

LD50: 6.8 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T23)

LD50: 9.4 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T23)

LD50 CAPRA AEGAGRUS (DOMESTIC GOAT) MALE ORAL <15.0 MG/KG, > 60 MO OLD /SAMPLE PURITY 97%/

LD50 Rat female dermal 6 mg/kg

LD50 Rat male dermal 25 mg/kg

LD50 Rat male oral 6.8 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

DISULFOTON WAS FED TO RATS IN A DIETARY CONCN THAT DEPRESSED ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE BUT WAS INSUFFICIENT TO CAUSE CHOLINERGIC SIGNS. IT INDUCED TOLERANCE TO THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF CARBACHOL.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway control may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Administer atropine. Correct hypoxia before giving atropine ... . Administer pralidoxime chloride (2 PAM). USE UNDER DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDERS ONLY ... . Treat seizures with adequate atropinization and correction of hypoxia. Rarely is diazepam necessary ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously and consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

Airway protection. Ensure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patient and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/

Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to as high as 300 mg/day may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite these limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine (1 mg in adults, 0.01 mg/kg in children under 12 years) can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARD) MALE ORAL 6.54 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 3.76-11.4 MG/KG) 3-4 MO OLD /SAMPLE PURITY 97%/

LC50 COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) 715 PPM IN 5 DAY DIET (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 617-827 PPM) AGE 14 DAYS

LC50 COTURNIX COTURNIX (JAPANESE QUAIL) 333 PPM IN 5 DAY DIET (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 282-392 PPM) AGE 12 DAYS

LC50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (RING-NECKED PHEASANT) 634 PPM IN 5 DAY DIET (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 547-737 PPM) AGE 10 DAYS

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The 30 day EMLD (estimated minimum lethal dose) for 5 to 6 month old pheasants of both sexes (n=12) is 3.00 mg/kg. Acetylcholinesterase activity measurements were made on pheasant mortalities and sacrificed survivors of the 30 day EMLD test. When compared with their controls (n=6, range=1.299-1.366), survivors sacrificed on the day after final dosage of 6.00 mg/kg/day for 30 days showed 53.6% inhibition (n=3, delta pH/45 min=0.617, S=0.098, range=0.530-0.724), whereas mortalities showed 91.7% inhibition (n=3, delta pH/45 min=0.110, S=0.080, range=0.029-0.188). When compared with their controls (n=6, delta pH/45 min=1.097, S=0.068, range=0.996-1.159), sacrificed survivors of the 3.00 mg/kg/day treatment level showed 31.7% inhibition (n=5, delta pH/45 min=0.749, S=0.140, range= 0.573-0.903); The single mortality showed only 18.1% inhibition (n=1, delta pH/45 min= 0.898).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ /FOLLOWING ORAL ADMIN/: ATAXIA, WING DROP, IMMOBILITY, MORTALITIES ALL OCCURRED BETWEEN 2 AND 3 HR AFTER TREATMENT. DOSES AS LOW AS 4.24 BUT NOT 3.0 MG/KG PRODUCED MORTALITY IN MALLARDS.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The calculated percutaneous LD50 for 9 to 11 month old mallard drakes (n=8) after a 24 hr dermal foot exposure is 192 (CL 96.0-384) mg/kg. Signs observed after percutaneous treatment included... high carriage, dyspnea, using wings to aid pedestrian locomotion, wing shivers, and penile extrusion. Mortalities /resulted/ between 5 and 24 hr after initiation of treatment. Remission took up to two days after end of treatment.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The maximum nontoxic oral dose is 0.88 mg/kg body wt for young calves, 2.2 mg/kg for cattle and goats, and 4.8 mg/kg for sheep. Intoxication has occurred in cattle after consumption of harvested forages previously sprayed with this insecticide.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.50e+00

