amyl nitrite

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302+H332 (77.6%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (12.2%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (10.2%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (12.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (10.2%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400 (10.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 49 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Amyl nitrites/

To fight fire, use alcohol foam.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. /Amyl nitrites/

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep amyl nitrite out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the potential for an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. /Amyl nitrites/

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Incineration with scrubber to remove nitrogen oxides from the combustion gases. /Amyl nitrites/

Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash. /Amyl nitrites/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where amyl nitrite may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in an explosion-proof refrigerator. Protect from light. Keep under an inert atmosphere. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. /Amyl nitrites/

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. .... All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. ... Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn. /Amyl nitrites/

Yellowish liquid

Clear, yellowish liquid

Peculiar ethereal, fruity odor

Pungent, aromatic taste

104.5 °C

Slightly soluble in water

Almost insoluble in water

Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether

3.97e+00 g/L

0.8817 g/cu cm at 20 °C

3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Index of refraction: 1.3851 at 20 °C/D

Decomposes on exposure to air, light or water

Specific gravity: 0.853 at 20 °C/4 °C

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 4.25X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Dielectric constant

Optical coefficient

Refractive index

Surface tension

Viscosity

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15

Forms explosive mixture with air. Slowly decomposes in light, heat, and on contact with water. A strong oxidizer. Contact with reducing agents and easily oxidizable materials may cause fire and explosions. Reported to be an explosion hazard when exposed to air and light. Keep away from alcohols, antipyrine, alkaline materials; alkaline carbonates; potassium iodide, bromides, and ferrous salts. Attacks metals in the presence of moisture. /Amyl nitrites/

It will react with oxidizing or reducing materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Amyl nitrite is a clear, yellowish liquid. Amyl nitrite is a smooth muscle relaxant that has been used clinically to facilitate uterine relaxation in difficult deliveries. The use of amyl nitrite has been associated with sexual risk behavior and HIV infection among gay and bisexual men. HUMAN STUDIES: Inhalation of amyl nitrite by human volunteers in a gas mask and from ampoules crushed close to the nose did not induce hemoglobin oxidation, but it was associated with headache, tiredness, dizziness, and a fall in blood pressure. Two cases of amyl nitrite poisoning were presented. In both cases, severe methemoglobinemia developed after ingestion of approximately 10 mL of amyl nitrite. When admitted to hospital, both patients were deeply cyanosed, and arterial blood samples were noticed to be chocolate brown. There is also a case of a 37-year-old black man with HIV who developed chemical leukoderma in the nasal and perioral areas within 4 weeks of spilling liquid amyl nitrite, which he had been inhaling as a recreational drug, on his lower face. A case of blinding bilateral acute optic nerve disease was reported in a 15-year-old male apparently induced by inhalation of amyl nitrite. A patient with HIV infection developed a profound hemolytic anemia after repeated inhalation of large quantities of amyl nitrite. Amyl nitrite 'poppers' are recreational drugs, which are a potent source of nitric oxide. The use of 'poppers' can cause psychoactive stimulation, reduced blood pressure, tachycardia and involuntary muscle relaxation. In addition, research has found that popper use suppresses natural killer (NK) cell function, which increases vulnerability to infectious agents, produces sustained alterations in the immune system, and may be a Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cofactor. The combined data implicate that the use of poppers may well pose as a significant risk factor for seroconversion. ANIMAL STUDIES: Amyl nitrite i.v. produced HbFe3+ much more rapidly than NaNO2 in dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. In dogs, i.m. injection of amyl nitrite was followed by a very slow linear increase in the HbFe3+ content. Inhalation of amyl nitrite did not lead to HbFe3+ formation in dogs unless it was rebreathed in a closed (bag) or not completely open (gas mask) system. HbFe3+ was produced by oral amyl nitrite in dogs, the effect being enhanced by addition of DMSO. Intratracheal inhalation of amyl nitrite in the pentobarbitone/urethane anesthetized rabbit caused reductions in tidal volume and both inspiratory and expiratory times, without a preceding apnea, that were independent of the associated hypotension and of reflex influences from the carotid sinus region but dependent on supra-abdominal vagal integrity. In artificially ventilated, paralyzed rabbits amyl nitrite caused a pronounced sensitization of pulmonary stretch receptors during the inflation phase, typically with a reduction in the level of activity during the deflation phase. When tested for genotoxicity, amyl nitrite, was negative in the mouse lymphoma assay, but it was positive in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. /Amyl nitrites/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), mood states and somatic symptoms were measured before and after inhalation of amyl nitrite in 10 physically healthy volunteers with a prior history of using volatile nitrites for recreational purposes. CBF was measured with the same technique, under identical laboratory conditions, in an equal number of normal volunteers. During CBF measurements, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate and end-tidal levels of carbon dioxide were monitored. The amyl nitrite group and the control group were compared on CBF, rating scale scores and physiological indices via analysis of variance. Amyl nitrite inhalation was associated with significant global increases in CBF, while the control group did not show any change. Pulse rate increase was the only physiological change associated with administration of the drug. Subjects who received the drug reported significant decrease in anger, fatigue and depression and increased palpitation, breathing difficulty, dizziness and headache. Changes in the rating scale scores, physiological indices, and somatic symptoms after amyl nitrite did not correlate with regional CBF change.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... The use of 'poppers' can cause psychoactive stimulation, reduced blood pressure, tachycardia and involuntary muscle relaxation. ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Moderately toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Causes flushing of skin, rapid pulse, headache, and fall in blood pressure.

