Naled

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (98.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (100%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 56 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

This chemical is noncombustible. Use agents suitable for surrounding fire. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

/To fight fire use/ dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water, fog, or foam.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. If liquid: collect leaking liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Dry: Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Use HEPA vacuum or wet method to reduce dust during cleanup. Do not dry sweep. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Liquid: Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill of leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. If in the solid form, collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation or for disposal. Liquid dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl phosphate or liquids containing /it/ should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for NALED (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

This pesticide is more stable to hydrolysis than dichlorvos (50% hydrolysis at pH 9 at 37.5 °C in 301 min). It is unstable in alkaline conditions, in presence of iron, and is degraded by sunlight. About 10% hydrolysis per day is obtained in ambient water. Incineration is recommended for large amounts. In accordance with 40CFR165 follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NALED (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NALED (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects.

Do not store or transport near food or feed. Store in cool, dry place, out of direct sunlight.

Sunlight degrades naled; therefore, the substance should be stores in lightproof containers.

Safe Storage of Pesticides: Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never transfer pesticides to soft drink bottles or other containers. ... Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.5 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

TWA 3 mg/m3 [skin]

3.0 [mg/m3]

TWA 3 mg/m3 See Appendix G

200 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

200.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: Because no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available, the chosen IDLH has been estimated from the male rat oral LD50 of 250 mg/kg [Gaines 1969 cited by ACGIH 1971]. ACGIH [1971] also reported that the acute toxicity data, inhalation data, and experience to date indicate that this is not a highly dangerous material. . . . Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

200 mg/cu m

200 mg/m³

200 mg/m3

See: 300765

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, Inhalable fraction and vapor, skin, dermal sensitization.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cholinesterase activity in red blood cells; Sampling Time: discretionary; BEI: 70% of individual's baseline. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticides/

0.1 mg/m

0.1 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2002]

(inhalable fraction): 0.5 mg/m

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory depression. Cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure far above the OEL could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide naled (1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloro-ethyl dimethyl phosphate) and its conversion product 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, expressed as naled, resulting from the application of the pesticide to growing crops or from direct application to livestock and poultry, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities:[Table#2881]

A tolerance of 0.5 part per million is established for the pesticide naled in or on all raw agricultural commodities, except those otherwise listed in this section, from use of the pesticide for area pest (mosquito and fly) control.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N99 (US) or type P2 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for NALED (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 30 mg/m3 :

(APF = 10) Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter (including N95, R95, and P95 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.

Naled is a white solid that may be dissolved in a liquid organic carrier with a pungent odor. It is a water emulsifiable liquid. It is insoluble in water and sinks in water. It can cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption and/or ingestion. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. If it is in liquid form, it can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. It is used as a pesticide.

Colorless to white solid or straw-colored liquid (above 80 degrees F) with a slightly pungent odor. [insecticide]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to white solid or straw-colored liquid (above 80 °F) with a slightly pungent odor.

Colorless to white solid or straw-colored liquid (above 80 °F) with a slightly pungent odor. [insecticide]

Pure compound is a solid; technical compound is moderately volatile

Usually obtained as a liquid; has been crystallized

White solid

Colorless to white solid or straw colored liquid (above 80 degrees F).

Slightly pungent odor

392 °F at 760 mmHg approx. (USCG, 1999)

BP: 110 °C at 0.5 mm Hg

at 0.066kPa: 110 °C

Decomposes

80.6 °F (USCG, 1999)

26.5-27.5 °C

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 1.5 mg/L, temp not specified

Slightly soluble in aliphatic solvents; very soluble in aromatic solvents

Readily soluble in chlorinated solvents; slightly soluble in mineral oils

Soluble in methylene chloride; relatively soluble in acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol

Freely soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols; sparingly soluble in petroleum solvents.

