epibromohydrin

H226 (95.5%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (95.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (95.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (95.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (97.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (97.7%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 44 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel Protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.98 [mg/m3]

11 [mg/m3]

65 [mg/m3]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Personnel Protection: Keep upwind. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

Epibromohydrin appears as a colorless volatile liquid. Flash point 22 °F. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. A strong skin irritant. Used to make rubber.

Colorless liquid; [CAMEO] Clear yellow liquid; [NTP]

273 to 277 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

135 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-40 °F (NTP, 1992)

133 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in ether, benzene, chloroform and ethanol

1.601 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.615 g/cu cm at 14 °C

1.601 @25 °C

9.9 [mmHg]

log Kow = 0.85

When heated to decompositon it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen bromide/.

Index of refraction = 1.4820 at 20 °C

Schoenflies notation

Chemical bond

Excess enthalpy

Heat of solution

Internuclear distance

Mixing enthalpy

Molecular structure

Optical coefficient

Point group

Refractive index

Rotational excitation cross section

Vibrational mode frequency

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

Plastics & Rubber -> Epoxides

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water. Sensitive to prolonged exposure to light and moisture.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Epoxides

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

EPIBROMOHYDRIN reacts with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, Na, Zn, Al, Mg and their alloys. (NTP, 1992).

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Dichloropropane, dichloropropene, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Dichloropropane, dichloropropene, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dichloropropane, dichloropropene, and related compounds/

Respiratory Symptom Questionnaires: Questionnaires have been published by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the British Medical Research Council). These questionnaires have been found to be useful in identification of people with chronic bronchitis, however certain pulmonary function tests such as FEV 1 (see pulmonary function test section) have been found to be better predictors of chronic airflow obstruction. /Epichlorohydrin/

Chest Radiography: This test is widely used for assessing pulmonary disease. Chest radiographs have been found to be useful for detection of early lung cancer in asymptomatic people, especially for detection of peripheral tumors such as adenocarcinomas. However, even though OSHA mandates this test for exposure to some toxicants such as asbestos, there are conflicting views on its efficacy in detection of pulmonary disease. /Epichlorohydrin/

Pulmonary Function Tests: The tests that have been found to be practical for population monitoring include: Spirometry and expiratory-flow volume curves; Determination of lung volumes; Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; Single breath nitrogen washout; Inhalation challenge tests; Serial measurements of peak expiratory flow; Exercise testing. /Epichlorohydrin/

Sputum Cytology: Sputum cytology along with chest radiographs have been the standard procedures for detecting early lung cancer in asymptomatic patients. Sputum cytology has been found to be useful for detection of central tumors, especially squamous carcinomas. For this test to be effective, exfoliated respiratory mucosal cells must be present in the expectorated specimen. Pooling of sputum collected over 2-3 days may enhance the sensitivity of this test by increasing the yield of exfoliated cells in the specimen. /Epichlorohydrin/

/GENOTOXICITY/ ...The plasmid vector pKK233-2 containing rat GSH S-transferase (GST) 5-5 cDNA /was inserted/ into Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and ... these bacteria [GST 5-5(+)] expressed the protein and produced mutations when ethylene or methylene dihalides were added ... After exposure to the known GST 5-5 substrate 1,2-epoxy-3-(4'-nitrophenoxy)propane, the GST 5-5(+) strain showed fewer mutants than the bacteria transfected with the cDNA clone in a reverse orientation [GST 5-5(-)], suggesting a protective role of GST 5-5. However,... the GST 5-5(+) strain showed enhanced mutagenicity with ...1,2-epoxy-3-bromopropane (epibromohydrin)...

/GENOTOXICITY/ The rat theta class glutathione S-transferase (GST) 5-5 has been shown to affect the mutagenicity of halogenated alkanes and epoxides. In Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 expressing the rat GST5-5 the number of revertants was increased compared to the control strain by CH2Br2, ethylene dibromide (EDB) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (BDE); in contrast, mutagenicity of 1,2-epoxy-3-(4'-nitro-phenoxy)propane (EPNP) was reduced. S.typhimurium TA1535 cells were transformed with an expression plasmid carrying the cDNA of the human theta ortholog GST1-1 either in sense or antisense orientation, the latter being the control. These transformed bacteria were utilized for mutagenicity assays. Mutagenicity of EDB, BDE, CH2Br2, epibromohydrin and 1,3-dichloroacetone was higher in the S.typhimurium TA1535 expressing GSTT1-1 than in the control strain. The expression of active enzyme did not affect the mutagenicity of 1,2-epoxy-3-butene or propylene oxide. GSTT1-1 expression reduced the mutagenicity of EPNP. Glutathione S-transferase 5-5 and GSTT1-1 modulate genotoxicity of several industrially important chemicals in the same way. Polymorphism of the GSTT1 locus in humans may therefore cause differences in cancer susceptibility between the two phenotypes.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Conjugation of chemicals with glutathione (GSH) can lead to decreased or increased toxicity. ... A gene deletion polymorphism involving the human theta enzyme T1 has been described: the enzyme is present in erythrocytes and can be readily assayed. A rat theta class enzyme, 5-5, has structural and catalytic similarity and the protein was expressed in the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA1535. Expression of the cDNA vector increased the mutagenicity of ethylene dibromide and several methylene dihalides. Mutations resulting from the known GSH S-transferase substrate 1,2-epoxy-3-(4'nitrophenoxy)propane were decreased in the presence of the transferase. Expression of transferase 5-5 increased mutations when 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (butadiene diepoxide), 4-bromo-1,2-epoxybutane, or 1,3-dichloracetone were added. The latter compound is a model for the putative 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane oxidation product 1-bromo-3-chloroacetone...

