Formaldehyde

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (3 of 6451) of reports.

H301 (83.1%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (83.1%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (83.1%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (90.5%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (48.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (14%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (77.6%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (19%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (19%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H351 (64.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 6451 reports by companies from 102 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 6451 reports by companies.

There are 101 notifications provided by 6448 of 6451 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

P203, P210, P222, P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Formaldehyde:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Formaldehyde Exposure: Acute exposure to formaldehyde may result in irritation or burns to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; lacrimation (tearing); nausea; vomiting (may be bloody); abdominal pain; and diarrhea. Difficulty in breathing, cough, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema may occur. Sensitized people may experience asthmatic reactions, even when exposed briefly. Hypotension (low blood pressure) and hypothermia (reduced body temperature) may precede cardiovascular collapse. Lethargy, dizziness, convulsions, and coma may be noted. Nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), hematuria (bloody urine), and liver toxicity have been reported.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to formaldehyde may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to formaldehyde.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to formaldehyde.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of formaldehyde is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

5.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of formaldehyde may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

5.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

7. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Formalin (as formaldehyde):

Skin: WATER FLUSH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Keep unnecessary people away; stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus; wear goggles if eye protection not provided. Shut off flow of gas or liquid and keep cooling water streams on exposed tanks or containers. Use water spray carefully in vicinity of dusts so as not to create dust clouds.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Do not get water inside container. Spray cooling water on containers exposed to flames until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water in large amounts, water spray.

Use water spray, dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire exposed containers cool. If leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors, and to protect men attempting to stop leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

To fight fire, stop flow of gas (for pure form); alcohol foam for 37% methanol-free form.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material.

· For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads).

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Turn off gas at source if possible. Remove gas with fine water spray.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Use fluorocarbon water spray, Cellosize and Hycar to diminish vapors. Sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, or sodium sulfite can neutralize the spill.

Use universal gel, fly ash, universal sorbent material, or cement powder to absorb the spill.

Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Add sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3).

Environmental considerations-air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U122, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material. For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads). Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Cool. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Separated from acids, strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

... Minimum storage temperature to prevent polymerization range from 83 °F for 37% formaldehyde containing 0.05% methyl alcohol to 29 °F for formaldehyde containing 15% methyl alcohol.

Formalin is ... supplied unstabilized or methanol-stabilized. The latter may be stored at room temp without precipitation of solid formaldehyde polymers because it contains 5-10% of methyl alcohol. The uninhibited type must be maintained at a temp of at least 32 °C to prevent the separation of solid formaldehyde polymers.

Inhibition by methanol decreases the minimum storage temp by about 2.3 °C per wt % methanol for unstabilized soln & about 1.3 °C per wt % methanol for stabilized solutions. Materials of construction preferred for storage vessels are 304, 316, and 347-type stainless steels or lined carbon steels.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

3.0 [ppm]

0.3 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Interim

0.90 [ppm]

14 [ppm]

56 [ppm]

0.016 ppm

0.1 ppm [15 minutes]

Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute] See Appendix A

0.75 [ppm], STEL(OSHA) = 2 ppm

0.75 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]

[1910.1048] TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm

20 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

20 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. [From NPG: Formalin (as formaldehyde)] (NIOSH, 2024)

20.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that exposure to 10 to 20 ppm produces almost immediate eye irritation and a sharp burning sensation of the nose and throat which may be associated with sneezing, difficulty in taking a deep breath, and coughing; recovery is prompt from these transient effects [Kodak 1936­1960]. It has been estimated that exposure for 5 to 10 minutes to 50 to 100 ppm might cause serious injury to the lower respiratory passages [Kodak 1936-1960]. The following exposure-effect data has also been reported: Most subjects experience irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat at 1 to 3 ppm; many subjects cannot tolerate prolonged exposures to 4 to 5 ppm; and difficulty in breathing was experienced at 10 to 20 ppm [IARC 1982]. In a summary of health effects data, upper airway irritation and increased nasal airway resistance were reported at 0.1 to 25 ppm and lower airway and chronic pulmonary obstruction at 5 to 30 ppm [NRC 1981].

