Potassium Chlorate

H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P210, P220, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P316, P306+P360, P321, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H271 (99.2%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301 (16%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302+H332 (39.7%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (84%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (93.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (93.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P220, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P283, P301+P316, P301+P317, P304+P340, P306+P360, P317, P321, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 262 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P220, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P283, P301+P317, P304+P340, P306+P360, P317, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min.

SKIN: wash with soap and water.

INGESTION: dilute by drinking soapy or salty water to induce vomiting; call physician. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (ERG Guide 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Not combustible, but substance is a strong oxidizer and its heat of reaction with reducing agents or combustibles may cause ignition. When heated, it releases oxygen which increases combustion. Use any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire. Water spray may be used to keep fire exposed containers cool. In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Potassium chlorate; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution/

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable-consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. /Potassium chlorate; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not get water inside containers.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Small Liquid Spill

· Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Consult an expert! Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Accidental Release Measures. Remove all sources of ignition. Ventilate area of leak or spill. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8. Spills: Clean up spills in a manner that does not disperse dust into the air. Use non-sparking tools and equipment. Reduce airborne dust and prevent scattering by moistening with water. Pick up spill for recovery or disposal and place in a closed container.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be handled as hazardous waste and sent to a RCRA approved waste facility. Processing, use or contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements.

Skin Protection: Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, lab coat, apron or coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent skin contact. Eye Protection: Use chemical safety goggles and/or full face shield where dusting or splashing of solutions is possible. Use chemical safety goggles. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.

Where...danger of harmful substances being released into atmosphere, hazard area should be fitted with exhaust ventilation. /Chlorates/

Wood should be avoided in the structure and floors of the buildings and in the plant or equipment where chlorates are handled, and a copious water supply should be available for extinguishing fire. /chlorates/

...Most radical safety & health measure is to rationalize processes in which oxidizing substances...employed (replacement...by continuous processes, mechanization, automation & remote control, substitution of safer materials... this minimizes degree of risk & number of persons at risk. /Chlorates/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents, strong acids, organic chemicals, ammonium compounds, powdered metals and food and feedstuffs. Dry.

... Containers of potassium chlorate should be protected from physical damage and sudden shocks.

Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage and moisture. Isolate from any source of heat or ignition. Avoid storage on wood floors. Separate from incompatibles, combustibles, organic or other readily oxidizable materials. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

5.6 [mg/m3]

62 [mg/m3]

370 [mg/m3]

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided.

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood and kidneys. This may result in haemolysis, the formation of methaemoglobin and kidney impairment. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin.

Dust mask; rubber gloves; goggles; protective clothing to prevent contact with skin. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Lab Protective Equip: Goggles and shield, lab coat and apron; ventilation hood, proper gloves.

A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee exposures as low as possible. Local exhaust ventilation is generally preferred because it can control the emissions of the contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general work area. Please refer to the ACGIH document, Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practices, most recent edition, for details.

For conditions of use where exposure to dust or mist is apparent and engineering controls are not feasible, a particulate respirator (NIOSH type N95 or better filters) may be worn. If oil particles (e.g. lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerine, etc.) are present, use a NIOSH type R or P filter. For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-face positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.

Working clothes worn by chlorate workers should be washable & should not be worn away from immediate work area; they should be washed & rinsed each day. They should incl overalls, hand & arm protection...plastic gloves, washable head covering &...rubber boots. /Chlorates/

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. NO contact with flammables. NO contact with hot surfaces. Do NOT expose to friction or shock.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Potassium chlorate appears as a white crystalline solid. Forms a very flammable mixture with combustible materials. Mixture may be explosive if combustible material is very finely divided. Mixture may be ignited by friction. Contact with strong sulfuric acid may cause fires or explosions. May spontaneously decompose and ignite when mixed with ammonium salts. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat or fire. Used to make matches, paper, explosives, and many other uses.

Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution appears as a colorless liquid. Denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals. Ignites organic materials upon contact.

Clear liquid; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE POWDER.

Colorless, lustrous crystals or white granules or powder

White monoclinic crystals

Cooling, saline taste

400 °C (decomposes)

680 °F (USCG, 1999)

Decomposes into perchlorate and oxygen above melting point; explodes with sulfuric acid; inflames with explosion if tritruated with any organic substance, sulfur, phosphorus, sulfite, hypophosphite, and other oxidizable substances

8.61 g/100 g water at 25 °C

1 g dissolves slowly in 16.5 ml water, 1.8 ml boiling water, about 50 ml glycerol; almost insol in alcohol

SLIGHTLY SOL IN LIQUID AMMONIA; INSOL IN ACETONE; SOL IN ALKALIES

In water, 70,000 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 7.3

2.34 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.32 g/cu cm

2.3 g/cm³

2.29 @25 °C

Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage.

Decomposes on heating above 400 °C, on contact with strong acids producing toxic fumes including chlorine dioxide, chlorine fumes and producing oxygen.

Above the melting point it decomposes into perchlorate and oxygen. Emits toxic fumes of chlorine and potassium oxide when heated to decomposition.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/ and K2O.