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

1.97 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.96 at 25 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.96 (25 °C)

1.97 at 68 °F

(77 °F): 1.96

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 13.2

0.0002 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

0.0002 [mmHg]

2.0X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.26

0.0002 mmHg

log Kow = 1.38

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

This pesticide is more stable to hydrolysis than dichlorvos (50% hydrolysis at pH 9 at 37.5 °C in 301 min). It is unstable in alkaline conditions, in presence of iron, and is degraded by sunlight.

Stable when dry, but rapidly hydrolysed in aqueous media (over 90% in 48 hr at room temperature), and more rapidly in alkaline and acidic media. Degraded by sunlight. In the presence of metals and reducing agents, bromine is lost and dichlorvos is formed.

Stable in brown glass containers.

Practically insoluble in water [Farm Chemicals Handbook]. Hydrolyzed slowly in presence of water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Halogenated Organic Compounds

NALED is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers, acids, sunlight, water [Note: Corrosive to metals. Hydrolyzed in presence of water.] (NIOSH, 2024). Unstable in presence of Iron (USCG, 1999). Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

Strong oxidizers, acids, sunlight, water (Note: Corrosive to metals. Hydrolyzed in presence of water.)

Strong oxidizers, acids, sunlight, water [Note: Corrosive to metals. Hydrolyzed in presence of water.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Naled is a white solid. It is insecticide and acaricide, which is used in cooling tower, paper and pulp mill systems, hide and leather processing and disinfection. It is also used on swimming pool surfaces, household sickroom equipment, food processing plants and equipment, food contact surfaces, hospital rooms, and bathrooms. Naled is also veterinary medication. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute symptoms following poisoning by naled include abdominal cramps, emesis, nausea, hypersecretion, cough, and perspiration that disappeared after 2 days, while anxiety, depression, vertigo, and spontaneous horizontal nystagmus persisted for 4 months. Potential symptoms of overexposure are miosis, lacrimation; headache; chest tightness, wheezing and laryngeal spasm; salivation; cyanosis; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea; weakness, twitching and paralysis; giddiness, ataxia and convulsions; low blood pressure; cardiac irregularities; irritation of skin and eyes. Dermal exposures to naled caused residual papular dermatitis on the arm, glazing on the skin of the cheek, mild irritation of the neck skin, and a maculopapular eruption of the abdomen that caused a contact sensitization type dermatitis. Dermatitis was also caused by picking flowers sprayed with naled. In another case, contact dermatitis was reported in an aerial applicator exposed to naled. ANIMAL STUDIES: Naled (5 mg/kg) was administered to rats via i.m. injection. Within 15 minutes, cholinergic signs appeared, and plasma and brain cholinesterases were inhibited by 79% and 80%, respectively. Naled caused severe eye and dermal irritation in rabbits and was weakly positive in a skin sensitization test in guinea pigs. In rats given a single oral dose of 25, 100, or 400 mg/kg naled, the 400-mg/kg dose produced mortality and transient decreases in body weight gain. Rats of both sexes given 100 or 400 mg/kg and females given 25 mg/kg showed marked cholinergic effects. No treatment-related neurological effects were observed 7 or 14 days after treatment at any dose level. In a lifetime study, male and female rats were administered doses of 0, 0.2, 2, or 10 mg/kg/day naled via gavage for 2 years. There was a dose-related reduction in plasma, brain, and to a lesser degree, red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase activity among rats treated with 2 or 10 mg/kg/day. Slight tremors were noted on isolated occasions after dosing four females given 10 mg/kg/day. The incidence of neoplastic lesions in the treated animals was similar to that of controls. Pregnant rabbits were given doses of 0, 0.2, 2, or 8 mg/kg/day naled by gavage on gestational days 7 through 19. Does were sacrificed on day 29 of gestation. No maternal or developmental toxicity was related to treatment. Naled exhibited no potential to induce mutations in an in vivo mouse spot test that used mice given 3, 20, or 150 mg/kg/day naled by gavage on gestation days 8 to 12. Naled was positive for gene mutation in the S. typhimurium reverse mutation assay but did not induce DNA damage in a rec-type repair test with Proteus mirabilis strains PG713 (rec-, hcr-) and PG273 (wild-type). ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Naled is highly toxic to bees.