NIOSH considers formaldehyde to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Formaldehyde/ /Formalin (as formaldehyde)/

Ca [20 ppm]

See: 50000

0.1 [ppm]

Ceiling limit 0.3 ppm, (sensitization).

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

2014 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC) - Updates of sensitizer (SEN) Notations to Dermal Sensitizer (DSEN) and/or Respiratory Sensitizer (RSEN). The following substances are placed on the NIC for this notation only. Substance: Formaldehyde; Time Weighted Avg (TWA): None; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): Ceiling 0.3 ppm; Notations: DSEN (dermal sensitization), RSEN (respiratory sensitiaztion), A2 (suspected human carcinogen); Molecular Weight: 30.03; TLV Basis: URT (upper respiratory tract) and eye irritation.

0.1 ppm as TWA; 0.3 ppm as STEL; (SEN); A1 (confirmed human carcinogen).

0.1 ppm [2016]

0.3 ppm [2016]

0.37 mg/m

Acute Inhalation: 0.04 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.03 ppm (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.008 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Solids containing varying amounts of formaldehyde, probably as paraformaldehyde (polymers of formula HO(CH2O)xH where x averages about 30). A hazard to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.

Formaldehyde, solution, flammable appears as a colorless aqueous solution of formaldehyde, which is a gas at ordinary conditions. Has a pungent irritating odor. Flash point varies from 122 to 141 °F. Denser than water. The vapors are heavier than air and are highly irritating to the nose. Toxic if swallowed. Contact can cause severe injury to the skin accompanied by drying, cracking, and scaling. Used to make plastics, other chemicals, and fertilizers. Used as a preservative and a corrosion inhibitor. Rate of onset: Immediate Persistence: Hours Odor threshold: 1 ppm Source/use/other hazard: Disinfection/germicide; fungicide; textile; health care (tissue fixing).

Formaldehyde, solutions (formalin) (corrosive) appears as a colorless liquid with a pungent irritating odor. Contains 37-50% formaldehyde by mass and varying amounts of methanol, added to prevent precipitation of formaldehyde polymers (formaldehyde exists in solution as CH2(OH)2 and its polymers HO(CH2O)xH where x averages about three). Formalin free of methanol is also shipped but must be kept warm (about 30 °C (86 °F)) to prevent polymerization. Pure formaldehyde, a gas, is not handled commercially because it tends to polymerize exothermally and may ignite. Vapor from formalin solution is flammable and an explosion hazard when exposed to flame or heat. Skin and eye irritant. Confirmed carcinogen.

Large Crystals; CBI; Dry Powder; Gas Vapor; Wet Solid; Liquid

Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor; Formalin is an aqueous solution that is 37% formaldehyde by weight; inhibited solutions contain 6-12 % methyl alcohol. [NIOSH] Sold as water solutions containing 37%, 44%, or 50% formaldehyde; [ACGIH]

Colorless liquid with a pungent odor; Formalin is an aqueous solution that is 37 % formaldehyde by weight; inhibited solutions contain 6-12 % methyl alcohol; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS GAS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless aqueous solution of formaldehyde with a pungent, irritating odor. Gas at ordinary conditions.

Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor.

Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution (see specific listing for Formalin).]

Nearly colorless gas [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution]. /Pure formaldehyde/

Colorless gas at ordinary temperatures

Clear, water-white, very slightly acid, gas or liquid.

Clear, colorless or nearly colorless liquid /Formaldehyde solution/

Pungent, suffocating odor

Pungent, irritating odor /Formaldehyde solution/

-6 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

-3.1 °F at 760 mmHg ; commercial aqueous formaldehyde boils at 205 °F (EPA, 1998)

214 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

-19.5 °C

Boiling point: - 19.1 °C /Formaldehyde 37% uninhibited/

-19.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-134 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

-134 °F for anhydrous form (EPA, 1998)

140 °F for 40% solution (EPA, 1998)

185 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Exposure limits are "as formaldehyde." 85 °C

185 °F (85 °C) (Closed cup) /Gas/

122 °F (50 °C) (Closed cup) /Formaldehyde 37%, 15% methanol/

185 °F (85 °C) (Closed cup) /Formaldehyde 37%, methanol-free; gas/

83 °C, closed cup, 37% aqueous soln- methanol free; 50 °C, closed cup, aqueous soln with 15% methanol

83 °C c.c.

varies from 122-141 °F

NA (Gas)

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 4.00X10+5 mg/L at 20 °C

In water, miscible at 25 °C

In water, 95 weight % at 20 °C

Soluble in ethanol and chloroform; miscible with ether, acetone and benzene

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

The solution gives up formaldehyde vapors readily. These vapors are flammable over a wide vapor-air concentration range. Water soluble.

