4-fluoroaniline

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.5% (1 of 204) of reports.

H302 (98%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (96.6%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (74%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H373 (56.9%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (72.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (73%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 204 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 204 reports by companies.

There are 17 notifications provided by 203 of 204 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

INHALATION: Remove victim from exposure immediately; if needed, administer oxygen; refer to physician.

EYES: Flush with water for at least 15 min.

SKIN: Remove victim from exposure immediately; remove contaminated clothing; wash contacted area with copious amounts of water and soap; if needed, administer oxygen; refer to physician.

INGESTION: Induce vomiting; get medical attention. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal precautions: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.8 [mg/m3]

20 [mg/m3]

120 [mg/m3]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Rubber gloves; chemical goggles; protective clothing; dust respirator. (USCG, 1999)

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). Hand protection: Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands. Eye protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). Skin and body protection Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

4-fluoroaniline is a light-colored oily liquid. Mixture of three isomers. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Contact may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

Pale yellow liquid; [HSDB] Light gold colored liquid; [MSDSonline]

Pale yellow liquid

358.7 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

188 °C @760 [mm Hg]

30.6 °F (USCG, 1999)

165 °F (USCG, 1999)

In water, 33 g/L at 20 °C

Soluble in ethanol and ether; slightly soluble in chloroform

1.1725 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1725 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.1725 @ 20°C

1.0 [mmHg]

0.75 mm Hg (1 hectoPa) at 20 °C

1 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.15

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/ and /hydrogen fluoride/.

780.4 kcal/mol

Index of refraction: 1.51954 at 20 °C/D

pKa = 4.65 at 25 °C (conjugate acid)

UV: 8-41 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) /2-Fluoroaniline/

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Coriolis coupling

Schoenflies notation

Centrifugal distortion

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Equilibrium structure

Internuclear distance

Magnetic susceptibility

Molecular structure

Optical coefficient

Point group

Reaction coordinate

Refractive index

Rotation-vibration spectrum

Rotational excitation cross section

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

Amines, Aromatic

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating and toxic hydrogen fluoride and oxides of nitrogen may form in fires. (USCG, 1999).

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LD50 Rat oral 417 mg/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aniline and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ The potential for neurotoxicity after a single oral dose of four halogenated aniline derivatives, 4-bromoaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-fluoroaniline and 4-iodoaniline -- was given to rats was investigated at or near the lethal dosage level /500 mg/kg 4-bromoaniline, 300 mg/kg 4-chloroaniline, 600 mg/kg 4-fluoroaniline, 700 mg/kg 4-iodoaniline/. Hindlimb paralysis was found in the 4-bromoaniline, 4-chloroaniline and 4-fluoroaniline groups on clinical observation, with the maximum incidence of 100% in the 4-bromoaniline and 4-fluoroaniline groups and 66.7% in the 4-chloroaniline group. Detailed clinical observations with functional tests identified the following effects: reduced response of hindlimb extensor thrust, gait abnormality in the open field and decreased grip strength in the fore- or hindlimbs in the 4-bromoaniline, 4-chloroaniline and 4-fluoroaniline groups; decreased number of supported rearing episodes in the open field in the 4-bromoaniline and 4-chloroaniline groups; abnormal landing in the aerial righting reflex in the 4-bromoaniline and 4-fluoroaniline groups; and prolonged surface righting reflex in the 4-bromoaniline group. Spongy change in the white matter of the spinal cord and brainstem and nerve fibre degeneration in the peripheral nerves were found in all haloaniline-treated groups. The central and peripheral nervous systems were most severely affected in the 4-bromoaniline group and the lesions in the 4-iodoaniline group were limited in grade. This study demonstrates that a bolus dose of 4-haloanilines to rats induces a neurotoxicity similar in character to that evoked by the parent aniline. The decreasing order of neurotoxic potential appears to be 4-bromoaniline >> 4-fluoroaniline > or = 4-chloroaniline >> 4-iodoaniline when comparing at or near the lethal dosage level.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Several substituted alkyl- and haloanilines were tested for their ability to mutate Salmonella typhimurium and to damage the DNA of mammalian (Chinese hamster lung V79) cells. These results were correlated with their reported carcinogenicity. Of 9 suspected carcinogens, 4 were bacterial mutagens and 4 (of 7 tested) damaged DNA of V79 cells. The following compounds were weakly mutagenic (< 150 revertants/mumole): 4-fluoroaniline ... .