(±)-Naled is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

2 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group E Evidence of Non-carcinogenicity for Humans

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L1193) ; inhalation (L1193) ; dermal (L1193)

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Vomiting. Dizziness. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Abdominal cramps. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; miosis, lacrimation (discharge of tears); headache; chest tightness, wheezing, laryngeal spasm; salivation; cyanosis; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramp, diarrhea; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), twitching, paralysis; dizziness, ataxia, convulsions; low blood pressure; cardiac irreg

If inhaled, effects on the respiratory system and the eyes are the first to appear. (L1193)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Chemical: NALED

Other Poison - Organophosphate

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

The theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) is 1.1021 mg/kg as naled, assuming a 1.5 kg diet, based on the tolerances and food factors for all of the commodities for which US tolerances are established.

IRIS Current

Children

Females 13-49 yrs

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC (mice) > 1,500 mg/m3/6h

LD50 Rabbit (female) dermal 360 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit (male) dermal 390 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse (female) oral 360 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse (male) oral 375 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for NALED (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Pesticides are applied seasonally in the Florida Keys to control nuisance populations of mosquitoes that pose a health threat to humans. There is, however, a need to investigate the effects of these pesticides on non-target marine organisms. We tested naled and permethrin, two mosquito adulticides used in the Keys, on a critical early life-history stage of queen conch (Strombus gigas). We conducted 12-hr exposure experiments on competent (i.e., capable of undergoing metamorphosis) queen conch larvae using environmentally relevant pesticide concentrations. We found that there was little to no mortality and that the pesticides did not induce or interfere with metamorphosis. However, after introduction of a natural metamorphic cue (extract of the red alga Laurencia potei), a significantly greater proportion of larvae underwent metamorphosis in the pesticide treatments than in those with the alga alone. In addition to the morphogenetic pathway that induces metamorphosis when stimulated, there thus appears to be a regulatory pathway that enhances the response to metamorphic triggers, as suggested by the increased sensitivity of the queen conch larvae to the algal cue after pesticide exposure (i.e., the pesticides stimulated the regulatory pathway). The regulatory pathway probably plays a role in the identification of high-quality habitat for metamorphosis, as the increased response to the algal cue suggests. Aerial drift and runoff can carry these pesticides into nearshore waters, where they may act as a false signal of favorable conditions and facilitate metamorphosis in suboptimal habitat, thus adversely affecting recruitment in nearshore queen conch populations.

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance. Shampoo hair promptly if contaminated. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit. Effects may be delayed. Medical observation is recommended.

Ensure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed and keep patient on high FiO2. In severe poisonings, patients should be treated in an intensive care unit setting. /Organophosphates/

Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access is difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning ... /a range of doses/ may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off, and multiple doses will be required. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. Note, however, that lack of response with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) may also indicate a more severe poisoning. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. ... Maintain atropinization by repeated doses based on recurrence of symptoms for 2-12 hours or longer depending on severity of poisoning. Crackles in the lung bases usually indicate inadequate atropinization. Pulmonary improvement may not parallel other signs of atropinization. Continuation of or return of cholinergic signs indicates the need for more atropine. Maintain atropinization with repeated dosing as indicated by clinical status. When symptoms are stable for as much as 6 hours, the dosing may be decreased. Severely poisoned individuals may exhibit remarkable tolerance to atropine; two or more times the dosages suggested above may be needed. The dose of atropine may be increased and the dosing interval decreased as needed to control symptoms. Continuous intravenous infusion of atropine may be necessary when atropine requirements are massive. ... Preservative-free atropine products should be used whenever possible. /Organophosphates/

Consider administering glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrolate has been studied as an alternative to atropine and found to have similar outcomes using continuous infusion. Ampules of ... glycopyrolate were added to ... saline and this infusion was titrated to the desired effects of dry mucous membranes, heart rate above 60 beats/min and absent muscle fasciculations. During this study, atropine was used as a bolus for a heart rate less than 60 beats/minute. The other apparent advantage to this regimen was a decreased number of respiratory infections. This may represent an alternative when there is a concern for respiratory infection due to excessive and difficult-to-control secretions, and in the presence of altered level of consciousness where the distinction between atropine toxicity or relapse of organophosphate poisoning is unclear. /Organophosphates/