The solution gives up formaldehyde vapors readily. These vapors are flammable over a wide vapor-air concentration range.

Aldehydes

Polymerizable Compounds

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Polymerizable

CSL00042

FORMALDEHYDE + Oxidising agents + PARAFORMALDEHYDE

Explosion hazard

Explosive

ALDEHYDE

oxidation

Bretherick's

CSL00043

FORMALDEHYDE + PARAFORMALDEHYDE + HCl gas + HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Generation of bis(chloromethyl) ether (potent carcinogen)

Harmful,Toxic

Chlorination

User-Reported

CSL00125

FORMALDEHYDE + SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide hazard

Explosive,Flammable

solutions of organic acid sodium salts that contains residual formaldehyde, as result, they did generate hydrogen gas in a steady fashion, and if stored in a confined space, it would be possible to exceed the lower explosive limit

CSL00154

Phenol + Paraformaldehyde

Unexpected raise of pressure due to closure of venting system. The formation of phenol-formaldehyde resins in batch reactors is known for potential runaway reactions.

Aldehyde

Not Available

Substance identification sources: Phenol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=108-95-2 (retrieved 2022-01-27) (CAS RN: 108-95-2). Paraformaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=30525-89-4 (retrieved 2022-01-27) (CAS RN: 30525-89-4).

User Reported

01/27/2022

CSL00162

Phenol + Formaldehyde + Sodium hydroxide

Reaction with Sodium hydroxide resulted in a runaway reaction and an explosion.

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

FORMALDEHYDE may react violently with strong oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, performic acid, perchloric acid in the presence of aniline, potassium permanganate, nitromethane). May react with bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia), and with nitrogen dioxide (explosive reaction around 180 °C). May react with hydrochloric acid to form highly toxic bis(chloromethyl) ether. Polymerization reaction with phenol may develop sudden destructive pressure [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p.168]. May generate flammable and/or toxic gases in combination with azo, diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. May generate toxic formaldehyde gas when heated. Can react with air to give first peroxo acids, and ultimately formic acid. These reactions are activated by light, catalyzed by salts of transition metals, and are autocatalytic (catalyzed by the products of the reaction). Incompatible with liquid oxygen.

FORMALDEHYDE, SOLUTION, reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, performic acid, perchloric acid in the presence of aniline, potassium permanganate, nitromethane). Reacts with bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia), and with nitrogen dioxide (explosive reaction around 180 °C). Reacts with hydrochloric acid to form highly toxic bis(chloromethyl) ether. Polymerization reaction with phenol may develop sudden destructive pressure [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p.168].

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that formaldehyde and methylene glycol are safe for use in cosmetics when formulated to ensure use at the minimal effective concentration, but in no case should the formalin concentration exceed 0.2% (w/w), which would be 0.074% (w/w) calculated as formaldehyde or 0.118% (w/w) calculated as methylene glycol. Additionally, formaldehyde and methylene glycol are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in nail hardening products. However, formaldehyde and methylene glycol are unsafe in the present practices of use and concentration in hair smoothing products (a.k.a. hair straightening products). Formalin is an aqueous solution wherein formaldehyde (gas) has been added to water to a saturation point, which is typically 37% formaldehyde (w/w). Because of the equilibrium between formaldehyde and methylene glycol in aqueous solution, formalin is composed of both formaldehyde and methylene glycol.

