chlorophacinone

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360D: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (72.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (27.5%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360 (71.1%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 149 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Highly toxic by skin absorption.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Chlorophacinone Exposure: Chlorophacinone is an anticoagulant. Hemorrhage is the most common sign and may be manifested by nose and gum bleeding, bloody stools and urine, ecchymoses (extravasations of blood into skin), and hemoptysis (coughing up of blood). Bruising is heightened. Abdominal and flank pain may also occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chlorophacinone may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be used, as necessary. Rescue vehicle should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chlorophacinone.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to chlorophacinone.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of chlorophacinone is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Container may explode in heat of fire. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. If water pollution occurs, notify appropriate authorities.

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Small fires: dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

Use powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting, if necessary.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe ares. Avoid breathing dust.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge in to the environment must be avoided.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

It is stable, resistant to weathering and is non-corrosive. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Chlorophacinone should be incinerated @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Complete suit protecting against chemicals, the type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

If swallowed never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.

After skin exposure, all areas should be thoroughly washed with soap and water. For respiratory exposure, removal from the source of the exposure is sufficient.

Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin. Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Very toxic to aquatic life.

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative, Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

0.0047 [mg/m3]

0.051 [mg/m3]

0.31 [mg/m3]

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in bleeding. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated. Exposure could cause death.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in bleeding.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH...

Wear protective mask and gloves when handling the concentrate.

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR! FIRST AID: USE PERSONAL PROTECTION.

Use closed system.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Crystals. Commercially available as oil concentrate and as dust concentrate. Used as an anticoagulant rodenticide. Chronic acting, multiple dose rodenticide. (EPA, 1998)

White to pale yellow crystals formulated as dry and oil concentrate, spray, meal bait, paraffin blocks, pellets, and tracking powder; [HSDB]

PALE YELLOW POWDER.

Pale yellow crystals

Light yellow silky needles from ethanol or acetone

Crystals

Pale yellow crystalline

Pale yellow microcrystalline powder

Odorless

No boiling point at normal pressure; decomposes at 250 °C

284 °F (EPA, 1998)

In water, 100 mg/L at 20 °C

In water at 20 °C (OECD 105 method): 13 mg/L (distilled water), 1 mg/L (pH 4), 344 mg/L (pH 7), 459 mg/L (pH 9)

Readily soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, benzene, oil; slightly soluble in aqueous alkalis with the formation of salts

Soluble in common organic solvents.

Soluble in dichloromethane and chloroform; sparingly soluble in acetone and ether; very sparingly soluble in ethanol and methanol.

Solubility in water: very poor

Bulk density = 0.38 g/cu-cm at 20 °C

1.43 g/cm³

1X10-4 mPa /7.5X10-10 mm Hg/ at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: (negligible)

log Kow at 23 °C: 3.08 (pH 4), 2.42 (pH 7), 2.57 (pH 9)

Very stable and resistant to weathering.

Stable, but is oxidized when used in bait formulation

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride.

Noncorrosive

68.9 mN/m at 20.6 °C at 90% saturated solution

pKa = 3.40 at 25 °C

193.2 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID2032348]

pKa = 8.0 (OECD 112 method), but low solubility requires cosolvent that introduces inaccuracy

Fusion temperature

Melting temperature

Phase transition

Transition enthalpy

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Rodenticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Rodenticides, Anticoagulant

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases.

IDENTIFICATION: Chlorophacinone is a chlorinated diphenyl indane derivative. It is an anti-coagulant and metabolic inhibitor which is highly toxic to rodents. It is compatible with a wide spectrum of bait carriers and has no repellent action. Chlorophacinone is a white crystalline solid. It is sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. Chlorophacinone is described as stable and resistant to weathering effects. It is available as a bait or oil solution. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Small ingested doses and substantial intake hypoprothrombinemia induced doses are asymptomatic. The onset of clinical signs may be delayed several days after exposure to a single large dose or after a few weeks of repeated ingestion of small doses. Epistasis and bleeding gums were noted. Pallor and sometimes petechial rash; massive ecchymoses or hematomas (especially of the articulating joints); blood in urine and feces, occasionally paralysis due to cerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock and death. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorophacinone may be hazardous to other small animals and birds. This rodenticide is primarily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, dermal absorption may also result. Chlorophacinone is an anticoagulant agent, it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation depressing hepatic synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, IX and X and it does direct damage to capillary permeability. The ultimate effect is widespread internal hemorrhage. In rodents, the indandiones also cause neurologic and cardiopulmonary injuries. Chlorophacinone is of low toxicity to birds.[

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Coughing up blood. Blood in the urine. Bleeding under the skin. Symptoms may be delayed.