/BIOMONITORING/ Possible methods for monitoring exposure to 2,4-difluoroaniline and 4-fluoroaniline were studied in rats. Wistar-rats were given 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.13 millimoles per 0.1 kilogram 2,4-difluoroaniline or 4-fluoroaniline or 1.0 millimole per kilogram 4-chloroaniline as a positive control. Blood samples were taken at 1 hour before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after dosing. Methemoglobin was calculated from absorbance at 630 nanometers before and after adding potassium-cyanide to lysed blood. Urinary metabolites were isolated as cetylpyridinium salts from rats similarly dosed with 4-fluoroaniline and 2,4-difluoroaniline. Metabolites were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. Neither test compound was as potent an inducer of methemoglobin as the positive control. At all doses of either compound methemoglobin increased rapidly and dropped quickly, returning to background values by 24 hours except at the highest doses. The dose response for each compound was approximately linear. The limit of detection was about 5 milligrams per 0.1 kilogram. Analysis of urinary metabolites confirmed that these were the O-sulfates of 2-amino-5-aminophenol and 2-amino-3,5-difluorophenol. The excretion of the urinary conjugated aminophenols after oral dosing with these compounds was rapid and only low concentrations were detected the second day after dosing. About 39 percent of 4-fluoroaniline and 13 percent of 2,4-difluoroaniline were accounted for by these metabolites. The authors conclude that either method could be used for human exposure monitoring. Methemoglobin determination is rapid and simple but not a very sensitive indicator. Urinary metabolite measurement is more sensitive but more complicated to perform.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Aromatic amines possess a marked methemoglobin-forming activity that, in fact, appears to be the 1st observable toxic phenomenon. The para position to the amine group in aniline seems to play an important part in the mechansim of action of this compound. Derivatives, p-fluoroaniline (PFA), in which the para site is occupied and o-fluoroaniline (OFA), in which it is free, were studied comparatively. During short-term poisoning via the cutaneous route in rats, PFA causes a significant increase in methemoglobin level; OFA is clearly less active. In the case of PFA, blocking of the para site by fluorine may result in a longer lifetime of the corresponding hydroxylamine that would be responsible for the conversion of the ferrous iron in Hb to ferric iron. In contrast to OFA, PFA is defluorinated notably in vivo, clearly evidenced by the increase in urinary fluoride. Determinations of methemoglobin blood level and urinary fluoridee level are good evidence of impregnation with this substance. Besides the original compounds, it is possible to recover in the urine of poisoned animals a compound that may be o-fluoro-aminophenol in the case of OFA and a compound that appears to be the corresponding hydroxylamine derivative in the case of PFA.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) age 26-34 day juvenile; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 25 °C, pH 7.8, hardness 45 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 42 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 16900 ug/L for 96 hr /> or =95% purity/

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia veneta) were exposed to three different model xenobiotics by a standard filter paper contact test, and toxicant-induced biochemical changes were then investigated by characterizing the changes in endogenous metabolites visible in 600-MHz 1H NMR spectra of tissue extracts. The NMR spectral intensities were converted to discrete numerical values and tabulated in order to provide data matrices suitable for multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis showed that changes had occurred in the biochemical profiles relative to the undosed controls. ... The 4-fluoroaniline-treated worms showed a decrease in maltose concentrations, and 3,5-difluoroaniline exerted the same effect as 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline but to a lesser extent. These changes could potentially be used as novel biomarkers of xenobiotic toxicity and could be used to determine the mechanism of action of other toxic chemicals.