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

The ingredient is unsafe for use in cosmetics

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Formaldehyde is a clear, water-white, very slightly acid, gas or liquid. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Formaldehyde is used primarily as a fumigant in agricultural premises such as poultry and swine farms and processing plants as well as in citrus packing and mushroom houses. It is used as a hard surface disinfectant in commercial premises, industrial premises and veterinary clinics. Formaldehyde is also registered as a materials preservative for consumer products such as laundry detergents, general purpose cleaners and wall paper adhesives. There are no inert ingredient uses for this chemical. It is also used as an antimicrobial in biologics, topicals, hepatitis B vaccine, sterilizer for kidney dialysis membranes. Additional uses of formaldehyde in medicine include disinfecting hospital wards, preserving specimens, and as a disinfectant against athlete's foot. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute effects of airborne formaldehyde exposure: Odor detection, 0.05-1.0 ppm; Eye irritation, 0.01-2 ppm; Upper respiratory tract irritation (e.g., irritation of the nose or throat), 0.10-11 ppm; Lower airway irritation (e.g., cough, chest tightness, and wheezing), 5-30 ppm; Pulmonary edema, inflammation, pneumonia, 50-100 ppm; Death >100 ppm. Formaldehyde can provoke skin reactions in sensitized subjects, not only by contact but also by inhalation. According to IARC, there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde causes cancer of the nasopharynx and leukemia. Also, a positive association has been observed between exposure to formaldehyde and sinonasal cancer. An investigation of reproductive function in female workers exposed to formaldehyde in the garment industry revealed increased incidence of menstrual disorders, inflammatory disease of the reproductive tract, sterility, anemia, and low birth weights among offspring. The published studies suggest that inhalation of formaldehyde leads to increased micronuclei frequencies in nasal and/or buccal mucosa cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute effects in rats to low (<1 ppm) or moderate (10-50 ppm) of vapor resulted in increased airway resistance, decreased sensitivity of nasopalatine nerve, irritation of eyes and of respiratory system, and changes in hypothalamus. Exposure to high doses (above 100 ppm) caused salivation, acute dyspnea, vomiting, cramps and death. Hair depigmentation was observed in black mice at site of sc injection of 100 ug formaldehyde. Mice treated with formaldehyde on skin developed severe liver damage. Groups of 25 mated female rats were exposed by inhalation to formaldehyde (0, 2, 5 or 10 ppm (2.5, 6.2 or 12.3 mg/cu m) for 6 hr per day on days 6-15 of gestation. At 10 ppm, there was a significant decrease in maternal food consumption and weight gain. None of the parameters of pregnancy, including numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites, live fetuses, dead fetuses and resorptions or fetal weights, were affected by treatment. An increased incidence of reduced ossification was observed at 5 and 10 ppm in the absence of maternal toxicity (10 ppm). Formaldehyde caused nasal squamous cell carcinomas in the rat following 2 year inhalation exposure. The incidence of this tumor in a historical data base of 16,794 rats was nil, indicating that it is a rare spontaneous tumor. Male and female rats of different ages at the start of the experiments (12 day embryos, and 7 and 25 weeks old) were administered formaldehyde in drinking water at different doses (2,500 or 1,500, 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 0 ppm). An increased incidence of leukemias and of gastro-intestinal tumors was observed in formaldehyde treated rats. Gastro-intestinal tumors are exceptionally rare in the rats of the colony used. Formaldehyde induces gene mutation in bacteria, fungi, yeast, and Drosophila larvae as well as in cultured rodent and human cells. In part, these mutations appear to be the consequence of DNA damage. A second mechanism by which formaldehyde may damage the genome is inhibition of DNA repair. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: It was concluded from the study that formalin feeding to female quails at 2.5 mL/kg feed is without harmful effects, however, higher doses are not without health risks.