/CASE REPORTS/ Two cases of amyl nitrite poisoning are presented. In both cases, severe methemoglobinemia developed after ingestion of approximately 10 mL of amyl nitrite. When admitted to hospital, both patients were deeply cyanosed, and arterial blood samples were noticed to be chocolate brown. They were intravenously treated with methylene blue. Within one hour the condition of both patients had improved dramatically, and blood gas-samples had normalized. In cases of cyanosis with no obvious genesis, poisoning with amyl nitrite should be considered.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for n-Amyl nitrite (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Intratracheal inhalation of amyl nitrite, a non-specific smooth muscle relaxant, in the pentobarbitone/urethane anesthetized rabbit caused reductions in tidal volume and both inspiratory and expiratory times, without a preceding apnea, that were independent of the associated hypotension and of reflex influences from the carotid sinus region but dependent on supra-abdominal vagal integrity. In artificially ventilated, paralyzed rabbits amyl nitrite caused a pronounced sensitization of pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs) during the inflation phase, typically with a reduction in the level of activity during the deflation phase. The time course of the change in the pattern of PSR activity paralleled that of the tachypneic response. The sensitization of a small sample of rapidly adapting 'irritant' receptors was of a significantly shorter duration. A unitary analysis of non-myelinated vagal afferents was not attempted. The sensitization of these vagal afferents cannot be attributed to the smooth muscle relaxant properties of amyl nitrite since other relaxants (sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine) did not possess this capacity, and such properties would be expected to diminish their activities.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In the pentobarbitone/urethane anesthetized rabbit and pentobarbitone anesthetized cat intratracheal inhalation of amyl nitrite, a non-specific smooth muscle relaxant, caused a vagally dependent depression of patellar reflex and spontaneous (thermal shivering and external intercostal inspiratory) motor activities. A prolonged vagally-independent potentiation succeeded the initial inhibition. The potentiation of intercostal activity may account for the increase in tidal volume produced by amyl nitrite after vagotomy. The patellar reflex potentiation survived thoracolumbar spinal transection but could not be attributed to a direct facilitation of neuromuscular or muscular events. A correlation existed between the relative dependence of fusimotor support of a muscle and its susceptibility to the inhibitory and subsequent facilitatory affects of amyl nitrite inhalation. The diaphragm and interchondral muscles, essentially independent of the autogenetic facilitation provided by muscle spindles, demonstrated neither of these effects. Conversely, the intercostal muscles depend greatly on such facilitation, as do the pectoral and limb muscles during thermal shivering.

/GENOTOXICITY/ When the AIDS epidemic was in its earliest stages, and prior to identification of HIV as the etiological factor, the use of volatile nitrites by the male homosexual community to enhance sexual activities appeared to have a significant role in this disease. Preliminary observations indicated that the portion of the male homosexual community which developed Kaposi's sarcoma were also heavy nitrite users. These nitrites had been demonstrated to be mutagenic in bacteria and thus it was postulated that they could be responsible for the appearance of the sarcoma. To evaluate further the genotoxic activity of these chemicals, six nitrites, including those most commonly used by homosexuals for sexual gratification, were selected for testing in the mouse lymphoma TK+/- and Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assays. One chemical, n-amyl nitrite, was negative in the mouse lymphoma assay, while the other five chemicals, n-butyl, isobutyl, iso-amyl, sec-butyl, and n-propyl nitrite, were positive. All six compounds were positive in the Salmonella assay. The mutagenic and known toxic effects of these chemicals remain a concern because a large population of teenagers and young adults continue to abuse these substances.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The ferrihemoglobin (HbFe3+) formation by amyl nitrite (AN) or sodium nitrite (NaNO2) was studied in different species including man, in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo studies AN was administered intravenously (i.v.), intramuscularly (i.m.), by inhalation, or orally. NaNO2 was injected i.v.. AN i.v. produced HbFe3+ much more rapidly than NaNO2 in dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. In dogs, i.m. injection of AN was followed by a very slow linear increase in the HbFe3+ content. Inhalation of AN did not lead to HbFe3+ formation in dogs unless it was rebreathed in a closed (bag) or not completely open (gas mask) system. HbFe3+ was produced by oral AN in dogs, the effect being enhanced by addition of DMSO. Inhalation of AN by human volunteers in a gas mask and from ampoules crushed close to the nose did not induce hemoglobin oxidation to a practically significant extent, but it was associated with headache, tiredness, dizziness, and a fall in blood pressure. In in vitro studies, in contrast to NaNO2, AN produced HbFe3+ instantaneously in erythrocytes of various species and in purified human hemoglobin. AN 1 mol yielded 2 mol Fe3+. Only 20% of the oxygen released during the oxidation of hemoglobin by AN or NaNO2 was recovered. In 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 0.01 mol O2/mol AN was consumed. CO2 was released in the presence of AN, but not of NaNO2, from blood, plasma, and 0.02 M NaHCO3 solution. The ratio (lactate)/(pyruvate) decreased when HbFe3+ was formed by AN or NaNO2.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for amyl nitrite is available.[Available from, as of February 1, 2019: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of February 4, 2019: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