/GENOTOXICITY/ A newly developed tester Salmonella typhimurium NM5004 strain was constructed by introducing a plasmid containing both rat GSH S-transferase (GST) 5-5 cDNA and the umuC"lacZ operon into the host strain Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and used to examine whether or not GST modified the genotoxic activities of several dihaloalkanes and other compounds. Twenty-nine chemicals /including epibromohydrin/ that were suggested to be conjugated by GST were compared with regard to their abilities to induce umu gene expression and cause cytotoxicity responses in both the NM5004 strain and the original tester strain (S. typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002, which is devoid of GST activity toward 1,2-epoxy-3-(4'-nitrophenoxy)propane). Ten chemicals--1,2-dibromoethane, N-(2,3-epoxypropyl)phthalimide, 1,3-dichloroacetone, CH2I2, 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane, 2,3-epoxypropyl p-methoxyphenyl ether, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane, 1-bromo-2,3-dichloropropane, CH2BrCl, and CH2Br2--were found to enhance induction of umu gene expression in the NM5004 strain as compared with the TA1535/pSK1002 strain. 1,2-Epoxy-3-(4'-nitrophenoxy)propane and 2,3-dibromo-1-chloropropane were inactivated by GST 5-5 in the NM5004 tester strain, although these chemicals were cytotoxic in both tester strains...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for EPIBROMOHYDRIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Epibromohydrin's production and use as a flame retardant and cross-linking agent for polymers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates epibromohydrin will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase epibromohydrin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 days. Direct photolysis of epibromohydrin is not an important environmental fate process. If released to soil, epibromohydrin is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 70. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Epibromohydrin may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data for structurally similar epichlorohydrin, suggest that biodegradation in acclimated soil or water may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin. If released into water, epibromohydrin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 38 hours and 22 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be the primary degradation process for epibromohydrin in moist soil and water based on the measured half-life of 16 days in water at 25 °C and pH 7. Hydrolysis-related products depend on the ionic content of the environmental media. The primary hydrolysis product will be 1-bromo-2,3-propanediol; however, anions such as chloride will also react with epibromohydrin to yield products such as 1-bromo-3-chloro-2-propanol. Occupational exposure to epibromohydrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where epibromohydrin is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to epibromohydrin via dermal contact with products containing this compound. (SRC)

Epibromohydrin's production and use as a flame retardant(1) and cross-linking agent for polymers(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 70(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.85(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that epibromohydrin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of epibromohydrin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The potential for volatilization of epibromohydrin from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Hydrolysis is expected to be the primary degradation process for epibromohydrin in moist soil based on the measured half-life of 16 days in water at 25 °C and pH 7(6). Biodegradation data were for epibromohydrin were not available(SRC, 2009). Analogous epichlorohydrin achieved 14% of the theoretical BOD in sewage sludge following acclimation(7), suggesting biodegradation may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin in acclimated water(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 70(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.85(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that epibromohydrin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 38 hours and 22 days, respectively(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be the primary degradation process for epibromohydrin in water based on the measured half-life of 16 days in water at 25 °C and pH 7(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Biodegradation data were for epibromohydrin were not available(SRC, 2009). Analogous epichlorohydrin achieved 14% of the theoretical BOD in sewage sludge following acclimation(8), suggesting biodegradation may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin in acclimated water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), epibromohydrin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase epibromohydrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3), determined using a structure estimation method(3). Direct photolysis of epibromohydrin is not an important environmental fate process(4).