It is likely that formaldehyde toxicity occurs when intracellular levels saturate formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity, allowing the unmetabolized intact molecule to exert its effects. Formaldehyde is known to form cross links between protein and DNA and undergo metabolic incorporation into macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins). (L962)

Formaldehyde

Hematologic

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

7 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde causes cancer of the nasopharynx and leukaemia. Also, a positive association has been observed between exposure to formaldehyde and sinonasal cancer. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde. The Working Group was not in full agreement on the evaluation of formaldehyde causing leukaemias in humans, with a small majority viewing the evidence as sufficient of carcinogenicity and the minority viewing the evidence as limited. Particularly relevant to the discussions regarding sufficient evidence was a recent study accepted for publication which, for the first time, reported aneuploidy in blood of exposed workers characteristic of myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, with supporting information suggesting a decrease in the major circulating blood-cell types and in circulating haematological precursor cells. The authors and Working Group felt that this study needed to be replicated. Formaldehyde is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

Cancer Classification: Group B1 Probable Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on limited evidence in humans, and sufficient evidence in animals. Human data include nine studies that show statistically significant associations between site-specific respiratory neoplasms and exposure to formaldehyde or formaldehyde-containing products. An increased incidence of nasal squamous cell carcinomas was observed in long-term inhalation studies in rats and in mice. The classification is supported by in vitro genotoxicity data and formaldehyde's structural relationships to other carcinogenic aldehydes such as acetaldehyde. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

Formaldehyde: Known to be a human carcinogen.

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 62: (1995) Wood Dust and Formaldehyde

Volume 88: (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol

Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Drinking large amounts of formaldehyde can cause severe pain, vomiting, coma, and possible death. Formaldehyde is also a known human carcinogen. (L962)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L962) ; inhalation (L962) ; dermal (L962)

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation behind the breastbone. Headache. Shortness of breath.

Redness.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Nausea. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, nose, throat, respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); cough; wheezing; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Low levels of formaldehyde can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. (L962)

Cancer, Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, respiratory system

[nasal cancer]

LC50; Species: /Morone saxatilis/ (Striped bass) larvae; Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 10 mg/L for 48-96 hr

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) weight 0.63 g; Conditions: static; Concentration: 118 ppm for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 99.7-140 ppm) /37% AI formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) weight 0.81 g; Conditions: static; Concentration: >100 ppm for 96 hr /18.8% AI formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) average length 1.5-1.8 in, average weight 0.5-0.9 g; Conditions: static, 12 °C, total hardness 42 ppm CaCO3; Concentration: 207 mg/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 182-236 mg/L) /Formalin, 37% formaldehyde gas in water/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (58 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The aim of this study was to determine the pathological effects of formalin on female quails. Seventy-five 1-day-old female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonina) were divided into five equal groups (A-E) and fed formalin daily at dose levels of 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 0 mL/ kg feed, respectively. All birds were slaughtered at the end of the experiment -- the eighth week. No clinical signs were observed in quails fed 2.5 mL formalin/kg feed. Depression, dullness and anorexia were prominent in quails fed 20 mL formalin/kg feed. Feed intake, body weight, egg production and egg weight together with absolute and relative weight of organs, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were decreased at higher doses, i.e., 10 and 20 mL formalin/kg feed. Total serum proteins and globulin significantly increased (P <0.05) in all formalin fed quails compared to control birds. No gross lesions were observed in the 2.5 mL formalin/kg fed group. At higher doses (10 and 20 mL formalin/kg feed) hemorrhages on the thigh muscles, decreased weight and reduction in area and folds of different segments of oviduct were recorded. Reduced size of liver, heart and kidneys was recorded in quails fed 20mL formalin/kg feed compared to controls and other birds. The histopathological changes in oviduct consisted of degeneration of mucosal glands characterized by vacuolation of nuclei of cells. It was concluded from the study that formalin feeding to female quails at 2.5 mL/kg feed is without harmful effects, however, higher doses are not without health risks. /Formalin/