When mixed with ammonium salts, spontaneous decomposition and ignition may result.

Index of refraction: 1.440 at 20 °C

Strong oxidizing agent, forms explosive mixture with combustible materials (sulfur, sugar, etc)

Molar heat capacity: 99.8 kJ/mol at 20 °C; standard enthalpy of formation (crystal): -391 kJ/mol; on thermal decomposition potassium chlorate produces potassium perchlorate, potassium chloride, and oxygen

Heat of Formation: -391 kJ/mol (crystalline structure)

Other Classes -> Inorganic Oxidizing Agents

Reactive agents - 1st degree

Cosmetic ingredients (Potassium Chlorate) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Oxidising

Soluble in water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Metal chlorates are oxidants in the presence of strong acid; liberates explosive chlorine dioxide gas; liberates chlorine dioxide and carbon dioxide by heating a moist metal chlorate and a dibasic organic acid; mixtures of perchlorates with sulfur or phosphorus are explosives [Bretherick 1979 p. 100]; mixtures of the chlorate with ammonium salts, powdered metals, silicon, sulfur, or sulfides are readily ignited and potentially explosive [Bretherick 1979 p. 806]. A combination of finely divided aluminum with finely divided bromates (also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc can explode by heat, percussion, or friction [Mellor 2:310. 1946-47]. An explosion occurred during heating of a mixture of potassium chlorate and magnesium [Chem. Eng. News 14:451. 1936]. Gaseous ammonia, mixed with air reacts so vigorously with potassium chlorate that the reaction could become dangerous [Mellor 8:217. 1946-47]. A mixture of potassium chlorate and sodium amide explodes [Mellor 8:258. 1946-47]. If a drop of a solution of sulfur dioxide in ether or alcohol is added to powdered potassium chlorate, the mass explodes [Mellor 2:311. 1946-47]. Potassium chlorate and sulfuric acid react to cause fire and possible explosions [Mellor 2:315. 1946-47].

Metal chlorates are oxidants in the presence of strong acid; liberates explosive chlorine dioxide gas; liberates chlorine dioxide and carbon dioxide by heating a moist metal chlorate and a dibasic organic acid ; mixtures of perchlorates with sulfur or phosphorus are explosives [Bretherick 1979. p. 100]; mixtures of the chlorate with ammonium salts, powdered metals, silicon, sulfur, or sulfides are readily ignited and potentially explosive [Bretherick 1979. p. 806]. A combination of finely divided aluminum with finely divided bromates (also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc can explode by heat, percussion, and friction [Mellor 2:310 1946-47]. An explosion occurred during heating of a mixture of potassium chlorate and magnesium [Chem. Eng. News 14:451. 1936]. Gaseous ammonia, mixed with air reacts so vigorously with potassium chlorate that the reaction could become dangerous [Mellor 8:217. 1946-47]. A mixture of potassium chlorate and sodium amide explodes [Mellor 8:258. 1946-47]. If a drop of a solution of sulfur dioxide in ether or alcohol is added to powdered potassium chlorate, the mass explodes [Mellor 2:311. 1946-47]. Potassium chlorate and sulfuric acid react to cause fire and possible explosions [Mellor 2:315. 1946-47].

Violent reaction or ignition with ... ammonium salts, ammonium sulfate, Sb2S3, arsenic, barium hypophosphite, BaS, calcium hypophosphite, CaS, charcoal, Cu3P2, fabrices, ... lactose, (Mg + CuSO4 (anhydrous) + NH4NO3 + water), MnO2, dinickel trioxide, dibasic organic acids, organic matter, NaNH2, sugar + sulfuric acid, sucrose, SO2, sulfuric acid, thiocyanates, thorium dicarbide, sodium amide, KOH, metal hypophosphites.

It forms a very flammable mixture with combustible materials and this mixture may be explosive if the combustible material is very finely divided. The mixture can be ignited by friction. Contact with strong sulfuric acid can cause fires or explosions.

It will cause ignition of organic materials upon contact. /Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution/

Violent reaction with combustibles, oxidizers, strong acids, and reducing materials. Attacks many metals in presence of water.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The safety of this ingredient has not been documented and substantiated. The CIR Expert Panel cannot conclude whether Potassium Chlorate is safe for use in cosmetic products until the appropriate safety data have been obtained and evaluated.

Ingredients for which the data are insufficient and their use in cosmetics is not supported

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion and by inhalation of dust.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Convulsions. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Hemolytic anemia - Decreased hemoglobin or number of red blood cells.