AEROBIC: Biodegradation data were for epibromohydrin were not available(SRC, 2009). However, structurally similar epichlorohydrin achieved 3% of the theoretical BOD in a sewage sludge over a 5 day incubation period, and 14% of the theoretical BOD following acclimation(1), suggesting biodegradation may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin in acclimated water(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of epibromohydrin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 34 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The first-order neutral hydrolysis rate constant has been experimentally determined to be 5X10-7 sec-1 at pH 7 and 25 °C, which corresponds to a half-life of 16 days in water(2). Hydrolysis of epibromohydrin yields 1-bromo-2,3-propanediol. Anions such as chloride will also react with epibromohydrin to yield 1-bromo-3-chloro-2-propanol(3). Bicarbonate or nitrate anions will react to yield transient intermediates, which are rapidly degraded to 1-bromo-2,3-propanediol(3). Direct photolysis of epibromohydrin is not an important environmental fate process(3).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for epibromohydrin(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of epibromohydrin is estimated as 70(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that epibromohydrin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for epibromohydrin is estimated as 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that epibromohydrin is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 38 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 22 days(SRC). Epibromohydrin's estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of epibromohydrin from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1821 workers (272 of these were female) were potentially exposed to epibromohydrin in the US(1). Occupational exposure to epibromohydrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where epibromohydrin is produced or used(SRC). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to epibromohydrin via dermal contact with products containing this compound(SRC).

Epibromohydrin's production and use as a flame retardant and cross-linking agent for polymers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates epibromohydrin will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase epibromohydrin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 days. Direct photolysis of epibromohydrin is not an important environmental fate process. If released to soil, epibromohydrin is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 70. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Epibromohydrin may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data for structurally similar epichlorohydrin, suggest that biodegradation in acclimated soil or water may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin. If released into water, epibromohydrin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 38 hours and 22 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be the primary degradation process for epibromohydrin in moist soil and water based on the measured half-life of 16 days in water at 25 °C and pH 7. Hydrolysis-related products depend on the ionic content of the environmental media. The primary hydrolysis product will be 1-bromo-2,3-propanediol; however, anions such as chloride will also react with epibromohydrin to yield products such as 1-bromo-3-chloro-2-propanol. Occupational exposure to epibromohydrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where epibromohydrin is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to epibromohydrin via dermal contact with products containing this compound. (SRC)

Epibromohydrin's production and use as a flame retardant(1) and cross-linking agent for polymers(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 70(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.85(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that epibromohydrin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of epibromohydrin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The potential for volatilization of epibromohydrin from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Hydrolysis is expected to be the primary degradation process for epibromohydrin in moist soil based on the measured half-life of 16 days in water at 25 °C and pH 7(6). Biodegradation data were for epibromohydrin were not available(SRC, 2009). Analogous epichlorohydrin achieved 14% of the theoretical BOD in sewage sludge following acclimation(7), suggesting biodegradation may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin in acclimated water(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 70(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.85(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that epibromohydrin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 38 hours and 22 days, respectively(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be the primary degradation process for epibromohydrin in water based on the measured half-life of 16 days in water at 25 °C and pH 7(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Biodegradation data were for epibromohydrin were not available(SRC, 2009). Analogous epichlorohydrin achieved 14% of the theoretical BOD in sewage sludge following acclimation(8), suggesting biodegradation may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin in acclimated water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), epibromohydrin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase epibromohydrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3), determined using a structure estimation method(3). Direct photolysis of epibromohydrin is not an important environmental fate process(4).

AEROBIC: Biodegradation data were for epibromohydrin were not available(SRC, 2009). However, structurally similar epichlorohydrin achieved 3% of the theoretical BOD in a sewage sludge over a 5 day incubation period, and 14% of the theoretical BOD following acclimation(1), suggesting biodegradation may be an important fate process for epibromohydrin in acclimated water(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of epibromohydrin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 34 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The first-order neutral hydrolysis rate constant has been experimentally determined to be 5X10-7 sec-1 at pH 7 and 25 °C, which corresponds to a half-life of 16 days in water(2). Hydrolysis of epibromohydrin yields 1-bromo-2,3-propanediol. Anions such as chloride will also react with epibromohydrin to yield 1-bromo-3-chloro-2-propanol(3). Bicarbonate or nitrate anions will react to yield transient intermediates, which are rapidly degraded to 1-bromo-2,3-propanediol(3). Direct photolysis of epibromohydrin is not an important environmental fate process(3).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for epibromohydrin(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of epibromohydrin is estimated as 70(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that epibromohydrin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for epibromohydrin is estimated as 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that epibromohydrin is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 38 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 22 days(SRC). Epibromohydrin's estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of epibromohydrin from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1821 workers (272 of these were female) were potentially exposed to epibromohydrin in the US(1). Occupational exposure to epibromohydrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where epibromohydrin is produced or used(SRC). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to epibromohydrin via dermal contact with products containing this compound(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for EPIBROMOHYDRIN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2558; Epibromohydrin

IMO 6.1; Epibromohydrin

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Flammable Liquid