3.30e+01

5.00e-01

2.00e+01

9.40e-04

Volatile

7.60e+00

9.80e+01

1.50e+00

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds and bees. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Disulfoton's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an insecticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates disulfoton will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase disulfoton will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hrs. Particulate-phase disulfoton will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Disulfoton does not directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm). If released to soil, disulfoton is expected to have low to no mobility based upon a Koc range of 684 to 14,013. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Soil microorganisms are capable of converting thioethers to sulfoxides and sulfones. Disulfoton photodegrades in 1-4 days on soil under natural sunlight. If released into water, disulfoton is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Primary biodegradation half-lives of 7 to 41 days were calculated for samples of Rhine River water at the time of the Schweizerhalle, Switzerland chemical spill, November 1986. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 28 and 210 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 1,410 days if adsorption is considered. A BCF of 450 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Disulfoton is stable to hydrolysis in water at 20 °C. Occupational exposure to disulfoton may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where disulfoton is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to disulfoton via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound. (SRC)

Disulfoton's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an insecticide(1) may result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

Measurable residues of ... /the sulfoxide, sulfone, and oxygen analog of the sulfone of disulfoton/ were also present in the soil 2 years after application.

Disulfoton was incubated with various soils. A number of products were formed but only disulfoton persisted in soil. The fate of disulfoton in Portneuf silt loam soil was studied. Oxidation of this compound to the sulfoxide and sulfone was observed. The half-life of disulfoton was approximately 2 days but varied somewhat with temperature and moisture. Disulfoton sulfone persisted for more than 64 days; the disulfoton and its sulfoxide 32 days or less. The corresponding oxygen analogs of the metabolites were not observed.

Terrestrial Fate: /Disulfoton/ is metabolized in ... soil to the sulphoxide and sulphone, to the corresponding phosphorothioate analogs (of demeton-S), and finally, to derivatives of O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphate and 2-ethylthioethyl mercaptan.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 642(2) to 14,013(3), indicate that disulfoton is expected to have low to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of disulfoton from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 16.3 mg/l(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Disulfoton is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil, as soil microorganisms are capable of converting thioethers to sulfoxides and sulfones(11).

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

When ethylthiometon was added to soil under paddy conditions, there was rapid oxidation to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone. In silt loam soil, under paddy conditions, reduction of the sulfoxide to ethylthiometon occurred. At 28 °C, the half-life of ethylthiometon ... /with/ its five metabolites was about 50 days.

AEROBIC: Soil microorganisms are capable of converting thioethers to sulfoxides and sulfones(1). Disulfoton was rapidly oxidized in upland (aerobic) soil and was oxidized even faster in flooded (anaerobic) soil, but transformation was very slight in sterile soil suggesting biodegradation was notable in unsterilized soils(2). Aerobic degradation in the field to sulfoxide and sulfotone has been reported(3). However, the observed breakdown of disulfoton in sterile and glucose-amended soil was considered to provide evidence against microbial oxidation(4). Loss of disulfoton in sterilized and unsterilized soil irradiated with sunlight for 1 week was 68-87% and 68-79%, respectively, suggesting that microbial metabolism was not responsible for the loss of disulfoton(1).

Disulfoton, added at 1,000 ppm and incubated at 20 °C degraded in 32 days using Portneuf silt loam soil characterized by 2.96% OM, CEC 17.2 meq/100g, 20.1% moisture, and a pH 6.8, degraded more rapidly at 20 °C than at 40 °C(1). When added at a concn of 125 ug/g Portneuf silt loam soil, approximate half-lives were 1.0 and 2.0 days, respectively, at 10% moisture content, and 2.0 and 5.0 days, respectively, at 20% moisture content(1). Unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation half-lives of 3-21 days have been reported(2). Primary biodegradation half-lives of 7 to 41 days were calculated for samples of Rhine River water collected at the time of the Schweizerhalle, Switzerland chemical spill, November 1986, and inoculated with disulfoton at a concn range of 5-200 ug/l(3). Primary biodegradation was the major removal process for disulfoton from the Rhine River, equating to 12.2-53% reduction of total load (5-20 ug/l) to the system, followed by dilution at 7-41%, and abiotic hydrolysis at 2.2-3.0%(3).