n-Amyl nitrite's production and use as a chemical intermediate for diazonium compounds and administration as a prescribed or homeopathic medication may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in perfumes and as a inhalant as well as a drug of abuse will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-amyl nitrite will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-amyl nitrite will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 days. n-Amyl nitrite absorbs UV light at wavelength 356 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-amyl nitrite is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 440. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. n-Amyl nitrite may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, n-amyl nitrite is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8 hrs and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 35 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to n-amyl nitrite may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-amyl nitrite is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-amyl nitrite via inhalation of perfumes and administration or abuse of medical inhalants and homeopathic remedies containing n-amyl nitrite. (SRC)

n-Amyl nitrite's production and use as a chemical intermediate for diazonium compounds(1) and administration as a prescribed, homeopathic medication(2,3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in perfumes(1) and as a inhalant(2,3) as well as a drug of abuse(2,4) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-amyl nitrite is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-amyl nitrite from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). n-Amyl nitrite is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2018).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-amyl nitrite is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8 hrs and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 35(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.85(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2018).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-amyl nitrite, which has a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-amyl nitrite is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.25X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). n-Amyl nitrite absorbs UV light at wavelength 356 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-amyl nitrite with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.25X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). n-Amyl nitrite is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). n-Amyl nitrite absorbs UV light at wavelength 356 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 35 was calculated in fish for n-amyl nitrite(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of n-amyl nitrite can be estimated to be 440(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that amyl nitrite is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for n-amyl nitrite is estimated as 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-amyl nitrite is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 8 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). n-Amyl nitrite's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). n-Amyl nitrite is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg(3).

Occupational exposure to n-amyl nitrite may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-amyl nitrite is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-amyl nitrite via inhalation of perfumes and administration or abuse of medical inhalants and homeopathic remedies containing n-amyl nitrite. (SRC)

n-Amyl nitrite's production and use as a chemical intermediate for diazonium compounds and administration as a prescribed or homeopathic medication may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in perfumes and as a inhalant as well as a drug of abuse will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-amyl nitrite will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-amyl nitrite will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 days. n-Amyl nitrite absorbs UV light at wavelength 356 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-amyl nitrite is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 440. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. n-Amyl nitrite may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, n-amyl nitrite is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8 hrs and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 35 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to n-amyl nitrite may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-amyl nitrite is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-amyl nitrite via inhalation of perfumes and administration or abuse of medical inhalants and homeopathic remedies containing n-amyl nitrite. (SRC)

n-Amyl nitrite's production and use as a chemical intermediate for diazonium compounds(1) and administration as a prescribed, homeopathic medication(2,3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in perfumes(1) and as a inhalant(2,3) as well as a drug of abuse(2,4) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-amyl nitrite is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-amyl nitrite from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). n-Amyl nitrite is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2018).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 440(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-amyl nitrite is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8 hrs and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 35(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.85(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2018).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-amyl nitrite, which has a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-amyl nitrite is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.25X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). n-Amyl nitrite absorbs UV light at wavelength 356 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-amyl nitrite with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.25X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). n-Amyl nitrite is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). n-Amyl nitrite absorbs UV light at wavelength 356 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 35 was calculated in fish for n-amyl nitrite(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of n-amyl nitrite can be estimated to be 440(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that amyl nitrite is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for n-amyl nitrite is estimated as 2.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-amyl nitrite is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 8 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). n-Amyl nitrite's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). n-Amyl nitrite is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.97 mm Hg(3).

Occupational exposure to n-amyl nitrite may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-amyl nitrite is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-amyl nitrite via inhalation of perfumes and administration or abuse of medical inhalants and homeopathic remedies containing n-amyl nitrite. (SRC)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Incineration with scrubber to remove nitrogen oxides from the combustion gases. /Amyl nitrites/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for n-Amyl nitrite (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1113; Amyl nitrite

IMO 3; Amyl nitrite

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Amyl nitrite is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Amyl nitrite is included on the dangerous goods list.