EASILY ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

LC50 (rat) >3000 mg/m3/1H;

LD50 Mouse oral 1.06 mg/kg

LD50 Rat (albino) oral 20.5 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation >3.0 mg/L/1 hr

LD50 Rabbit (albino) oral 50 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

The binding constants (K) of a series of anticoagulant rodenticides with the main soil organic component, humic acid (HA), were determined using frontal analysis approach. ... HA acid protected the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 against the cytotoxicity of all the rodenticides tested and that the toxicity of rodenticides was directly linked to the free rodenticide fraction in the medium (i.e. unbound rodenticide to HA).

Human exposure to second-generation and indandione anticoagulants produces symptoms consistent with anticoagulation effects (e.g., hematomas, hematemesis, hematuria, easy bruisability). Treatment of cases of exposure, particularly of substantial and repeated exposure, may require vitamin K1 therapy and monitoring of prothrombin times for periods of many months.

Vitamin K1. ... For suicidal ingestions with large amounts taken, if there is uncertainty about the amount of bait ingested or the general health of the patient, phytonadione (vitamin K1) given orally protects against the anticoagulant effect of these rodenticides, with essentially no risk to the patient. In accidental ingestions with healthy children involving only a taste or single swallow, no medical treatment is required, but children should be observed for bleeding and bruising. If a larger amount may have been ingested, prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored at 24 and 48 hours, with phytonadione therapy initiated for elevated PT or clinical signs of bleeding. CAUTION: Phytonadione, specificaly, is required. Neither vitamin K3 (menadione, Hykinone) nor vitamin K4 (menadiol) is an antidote for these anticoagulants. /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Gastrointestinal decontamination. If large amounts of anticoagulant have been ingested within several hours prior to treatment, consider gastric decontamination procedures ... . /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Determine prothrombin time. If anticoagulant has been ingested any time in the preceding 15 days, determination of the prothrombin time (PT) provides a basis for judging the severity of poisoning. Patients who ingest large amounts, particularly of the superwarfarin compounds, will likely have a very prolonged period of decreased prothrombin activity. Patients may need to be treated for as long as 3 or 4 months. If the PT is significantly lengthened, give Aquamephyton intramuscularly. ... /Coumarins and Indandiones/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A PT (Prothrombin Time) 24 to 48 hr after exposure in asymptomatic children with accidental ingestions of large or unknown amounts should be obtained. In adults with deliberate ingestions and children with clinical evidence of bleeding, an initial PT and PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) should be obtained and then repeated at 24 and 48 hr. /Superwarfarin/

A serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide level may provide a more sensitive biomarker of industrial coumarin (brodifiacoum, difenacoum, and warfarin) exposure or acccumulation than the PT (Prothrombin Time). ... In patients chronically exposed to coumarin anticoagulants, serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide levels are significantly elevated, whereas the clotting factor activities and antigen levels remain in the normal range. This apparant dissociation between the coumarin anticoagulant effects on vitamin K metabolism and clotting factor activity may persist for years after termination of the occupational exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ When a single oral dose of 20 mg chlorophacinone was given to three volunteers, the lowest prothrombin times were 35, 34 and 38% of the pretreatment value on days 2, 4 and 2, respectively. Eight days after admin without any treatment the values were 80, 100 and 90%, respectively.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hematuria, ecchymoses, gingival bleeding, epistaxis, abdominal pain, bleeding wounds, oral mucosa bleeding, melena, flank pain, heme positive stool, hematomas, anemia, decreasing hemoglobin concns, intracranial bleeding, vaginal bleeding, back pain, hematochezia, menorrhagia, hemoperitoneum, compartment syndrome, coma, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, hemoptysis, urethral bleeding, fatigue, headache, seizures (from table). /Adult- long acting rodenticide anticoagulants/

/CASE REPORTS/...A case of ingestion of 625 mg chlorophacinone (250 mL of a 0.25% concentrate formulation) by a 37-yr-old woman /was reported/. The prolonged anticoagulant action of chlorophacinone persisted for at least 45 days even though treatment was given. It was found that menadiol, the synthetic analogue of vitamin K1, was ineffective. The natural form, phytomenadione, was effective only when given at high dosage (20 mg daily) 30 days after the ingestion of chlorophacinone.