ANAEROBIC: Disulfoton was applied at a concn of 9, 9, and 7 ug/g to three flooded rice paddy soils (sandy loam, 3.32% OM, pH 5.45, alluvial clay loam 0.96% OM, pH 6.8, and volcanic ash loam, 8.97% OM, pH 4.63) and incubated at 30 °C for 5 days(1); concn reductions to <1, 1, and 4 ug/g for 50% water content (unflooded) and concn reduction from 9 ug/g to 5 ug/g in 125% water content (flooded alluvial clay loam), were reported(1). Unacclimated anaerobic aqueous biodegradation half- lives of 12-84 days have been reported(2).

DI-SYSTON ... RAPIDLY CONVERTED TO ITS OXIDATIVE METABOLITES IN SOILS. CONVERSION IN SOIL ... PREDOMINANTLY BY SIDE CHAIN OXIDN OF SULFUR. OXYGEN ANALOGS FORM IN SMALL AMT ONLY. OXIDN IN FLOODED CONDITIONS WERE @ MUCH FASTER RATE THAN IN UPLAND SOILS.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of disulfoton with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis is a slow environmental fate process based on a rate constant of 2X10-3 L/mole-sec(2). Disulfoton is relatively stable to hydrolysis in acidic and neutral media(3) but hydrolyzes more rapidly at 40 °C(6). A hydrolysis half-life of 170 days in Rhine River water at pH 7.9 has been calculated for environmental conditions of November 1986(2). A hydrolysis half-life of 103 days at pH 7 and 25 °C has also been reported(4). Hydrolysis products of disulfoton are diethythiophosphoric acid and beta-ethylmercaptothio ether(5).

Disfulfoton is rapidly oxidized to its sulfoxide and sulfone by reaction with singlet oxygen(1,2). Loss of disulfoton in sterilized and unsterilized soil irradiated with sunlight for 1 week was 68-87% and 68-79%, respectively(1). A photooxidation half-life of 29 minutes has been reported(6). Disulfoton does not absorb UV light at environmental wavelengths (>290 nm) and does not appear to be susceptible to direct photolysis(2). Humic substances found in soil and water have been shown to photosensitize oxidation of disulfoton(3). Disulfoton undergoes photosensitized oxidation, probably by reaction with singlet oxygen, to its corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone (trace amounts) when adsorbed on soil surfaces and exposed to sunlight (observed half-life approx 1 to 4 days)(2,7). The half-life for photosensitized oxidation of disulfoton to disulfoton sulfoxide by humic substances in distilled water ranges from approximately 4 hours during summer to 11 hours during winter(3). In dilute (100 uM) hydrogen peroxide solution 18% and 53% removal of disulfoton was observed after 125 hours under dark and sunlit conditions, respectively, and in distilled water 11% removal was observed after 125 hours under sunlit conditions(4). Photochemical transformation half-lives of disulfoton in Rhine River water using environmental conditions for November, 1986 were calculated to be 1,000 and 100 days in winter and spring, respectively(5).

The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of disulfoton in carp (Cyrinus carpio) has been measured to be approximately 450(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF value suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

Koc values of 642 and 1104(1), 811(2), 1,500(5), and 1,780(6) have been measured for disulfoton(1) and its Rf value has been determined to be 0.01 using soil thin layer chromatography(3). Koc values in 5 EUROSOILS where as follows: 4,622 - Vertic Cambisol clay loam (1.3% OM, pH 5.1), Sicily, Italy; 1,399 - Rendinza silt loam (3.7% OM, pH 7.4), Pelponnesos, Greece; 1,293 - Dystric Cambisol loam (3.45% OM, pH 5.2), Wales; 2,359 - Orthic Luvizol silt (1.55% OM, pH 6.5), Normandy France; 14,013 - Orthic Podzol loamy sand, Schl.-Holstein (9.25% OM, pH 3.2), Germany(4). According to a classification scheme(7), these Koc values suggest that disulfoton soil mobility is expected to range from low to immobile.