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) male; oral 52.2 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 37.8-72.3 mg/kg)

LD50; Species: Tympanuchus phasianellus (Sharp-tailed grouse) male; oral 64.9 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 37.3-111 mg/kg)

LD50; Species: Branta canadensis (Canada goose) male and female; oral 36.9 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 27.2-50.0 mg/kg)

LD50; Species: Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Mule deer) oral approx 200 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for NALED (83 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...Naled and permethrin, two mosquito adulticides used in the Keys, /were tested/ on a critical early life-history stage of queen conch (Strombus gigas). ...12-hr exposure experiments /were conducted/ on competent (i.e., capable of undergoing metamorphosis) queen conch larvae using environmentally relevant pesticide concentrations. ...There was little to no mortality and the pesticides did not induce or interfere with metamorphosis. However, after introduction of a natural metamorphic cue (extract of the red alga Laurencia potei), a significantly greater proportion of larvae underwent metamorphosis in the pesticide treatments than in those with the alga alone. In addition to the morphogenetic pathway that induces metamorphosis when stimulated, there thus appears to be a regulatory pathway that enhances the response to metamorphic triggers, as suggested by the increased sensitivity of the queen conch larvae to the algal cue after pesticide exposure (i.e., the pesticides stimulated the regulatory pathway). The regulatory pathway probably plays a role in the identification of high-quality habitat for metamorphosis, as the increased response to the algal cue suggests. Aerial drift and runoff can carry these pesticides into nearshore waters, where they may act as a false signal of favorable conditions and facilitate metamorphosis in suboptimal habitat, thus adversely affecting recruitment in nearshore queen conch populations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Toxicity was assessed at 4 and 21 days for larval and juvenile stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, using two pyrethroids (resmethrin and permethrin), an organophosphate (naled), and a juvenile growth hormone mimic (methoprene). Acute toxicity (4-day LC50) values ranged from 1.59 to >10 mg/L. Overall, clams were more susceptible to mosquito control insecticides than oysters. Naled was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae ... . Mortality for both species generally increased with chronic insecticide exposure (21-day LC50 values ranged from 0.60 to 9.49 mg/L). Insecticide exposure also caused sublethal effects, including decreased swimming activity after 4 days in larval oysters (4-day EC50 values of 0.60 to 2.33 mg/L) and decreased growth (shell area and weight) in juvenile clams and oysters after 21 days (detected at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10 mg/L). Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and a combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia caused mortality in larval clams ... .

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... No mortality to mosquito fish /or tadpoles/ when applied at 560 g/ha.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... Responses of terrestrial insects to aerial applications of an organophosphate insecticide, naled, used for mosquito and biting midge control were studied on Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, SC. Aerial applications were made with C-130 aircraft at dusk in 2003 and in 2005. In 2003, ...two locations on Parris Island /were sampled/ with Malaise traps before and after spraying, and used Before-After analyses to examine changes in terrestrial insect diversity and abundance. In 2005, ... insects /were sampled/ with yellow pan traps at three locations on Parris Island and at an untreated control site. A Before-After Control-Impact analysis at each location was conducted to compare changes. In 2003, numbers of four of 12 common taxa (Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae) were lower after sprays. However, there were no significant changes in numbers of common taxa or total numbers in 2005. Shannon diversities (H') were not different in either year indicating that sprays had minimal impact on overall community biodiversity. In contrast, populations of pestiferous biting midges (Culicoides spp.) collected in CDC-style traps were reduced by 94-99% after spraying in both years; mosquito numbers declined by 88.2% in 2003 and 92.5% in 2005, after sprays.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NALED (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.60e+02

2.30e+03

4.00e+01

4.0E+03(G)

1.80e-02

2.00e-03

Volatile

4.70e+02

7.00e+03

1.20e+02

4.0E+03 (G)