4-Fluoroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of herbicides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 4-Fluoroaniline has been identified as a principal soil degradation product of the herbicides Sniper and Paragon (active ingredient) which will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates 4-fluoroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-fluoroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours. 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-fluoroaniline is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc value of 113. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. 4-Fluoroaniline has been observed to bind rapidly to soil in herbicide degradation studies. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Limited biodegradation data indicate that 4-fluoroaniline is biodegradable, but its rate and relative environmental importance is not certain. If released into water, 4-fluoroaniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. However, some binding to suspended organic matter and sediment may occur due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.4 and 50 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Both direct and indirect photolysis may have some importance in natural waters exposed to sunlight. Occupational exposure to 4-fluoroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-fluoroaniline is produced or used. (SRC)

4-Fluoroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of herbicides(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline has been identified as a principal soil degradation product of the herbicides Sniper and Paragon (active ingredient)(2) which will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 113(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-fluoroaniline is 4.65(3), indicating that this compound is a weak base and will exist predominantly in the non-ionized form in the environment. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline has been observed to bind rapidly with soil in herbicide degradation studies(6). Volatilization of 4-fluoroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). 4-Fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C(7). Limited biodegradation data indicate that 4-fluoroaniline is biodegradable(8,9), but its rate and relative environmental importance is not certain(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 113(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa of 4-fluoroaniline is 4.65(3), indicating that this compound is a weak base and will exist predominantly in the non-ionized form in the environment. Anilines may bind strongly to humus or organic matter due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting some adsorption to suspended solids and sediment may occur(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(6) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.4 and 50 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.15(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(8) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC). Aromatic amines are susceptible to photosensitized degradation in natural waters exposed to sunlight due to reaction with OH and RO2 radicals(9); therefore, indirect photolysis may have some environmental importance in natural water(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-fluoroaniline, which has a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-fluoroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In biodegradation studies using Elbe River water and a testfilter methodology, 4-haloanilines (4-chloro and 4-bromo) had mean degradation rates of 0.67-0.70/hr (half-life of about 1 hour). The degradation rate in control samples was only 0.007-0.009/hr (half-life of 77-99 hours)(1); 4-fluoroaniline may have similar rates(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: In anaerobic biodegradation tests using an estuarine sediment from the Tsurumi River in Japan, 4-fluoroaniline had an observed degradation rate of 0.00328/day which corresponded to a half-life of 211.3 days(1).

PURE CULTURE: Purified enzymes of the soil fungus Geotrichum candidum biotransformed 500 ppm 4-fluoroaniline, yielding fluoroazobenzene as a metabolite(1). A strain of the soil bacterium Moraxella used 0.2 mm 4-fluoroaniline as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-fluoroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Aromatic amines are susceptible to photosensitized degradation in natural waters exposed to sunlight due to reaction with OH and RO2 radicals(3); therefore, indirect photolysis may have some environmental importance in natural water(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 4-fluoroaniline(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 4-fluoroaniline can be estimated to be 113(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-fluoroaniline is 4.65(4), indicating that this compound is a weak base and will exist predominantly in the non-ionized form in the environment. However, anilines (aromatic amines) are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). In aerobic soil degradation studies, 4-fluoroaniline that was formed as a principal metabolite of herbicide degradation, was observed to bind rapidly to soil(6).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-fluoroaniline is estimated as 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 50 days(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C(3).

Occupational exposure to 4-fluoroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-fluoroaniline is produced or used. (SRC)

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) age 26-34 day juvenile; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 25 °C, pH 7.8, hardness 45 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 42 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 16900 ug/L for 96 hr /> or =95% purity/

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia veneta) were exposed to three different model xenobiotics by a standard filter paper contact test, and toxicant-induced biochemical changes were then investigated by characterizing the changes in endogenous metabolites visible in 600-MHz 1H NMR spectra of tissue extracts. The NMR spectral intensities were converted to discrete numerical values and tabulated in order to provide data matrices suitable for multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis showed that changes had occurred in the biochemical profiles relative to the undosed controls. ... The 4-fluoroaniline-treated worms showed a decrease in maltose concentrations, and 3,5-difluoroaniline exerted the same effect as 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline but to a lesser extent. These changes could potentially be used as novel biomarkers of xenobiotic toxicity and could be used to determine the mechanism of action of other toxic chemicals.