4.30e+00

7.00e+01

1.40e-01

1.70e+00

2.20e-01

4.00e+03

2.10e-02

2.00e-01

7.00e-03

Volatile

4.24e+04

4.30e+02

7.00e+03

1.40e+01

9.20e+01

2.20e+01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in the environment; it is an chemical that occurs in most life forms, including humans. It is formed naturally in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Formaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as resins, finding a variety of end uses such as wood products, plastics, and coatings may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a fumigant in agricultural premises and as a surface disinfectant in commercial premises and its use as a corrosion inhibitor in oil wells and release from slow-release fertilizers result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates formaldehyde will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase formaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is 45 hrs. Formaldehyde absorbs ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of >360 nm and is susceptible to direct photolysis. Formaldehyde has a direct photolysis half-life of 4.1 hours measured at sea-level and 40 degrees latitude. Formaldehyde has been detected in rainwater and adsorbed to atmospheric particulates indicating it may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, formaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8. In soil, formaldehyde gas can adsorb to clay minerals and interact with humic substances resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Formaldehyde will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Formaldehyde has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, formaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 30 and 40 hrs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The half-life of formaldehyde has been reported between 1-7 days in surface water and 2-14 days in groundwater, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half lives. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Formaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because of the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where formaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to formaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air (indoor and outdoor), inhalation of cigarette smoke, ingestion of food and possibly drinking water, and dermal contact with cosmetics, aerosol products and other consumer products containing formaldehyde. Concentrations of formaldehyde in outdoor and indoor air range from about 1 to 20 ug/cu m and 25 to 100 ug/cu m, respectively. (SRC)

Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in the environment; it is an endogenous chemical that occurs in most life forms, including humans(1). It is formed naturally in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons, which react with hydroxyl radicals and ozone to form formaldehyde and other aldehydes, as intermediates in a series of reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water(1). Of the hydrocarbons found in the troposphere, methane is the single most important source of formaldehyde(1). Terpenes and isoprene, emitted by foliage, react with hydroxyl radicals, forming formaldehyde as an intermediate product(1). Because of their short half-life, these potentially important sources of formaldehyde are important only in the vicinity of vegetation(1). Formaldehyde is one of the volatile compounds formed in the early stages of decomposition of plant residues in the soil(1). Formaldehyde occurs naturally in fruits and other foods(1). Other sources are forest fires, animal wastes, microbial products of biological systems, and plant volatiles(2,3). Formaldehyde can also be formed in seawater by photochemical processes(4). However, calculations of sea-air exchange indicates that this process is probably a minor source for formaldehyde in the sea(4).

Formaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as resins, finding a variety of end uses such as wood products, plastics, and coatings(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a fumigant in agricultural premises and as a surface disinfectant in commercial premises(2) and its use as a corrosion inhibitor in oil wells and release from slow-release fertilizers(1) result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Formaldehyde is formed by the incomplete combustion of many organic substances and is present in coal and wood smoke(3) and in cigarette smoke(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that formaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). In soil, formaldehyde gas can adsorb to clay minerals(4) and interact with humic substances(5) resulting in decreased mobility. Volatilization of formaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). Formaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C(7). Formaldehyde has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that formaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Experiments performed on a variety of fish and shrimp show no bioconcentration of formaldehyde(6,7). Formaldehyde has been found to be readily biodegradable in various screening tests(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 91% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 30 and 40 hrs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively(10). The half-life of formaldehyde has been reported between 1-7 days in surface water and 2-14 days in groundwater, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half lives(11). In water, formaldehyde undergoes essentially complete hydration to yield the gem-diol, methylene glycol(8). This hydrate does not have a chromophore that is capable of absorbing sunlight and photolytically decomposing(12). Hydrated formaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), formaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 3,890 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in the gas phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Gas-phase formaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is 45 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The hydroxy radical initiated oxidation of formaldehyde also occurs in cloud droplets to form formic acid, a component of acid rain(4). Formaldehyde absorbs ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of >360 nm(5); therefore, formaldehyde may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Direct photolysis half-lives of 1 to 4.1 hours have been measured using sunlight(6); the 4.1 hour half-life was measured at sea-level and 40 degrees latitude(6). Gas-phase formaldehyde is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is about 57 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.60X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(7). Formaldehyde has been detected in rainwater(8), therefore, it may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC). In addition, in a study of the formaldehyde content of atmospheric aerosol, it was demonstrated that up to 5% of the total atmospheric content of formaldehyde can be associated with particulate matter due to vapor adsorption to particulates(9); therefore, particulate-phase formaldehyde may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

AEROBIC: Formaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 91% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(1). Using OECD Guide-line 301D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test), formaldehyde achieved 90% in 28 days using non-acclimated inoculum which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(2). Formaldehyde in aqueous effluent was degraded by activated sludge and sewage in 48-72 hr(3-6). In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 30 hours under aerobic conditions(6). Other biodegradation screening tests gave half-lives ranging from <1 to 17.3 days(7-12).