/CASE REPORTS/ Superwarfarin exposure is a growing health problem, described in many countries. The authors report a case of suspicious chlorophacinone poisoning with a problematic diagnosis. They review the literature and discuss particularities of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication, as well as the apparent contradiction between anticoagulant intoxication and lethal thrombosis.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After single lethal doses in rodents death tends to be delayed for 5-8 days and is presumably due to internal hemorrhages.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Massive single oral doses... killed rats and rabbits within 2 to 12 hr. In these acute exposures hemorrhages were not usually found on postmortem exam and prothrombin levels were not invariably depressed. Animals receiving these single lethal doses of substituted indandiones (100-200 mg/kg) exhibited labored breathing, progressive muscular weakness, hyperexcitability, pulmonary congestion, venous engorgement, and cardiac standstill in systole. /Substituted indandione rodenticides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /The objective was/ to assess the rate and extent of ruminal degradation of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone in vitro and determine the oral availability and clinical and hemostatic effects of each anticoagulant rodenticide in adult sheep... Samples of ruminal fluid were incubated with each of the anticoagulants to assess the kinetics of ruminal degradation over 24 hours. To determine the plasma kinetics of the anticoagulants, each /of 3/ sheep received each of the anticoagulants IV or via a rumenimplanted cannula at 2-month intervals (3 rodenticide exposures/sheep). At intervals during a 240- to 360- hour period after treatment, prothrombin time (PT) was measured, plasma anticoagulant concentration was assessed, and clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning were monitored. In plasma and rumen extracts, anticoagulant concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography... In the rumen extracts, anticoagulants were slightly degraded (< 15%) over 24 hours. In vivo, oral availability of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone was estimated at 79%, 92%, and 88%, respectively. Although maximum PT was 80 seconds after chlorophacinone and bromadiolone treatments, no clinical signs of toxicosis were detected; PT returned to baseline values within 2 weeks... In sheep, warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone were not degraded in the rumen but their bioavailabilities were high after oral administration; the kinetics of these compounds in sheep and other mammals are quite similar. These data suggest that the lack of susceptibility of ruminants to these anticoagulant rodenticides cannot be explained by either ruminal degradation or the specific toxicokinetics of these anticoagulants.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In a subchronic study, groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats/sex/dose were gavaged at 0, 10, 20 or 40 ug/kg 7 days/wk for 113 days. A group was also dosed at 5 ug/kg/day, but was terminated at 77 days due to lack of evident toxicity. Additional groups were tested at 80 and 160 ug/kg, but all animals died between days 3 and 13. At 40 ug/kg/day deaths occurred in 10/10 males (mortalities occurred days 29-82) and 4/10 females (days 69-111); 4/10 males (but 0/10 females) died at 20 ug/kg/day (deaths occurred on days 105-111). "The dominant clinical signs that were responsible for death of animals were related to the anticoagulant activity of chlorophacinone." Although 1/10 males and 1/10 females died in the 10 ug/kg/day group, these deaths were ascribed to intubation error. At termination (112-113 days), hematology (including "coagulation time") and clinical chemistry parameters were determined from the 0, 10, 20 or 40 ug/kg/day groups (but not the 5 ug/kg/day group, which was terminated at 77 days). In the 10 ug/kg/day animals, males showed a 28% incr (p<0.01) in coagulation time, while females showed a 6% incr (p<0.05); at 20 ug/kg/day males showed a >100% incr (p<0.01) in coagulation time and females an 11% incr (p<0.05); at 40 ug/kg/day females showed a >100% incr. ...At the 5 ug/kg/day dose level there was no mortality or signs of toxicity during the 77-day exposure period. Coagulation values were not evaluated at this dose level. However clotting times were increased by 28% and 6% for males and females, respectively, at the 10 ug/kg/day levels at termination (113 days). Based on these findings, the Agency's Health Effects Division (HED) considers 5 ug/kg/day as a NOEL(No observable Effect Level) in a subchronic oral study, with a LOEL (Lowest Observable Effect Level) of 10 ug/kg/day (increased coagulation times for both males and females, with males more sensitive than females).

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; See the data in Chemical Explorer/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of March 28, 2014: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

SRP: Persons with bleeding disorders or who are taking anticoagulants should be protected from exposure.

If anemia or liver disease is present then the above features may be more severe and persistent and the poisoning may be more difficult to control. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

LD50; Species: Vampire bats; oral 7.5 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Red-winged black bird; acute oral 430 mg/kg

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck); acute oral 100 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Ring-necked pheasants; acute oral 100 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ No ill effect resulted from 15 daily doses of 2.25 mg to grey partridges.