4-Fluoroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of herbicides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 4-Fluoroaniline has been identified as a principal soil degradation product of the herbicides Sniper and Paragon (active ingredient) which will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates 4-fluoroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-fluoroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours. 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-fluoroaniline is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc value of 113. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. 4-Fluoroaniline has been observed to bind rapidly to soil in herbicide degradation studies. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Limited biodegradation data indicate that 4-fluoroaniline is biodegradable, but its rate and relative environmental importance is not certain. If released into water, 4-fluoroaniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. However, some binding to suspended organic matter and sediment may occur due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.4 and 50 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Both direct and indirect photolysis may have some importance in natural waters exposed to sunlight. Occupational exposure to 4-fluoroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-fluoroaniline is produced or used. (SRC)

4-Fluoroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of herbicides(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline has been identified as a principal soil degradation product of the herbicides Sniper and Paragon (active ingredient)(2) which will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 113(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-fluoroaniline is 4.65(3), indicating that this compound is a weak base and will exist predominantly in the non-ionized form in the environment. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline has been observed to bind rapidly with soil in herbicide degradation studies(6). Volatilization of 4-fluoroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). 4-Fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C(7). Limited biodegradation data indicate that 4-fluoroaniline is biodegradable(8,9), but its rate and relative environmental importance is not certain(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 113(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa of 4-fluoroaniline is 4.65(3), indicating that this compound is a weak base and will exist predominantly in the non-ionized form in the environment. Anilines may bind strongly to humus or organic matter due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting some adsorption to suspended solids and sediment may occur(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(6) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.4 and 50 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.15(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(8) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC). Aromatic amines are susceptible to photosensitized degradation in natural waters exposed to sunlight due to reaction with OH and RO2 radicals(9); therefore, indirect photolysis may have some environmental importance in natural water(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-fluoroaniline, which has a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-fluoroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: In biodegradation studies using Elbe River water and a testfilter methodology, 4-haloanilines (4-chloro and 4-bromo) had mean degradation rates of 0.67-0.70/hr (half-life of about 1 hour). The degradation rate in control samples was only 0.007-0.009/hr (half-life of 77-99 hours)(1); 4-fluoroaniline may have similar rates(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: In anaerobic biodegradation tests using an estuarine sediment from the Tsurumi River in Japan, 4-fluoroaniline had an observed degradation rate of 0.00328/day which corresponded to a half-life of 211.3 days(1).

PURE CULTURE: Purified enzymes of the soil fungus Geotrichum candidum biotransformed 500 ppm 4-fluoroaniline, yielding fluoroazobenzene as a metabolite(1). A strain of the soil bacterium Moraxella used 0.2 mm 4-fluoroaniline as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-fluoroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Fluoroaniline absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Aromatic amines are susceptible to photosensitized degradation in natural waters exposed to sunlight due to reaction with OH and RO2 radicals(3); therefore, indirect photolysis may have some environmental importance in natural water(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 4-fluoroaniline(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 4-fluoroaniline can be estimated to be 113(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-fluoroaniline is 4.65(4), indicating that this compound is a weak base and will exist predominantly in the non-ionized form in the environment. However, anilines (aromatic amines) are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). In aerobic soil degradation studies, 4-fluoroaniline that was formed as a principal metabolite of herbicide degradation, was observed to bind rapidly to soil(6).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-fluoroaniline is estimated as 6.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 50 days(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 4-Fluoroaniline is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.75 mm Hg at 20 °C(3).

Occupational exposure to 4-fluoroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-fluoroaniline is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Fluoroanilines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Fluoroanilines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Fluoroanilines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Fluoroanilines/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-FLUOROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2941; Fluoroanilines

IMO 6.1; 4-Fluoroanilines

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.