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to bees. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Naled's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an insecticide and acaricide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.0X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates naled will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase naled will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.5 days. Naled has been reported to be degraded by sunlight. If released to soil, naled is expected to have moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 180 and 344. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Naled and its degradates, dichlorvos and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), are transformed largely by chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation. Under terrestrial, aquatic and forestry field conditions naled dissipated rapidly with half-lives of less than two days for all three cases. Soil studies indicated that naled degraded 2-3 times faster in non-sterile soil versus sterile soil. If released into water, naled is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 32 hours and 16 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate with an estimated half-life of about 1 day. An estimated BCF of 0.4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to naled may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where naled is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to naled via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound. (SRC)

Naled's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an insecticide and acaricide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 180(2) and 344(3) indicate that naled is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process. The hydrolysis rate constant was reported as 0.7 days-1(4) which corresponds to a half-life of about 1 day(SRC). Volatilization of naled from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 2.0X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.5 mg/L(4). Naled is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Naled and its degradates, dichlorvos and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), are transformed largely by chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation(5). Under terrestrial, aquatic and forestry field conditions naled dissipated rapidly with half-lives of less than two days for all three cases(5). Soil studies indicated that naled degraded 2-3 times faster in non-sterile soil versus sterile soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 180(2) and 344(3) indicate that naled is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process. The hydrolysis rate constant was reported as 0.7 days-1(4) which corresponds to a half-life of about 1 day(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.0X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.5 mg/L(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 32 hours and 16 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 0.4(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.38(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Naled has a reported hydrolysis rate constant of 0.7 days-1(4) which corresponds to a half-life of about 1 day(SRC). Naled and its degradates, dichlorvos and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), are transformed largely by chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation(9). Under terrestrial, aquatic and forestry field conditions naled dissipated rapidly with half-lives of less than two days for all three cases(9). Soil studies indicated that naled degraded 2-3 times faster in non-sterile soil versus sterile soil(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Naled, which has a vapor pressure of 2.0X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase naled is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Naled has been reported to be degraded by sunlight(4).

Naled ... rapidly degrades in sewage water to dichlorvos and dichloroacetaldehyde.

AEROBIC: As a chemical class, the organophosphorus insecticides, such as naled, are generally considered to be biodegradable(1). The metabolism of naled in unsterile sandy loam was 3 times faster than in sterile sandy loam, and was 2-3 times faster than in sand, loam, and silt soils(2). The half-lives were 1.4 and 4 hours, respectively, for unsterile and sterile sandy loams. The half-lives for naled ranged from 2.6 to 4.0 hours for other soil types; DDVP was detected in all soil samples(2). The metabolism of 14C-labelled naled in Oakly sandy loam soil under aerobic conditions showed that degradation of naled to 14C-carbon dioxide was rapid with a half-life of 3 days(2). In a cranberry bog, the half-life for the aerobic metabolism of 14C-labelled naled was about 6 hours with most of the naled metabolized to carbon dioxide (71% in 30 days)(2).

ANAEROBIC: As a chemical class, the organophosphorus insecticides, such as naled, are generally considered to be biodegradable(1). The metabolism of 14C-labelled naled in Oakly sandy loam soil under anaerobic conditions showed that degradation of naled to 14C-carbon dioxide was rapid with a half-life of 6 days(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of naled with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Naled is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment. The hydrolysis rate constant was reported as 0.7 days-1(2) which corresponds to a half-life of about 1 day(SRC). Under aquatic, terrestrial, and forestry field conditions, naled dissipated rapidly with half-lives of less than 2 days(3). The hydrolysis half-life using water samples overlying a sandy loam farm soil (pH 8.1 and organic carbon 0.31%) has been reported as 14 days(4). Naled is also susceptible to indirect photolysis in water(3,5) and has been reported to be degraded by sunlight(6).

Naled degrades ... rapidly with half-lives of < = 8 hr in soils and < = 25 hr in aqueous solutions. Naled half-life in water samples was < 24 hr.