LD50; Species: Vampire bats; oral 7.5 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Red-winged black bird; acute oral 430 mg/kg

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck); acute oral 100 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Ring-necked pheasants; acute oral 100 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ No ill effect resulted from 15 daily doses of 2.25 mg to grey partridges.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ...American kestrels (Falco sparverius) /were fed/ on meadow voles that had been maintained on 2% chlorophacinone. Voles consumed approx 53 mg of 2% chlorophacinone (1.14 mg a.i.) before dying within 6 days. No kestrels fed poisoned mice, for up to 21 consecutive days, died. Hematomas were observed on the pectoral muscles, lungs, liver and heart of exposed birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ .../0.5% of birds and 5.7% mammals were positive for Chlorophacinone/. /From table/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) levels were studied in liver of 401 wild and domestic animals found dead in Spain with evidences of AR poisoning, including 2 species of reptiles (n=2), 42 species of birds (n=271) and 18 species of mammals (n=128). Baits (n=32) were also analyzed to detect the potential use of ARs in their intentional preparation to kill predators. AR residues were detected in 155 (38.7%) of the studied animals and 140 (34.9%) may have died by AR poisoning according to the clinical information, necropsy findings, residue levels and results of other toxicological analysis. Animals considered with sublethal AR exposure had total AR residues (geometric mean with 95% CI) in liver of 0.005 (0.003-0.007)ug/g wet weight (w.w.) and animals diagnosed as dead by AR poisoning had 0.706 (0.473-1.054)ug/g w.w. ARs were detected in 19% of baits illegally prepared to kill predators. In terms of the total incidents studied in our laboratory between 2005 and 2010 (n=1792 animals), confirmed poisonings represented 40.9% of the cases, and 21.1% of these were due to ARs (8.6% of the total sample). Nocturnal raptors (62%) and carnivorous mammals (38%) were amongst the secondary consumers with highest prevalence of AR exposure, especially to second generation ARs (SGARs). On the other hand, granivorous birds showed the highest prevalence of AR exposure (51%), especially to chlorophacinone in a region treated against a vole population peak in 2007. The presence of hemorrhages was significantly associated with AR levels in liver, but some animals (7.2%) with elevated residue levels (>0.2ug/g w.w.) showed no evidence of macroscopic bleeding. The use of accumulative SGARs and the application of baits on surface (i.e. treated grain by spreader machines) should be discontinued in future EU regulations on the use of rodenticides to prevent the poisoning of non-target wildlife species.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Chlorophacinone's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an anticoagulant rodenticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chlorophacinone will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase chlorophacinone will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Chlorophacinone is susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight. If released to soil, chlorophacinone is expected to have no mobility based upon a Koc range of 15,600 to 136,000. The pKa of chlorphacinone is 3.80, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Chlorophacinone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Photolysis of chlorophacinone on a soil surface exposed to sunlight proceeds with a half-life of about 11 days at 12 °C. Chlorophacinone was moderately degradable in one sandy loam soil under aerobic conditions with a half-life of 21-25 days. In other laboratory soil dissipation studies, chlorophacinone had half-lives of 47.3 and 17.1 days under dark aerobic conditions at 25 °C where CO2 was the predominant degradation product. If released into water, chlorophacinone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. The pKa indicates chlorphacinone will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF range of 5-13 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Chlorophacinone is stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 9. The photolysis half-lives in pure water and sterile pond water are 2.2 and 1.3 days, respectively. One biological screening test found chlorophacinone to be not readily biodegradable. Occupational exposure to chlorophacinone may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorophacinone is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to chlorophacinone via dermal contact with products containing chlorophacinone. (SRC)

Chlorophacinone's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an anticoagulant rodenticide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc range of 15,600 to 136,000(2) indicates that chlorophacinone is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of chlorophacinone is 3.40(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Chlorophacinone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure of 7.5X10-10 mm at 25 °C(3). Chlorophacinone was determined to be not readily biodegradable based on the results of one screening study (manometric respirometry) where no biodegradation occurred over a 28-day incubation period(2). Chlorophacinone was found to be moderately degradable in a sandy loam soil under aerobic conditions with a half-life of 21-25 days(5). In other laboratory soil dissipation studies, chlorophacinone had half-lives of 47.3 and 17.1 days under dark aerobic conditions at 25 °C where CO2 was the predominant degradation product(2). Extrapolation of the 47.3 day half-life to 12 °C (to reflect an average European Union outdoor temperature) yields an estimated half-life of 128 days(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 15,600 to 136,000(2) indicates that chlorophacinone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 3.40(3) indicates chlorophacinone will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF range of 5-13(SRC), from a measured log Kow range of 2.40-3.08 between pH 4 and pH 9(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Chlorophacinone is stable to hydrolysis at environmentally relevant pHs(5-9) with half-lives of >1 year(2). The direct photolysis half-life of chlorophacinone in aqueous solution is 2.2 days of continuous natural summer sunlight at latitude 50 deg N(2). The photolysis half-life in sterile pond water under the same conditions is 1.3 days(2). Chlorophacinone was determined to be not readily biodegradable based on the results of one screening study (manometric respirometry) where no biodegradation occurred over a 28-day incubation period(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorophacinone, which has a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase chlorophacinone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Chlorophacinone is susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight(3).