LD50 Rat oral 1870 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse oral 8350 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rabbit oral 7200 mg/kg bw

Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and potassium chlorate (KClO3) ... were tested for potential promoting effect in two-stage rat renal carcinogenesis. Three groups of 15 male F344 rats each were given N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) at the level of 0.05% for the first 2 weeks during the initiation phase. Thereafter, the rats were treated orally for 25 weeks with NaClO3 (1%), KClO3 (1%), or distilled water (DW). Three other groups (controls) were treated similarly, except that DW was given in the initiation phase. All animals survived for the duration of the experiment. Renal neoplastic lesions were classified histologically as dysplastic foci (DF) and renal cell tumors (RCT). The number of these lesions per unit area, in six sections from each kidney, was determined microscopically. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences and in the mean number of DF and RCT of the kidney between compound- and DW-treated rats initiated with EHEN. It is concluded that NaClO3 and KClO3 show no promoting effect in rat renal carcinogenesis under the conditions of this study.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorates and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Chlorates and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorates and Related Compounds/

Emergency and supportive treatment: Maintain on open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma, hemolysis, hyperkalemia, and renal or hepatic failure if they occur. Massive hemolysis may require blood transfusions. To prevent renal failure resulting from deposition of free hemoglobin in the kidney tubules, administer intravenous fluids and sodium bicarbonate. /Chlorates/

Specific drugs and antidotes: Treat methemoglobinemia with methylene blue, ... . Methylene blue is reportedly most effective when used early in mild cases but has poor effectiveness in severe cases in which hemolysis has already occurred. Intravenous sodium thiosulfate may inactivate the chlorate ion and has been reported to be successful in anecdotal reports. However, this treatment has not been clinically tested. Administration as a lavage fluid may potentially produce some hydrogen sulfide, and so it is contraindicated. /Chlorates/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Ingestion: Causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause abdominal pain, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anuria, coma, and convulsions. May cause liver and kidney damage. Death may occur from renal failure, generally in 4 days. Estimated lethal dose from 15 to 30 grams. Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ From.../cases of accidental or suicidal ingestion/, the lethal dose in adults is estimated to be... 5 to 30 g for potassium chlorate.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Ingestion of more than a few grams of sodium or potassium chlorate results in acute intravascular hemolysis and anuric renal failure. Before 1960 the renal complication of chlorate poisoning was almost invariably fatal though since then successful treatment of the renal failure by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis has been recorded on a number of occasions

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ There are clinical descriptions of poisoning from accidental or suicidal ingestion of...overdose of potassium chlorate... Common poisonous effects are the rapid oxidative destruction of red blood cells, possibly followed or preceded by increased methemoglobin, and eventual cyanosis and progressive kidney failure.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORATE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Potassium chlorate is a relatively powerful inhibitor of catalase ... . The inhibition is irreversible.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The oral lowest lethal dose (LDLO) of potassium chlorate was 7,000 mg/kg for rats, 2,000 mg/kg for rabbits ... and 1,200 mg/kg for dogs ... . The average oral lethal dose, that is, the dose that would produce acute poisoning and death within 1 hr, of potassium chlorate in an M/1 solution was 7.0 and 7.5 g/kg for 29 albino rats and 32 guinea pigs, respectively ... The ip LDLO of potassium chlorate for rats was 1,500 mg/kg ... . The average ip lethal dose of potassium chlorate in an M/2 solution was 1.5 and 1.8 g/kg for 29 albino rats and 32 guinea pits, respectively ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Potassium chlorate has produced renal tubular necrosis in animals ... . /Oral acute toxicity/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ...Seven cats /were given/ IM injections of potassium...chlorate in 5% or 10% solution. Daily doses of 0.05 to 0.25 g/kg were administered for 25 to 32 days. None of...cats had demonstrable methemoglobin. But, upon histological exam, all cats receiving greater than 0.05 g/kg showed fibrosis and atrophy of distal renal tubules.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Chlorococcales (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 210 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, assimilation efficiency /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age < or =24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 880 mg/L for 24 hr

LC50 Eisenia foetida and Lombricus lombricus (Earthworm) >750 mg/kg soil dry weight for 14 days; artificial soil (test substrate consisted of 83.5% fine quartz sand, 5 bentonite, 10% finely ground dried sphagnum peat, 1% calcium carbonate, and 0.5% cattle manure)

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 8,679 workers (4,996 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium chlorate in the US(1).

EC50; Species: Chlorococcales (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 210 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, assimilation efficiency /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age < or =24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 880 mg/L for 24 hr

LC50 Eisenia foetida and Lombricus lombricus (Earthworm) >750 mg/kg soil dry weight for 14 days; artificial soil (test substrate consisted of 83.5% fine quartz sand, 5 bentonite, 10% finely ground dried sphagnum peat, 1% calcium carbonate, and 0.5% cattle manure)

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 8,679 workers (4,996 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium chlorate in the US(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be handled as hazardous waste and sent to a RCRA approved waste facility. Processing, use or contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements.

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Potassium chlorate; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution; Potassium chlorate, solution/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Health: Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Potassium chlorate; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution; Potassium chlorate, solution/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Potassium chlorate; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution; Potassium chlorate, solution/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Potassium chlorate; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution; Potassium chlorate, solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1485; CHLORATE OF POTASH; POTASH CHLORATE

UN 2427; Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution

49 187 22; Potassium chlorate (chlorate of potash)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Oxidizer

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: O, Xn, N; R: 9-20/22-51/53; S: (2)-13-16-27-61

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Pack Group: II