An estimated BCF of 0.4 was calculated for naled(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.38(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Naled did not accumulate in whole body tissue of killifish exposed to naled in static bioassay tests. Naled was not detected ( < 0.02 ppm) in any fish tissue samples taken over the 7-day test period.

Koc values of 180(1) and 344(2) have been reported for naled. According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that naled is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for naled is estimated as 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.0X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.5 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that naled is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 32 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 16 days(SRC). Naled's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). However, hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant environmental fate process with a half-life of approximately 1 day(1). Naled is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). Using a sandy loam farm soil (pH 8.1, organic carbon 0.31%), Naled, uniformly sprayed at a concentration of 250 and 500 g ai/ha, exhibited 85.7 and 85.3% loss, respectively, after one day and was not detected in either case by day 3(3); loss was attributed to volatilization and unstability under sunlight, as well as the alkaline condition of the soil which leads to rapid hydrolysis(3).

GROUNDWATER: Naled has been detected in 7 verified incidents in California ground water although concentrations were not reported(1). In 1995, 3,322 wells were sampled in 47 California counties to determine levels of agricultural pesticides present, if any(1). Naled was not detected in 18 of 18 wells in Siskyou County and 16 of 16 wells in Del Norte County; also there was an unverified report of detection in 1 out 2 wells sampled in Merced County(2).

SURFACE WATER: Naled was detected in samples from the Yamaska River, Quebec, Canada, and its tributaries collected 1986 to 1987; at a site near the mouth of the Yamaska River, concentrations were 5.5, 74.8, and 52.7 ng/L on June 9, July 8, and September 25, 1987, respectively(1). At a site near the mouth of the Burbu River in Quebec, concentrations were 7.8, and 0.7 ng/L on July 8 and September 25, 1987, respectively(1). It was not detected in samples from the Runnets River, Quebec(1). Naled was not detected in 80 water samples collected from 32 wells during two sampling times of July-August 1993, dry season, and November-December 1993, end of rainy season, in the Atoya River basin, Chinandega, Nicaragua, a main cotton producing region(2). It was detected in one of eight river water samples collected during the dry and rainy seasons at concentrations of 264 and 33.4 ng/L, respectively(2). Naled was not detected in 707 surface water samples from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation Surface Water database; however, its degradation product dichlorvos was detected in 2 samples at a max conc of 0.242 ug/L(3).

SEDIMENT: Naled was not detected in 50 300-g sediment samples collected from 32 sites during two sampling times of July-August 1993, dry season, and November-December 1993, end of rainy season, in the Atoya River basin, Chinandega, Nicaragua, a main cotton producing region(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Sampling done during months of peak usage of Naled (June, 1991 and 1995) in Tulare County, California resulted in a max concentration of 0.065 ug/cu m, with a mean concentration of 0.052 ug/cu m; however, it was not determined whether the pesticide identified was naled or dichlorvos(1), the latter being a hydrolysis breakdown product of naled(2). Naled concentrations ranged from 0.0157 to 6.30 ug/cu m following its application to an orange grove located in Tulare County, California in 1995(3).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

This pesticide is more stable to hydrolysis than dichlorvos (50% hydrolysis at pH 9 at 37.5 °C in 301 min). It is unstable in alkaline conditions, in presence of iron, and is degraded by sunlight. About 10% hydrolysis per day is obtained in ambient water. Incineration is recommended for large amounts. In accordance with 40CFR165 follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NALED (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic/

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic/

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic/

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for NALED (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 °C

UN 3018; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for NALED (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 616 56; Naled (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

49 616 57; Naled (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)

49 616 58; Naled (insecticides, other than agricultural, not elsewhere classified)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point 23 °C or more; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, toxic; and Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C are included on the dangerous goods list. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point 23 °C or more; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 °C; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, toxic; and Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C are is included on the dangerous goods list. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flash point not less than 23 °C; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C/

Marine pollutant

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 21/22-36/38-50; S: (2)-36/37-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III