AEROBIC: Using OECD 301F (manometric respirometry test) with an activated sewage sludge inoculum, no biodegradation of chlorophacinone was observed after an incubation period of 28 days classifying the compound as not readily biodegradable under the conditions of the test(1). Chlorophacinone was found to be moderately degradable in a sandy loam soil under aerobic conditions with a half-life of 21-25 days(2). In laboratory tests conducted at 25 °C under dark aerobic conditions using a sandy clay loam soil and a sandy loam soil, chlorophacinone had half-lives of 47.3 and 17.1 days respectively(1); extrapolation of the 47.3 day half-life to 12 °C (to reflect an average European Union outdoor temperature) yields an estimated half-life of 128 days(1); degradation of the chlorophacinone resulted predominantly in the formation of carbon dioxide(1).

Using the OECD 111 method at temperatures of 50-70 °C with buffered aqueous solutions at pH 4, 7 and 9, chlorophacinone was determined to be stable to hydrolysis at environmentally relevant pHs with half-lives of >1 year(1). In aqueous solution at 25 °C, chlorophacinone was photolyzed with a mean half-life of 0.62 days under artificial sunlight that corresponded to 2.2 days of continuous natural summer sunlight at latitude 50 deg N(1). In sterile pond water studies, the corresponding photolysis half-life in natural sunlight at latitude 50 deg N was 1.3 days(1). A direct photolysis half-life in water of 37 minutes has also been reported(2). Photolysis of chlorophacinone on a soil surface proceeds rapidly with a half-life of 11.1 days at 12 °C(1); degradation results in the formation of a major metabolite o-phthalic acid, carbon dioxide and three minor degradation products(1).

An estimated BCF range of 5-13 was calculated in fish for chlorophacinone(SRC), using a measured log Kow range of 2.40-3.08(1) over a pH range of 4-9 and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF range suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Koc values ranging from 15,600 to 136,000 were determined for chlorophacinone in four types of soils (clay, sand, sandy clay loam and loam)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc range suggests that chlorophancinone is expected to be immobile in soil. The pKa of chlorophacinone is 3.40(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). [

A pKa of 3.40(1) indicates chlorophacinone will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Chlorophacinone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure of 7.5X10-10 mm Hg(1).

In liver samples collected from 164 barn owls (Tyto alba), barred owls (Strix varia), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), from 1988 to 2003 in the province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, Canada, chlorophacinone was detected at a concentration range of 0.0025-0.015 mg/kg in 7 of the 164 owls(1). Chlorophacinone was not detected (detection limit 0.02 mg/kg) in tissue samples of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) collected from the upper Loire River (France) region between 2004-2008(2). In a screening study of 123 dogs between 1996-2003, the anticoagulant rodenticides chlorophacinone, brodifacoum and diphacinone were detected in 75 dogs at concentrations ranging from trace amounts to 1.12 ppm(3). Hepatic samples collected from Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) contained chlorophacinone residues of 0.44-7.56 ug/g(4). Liver samples collected from 10 of 71 great bustard (Odus tarda) bird carcasses between 1991-2010 in Spain contained detectable levels of chlorophacinone(5).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,623 workers (406 of these are female) are potentially exposed to chlorophacinone in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to chlorophacinone may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorophacinone is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to chlorophacinone via dermal contact with products containing chlorophacinone(SRC).

Can be absorbed through skin.

The groups of people to whom rodenticides are potentially dangerous include manufacturers of technical material, the staff who prepares concentrates and toxic formulations, the rodent exterminators who lay poisoned bait in the field ... /Rodenticides/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

It is stable, resistant to weathering and is non-corrosive. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Chlorophacinone should be incinerated @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 23-27/28-48/24/25-50/53; S: (1/2)-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I