The Henry's Law constant for disulfoton is estimated as 2.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 16.3 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that disulfoton is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 28 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 210 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 1,400 days if adsorption is considered(4). Disulfoton's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Disulfoton is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Disulfoton was not detected in 2,459 groundwater samples collected from 20 major US hydrologic basins from 1992-1996 as part of the National Water Quality Assessment program(1). Disulfoton was not detected in 10 monitoring wells sampled in North Carolina following 5 years of application in the immediate vicinity(2).

SURFACE WATER: Disulfoton was not detected in streams sampled in small agricultural and urban areas of Colorado during a study conducted from April 1993 through April 1994(1). Disulfoton was not detected in 168 water samples collected from two closely-spaced lakes in northeastern Nebraska between early May 1990 and mid-June 1991 following application of 0.8-1.1 and 0.6-0.8 kg ai/ha to surrounding watersheds of Maskentine Lake and Willow Lake, respectively(2). Disulfoton was found in the German-Dutch border section of the Rhine River, it's presence being the result of the 1986 Sandoz plant spill in Basel, Switzerland(3). Concns taken at different cities downstream from the spill site starting with Maxau, Germany were as follows (hours from passage at Maxau, compound concn ug/l): Maxau, 80 km downstream from spillsite, 0, 25; 6, 15; 12, 15; 18, 15; 24, 7; and 30, 1; Mainz, 134 km downstream, 18, 1; 24, 10; 30, 17; 36, 14; 42, 7; 48, 6; 54, 5; 60,1; Bad Honnef, 191 km downstream, 48, 2; 54, 6; 66, 8; 72, 6; 78, 5; 84, 4; 90,3; 96, 1; Lobith, 280 km downstream, 78, 1; 84, 1; 90,1; 96, 1; 102, 5; 108, 4; 114, 4; 120, 3; 126, 2; 132, 1(3).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Disulfoton was not detected in rain samples collected from April through September, 1995 over the agricultural area of Rolling Fork, Sharkey Co., and an urban area (several km from agricultural fields) in Hinds Co., Mississippi(1).

Group I Containers: Combustible containers which formerly contained organic or metallo-organic pesticides, except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds, should be disposed of in a pesticide incinerator or buried in a specially designated landfill as noted in 165.8(a); except that small quantities of such containers may be burned in open fields by the user of the pesticide when such open burning is permitted by State and local regulations, or buried singly by the user in open fields with due regard for protection of surface and sub-surface water. /Organo or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers whichformerly contained organic or metallo-organic pesticides except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds should first be triple-rinsed. Containers in good condition may then be returned to the pesticide manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or drum reconditioner for reuse with the same chemical class of pesticide previously contained provided such reuse is legal under currently applicable US Department of Transportation regulations including those set forth in 49 CFR 173.28. Other rinsed metal containers should be punctured to facilitate drainage prior to transport to a scrap metal facility for recycling or for disposal or burial. All rinsed containers may be crushed an and disposed of by burial in a sanitary landfill, in conformance with State and local standards or buried in the field by the user of the pesticide. Unrinsed containers should be disposed of in a specially designated landfill, or subjected to incineration in a pesticide incinerator. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P039, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence times for liquids and gases, seconds; Solids, hours. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases, seconds; Solids, longer.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Organophosphorous pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid,toxic,flammable, flashpoint not less than23 °C; Organophosphorous pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides,liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 215 11; Disulfoton (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

49 215 12; Disulfoton (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)

49 215 13; Disulfoton (insecticides, other than agricultural, not elsewhere classified)

49 215 08; Disulfoton mixture, dry (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified other than liquid)

49 215 09; Disulfoton mixture, liquid (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 27/28-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I