ANAEROBIC: In a die-away test using water from a stagnant lake, degradation was complete in 48 hours under anaerobic conditions(1). In an anaerobic degradation test using an adapted enriched culture inoculum, formaldehyde reached 55-60% degradation at continuous addition of the compound at 400 mg/L(2).

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of formaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 8.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 45 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The hydroxy radical initiated oxidation of formaldehyde also occurs in cloud droplets to form formic acid, a component of acid rain(3). Formaldehyde has a reported direct photolysis half-life of 6 hrs in simulated sunlight(4). Direct photolysis half-lives of 1 to 4.1 hours have been measured using sunlight(5); the 4.1 hour half-life was measured at sea-level and 40 degrees latitude(5). There are two photolytic pathways, one producing hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, and the other producing H and HCO radicals(6,7). The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of formaldehyde with atmospheric nitrate radicals is 5.60X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(8); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 57 days(SRC) at averaged atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(9). In water, formaldehyde undergoes essentially complete hydration to yield the gem-diol, methylene glycol(5). This hydrate does not have a chromophore that is capable of absorbing sunlight and photolytically decomposing(3). Hydrated formaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(10). Solutions containing formaldehyde are unstable, both oxidizing slowly to form formic acid and polymerizing to form oligomers(11). In the presence of air and moisture, polymerization readily takes place in concentrated solutions at room temperatures to form paraformaldehyde, a solid mixture of linear polyoxymethylene glycols containing 90-99% formaldehyde(12).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for formaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.35(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Experiments performed on a variety of fish and shrimp showed no bioconcentration of formaldehyde(4,5).

The Koc of formaldehyde is estimated as 8(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.35(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that formaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Formaldehyde gas adsorbs on clay minerals to a degree at high gas concentrations which is an important quality in its use as a soil fumigant(4). In addition, formaldehyde may interact with humic substances in soil(5) resulting in decreased mobility.

The Henry's Law constant for formaldehyde is 3.37X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that formaldehyde is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Formaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Formaldehyde is a gas under ambient conditions(3), therefore, volatilization from dry soil surfaces will occur(SRC).

DRINKING WATER: Formaldehyde was not detected in testing conducted for the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water(1). Formaldehyde was detected as a by-product during ozonation at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant(2).

SURFACE WATER: Formaldehyde was detected at 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US; 1 of 204 sites was positive at a concentration of 12 ppb(1). Formaldehyde was detected only in the hypolimnion of a stagnant lake in Japan (Lake Kezaki)(2).

SEAWATER: In a study monitoring aldehydes in sea water, formaldehyde was not detected in surface waters(1).

RAIN/FOG: Formaldehyde levels in rainwater collected in California were low, ranging from not detected to 0.06 ug/mL(1). The concentration of formaldehyde in rainwater from Mainz and Deuselbach, Germany, and Ireland ranged from 0.111 to 0.174 ppm; sampling was conducted 1974-1977(2). Formaldehyde was detected in rain water collected from Enewetak Atoll in the Central Pacific Ocean at range of concentrations from 6.2-11.3 ppb; sampling was conducted from June 26 - August 6, 1979(3). Concentrations of free formaldehyde measured in fogwater collected from Nov 1988 to May 1989 in Corvallis, OR, ranged from 0.4 to 3 mg/L with a volume-weighted mean of 1.8 mg/L(4). Free formaldehyde concentrations in fogwater sampled Jan-Mar 1986 in Riverside, CA, ranged from 0.12 to 6.8 mg/L, with approximately half of the samples less than 3 mg/L(5). Status cloud water at Henninger Flats, CA, which is typically is highly acidic and concentrated in inorganic pollutants, had concentrations of free formaldehyde ranging from 1.4 to 1.8 mg/L(5), comparable to mid-range Corvallis fogwater concentrations(SRC). Formaldehyde concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 4.3 mg/L were found in cloud water samples collected in November 1981 in the Los Angeles Basin(6). Formaldehyde concentrations in mist samples in Long Beach and Marina del Ray, CA, were 0.25 and 0.56 mg/L, respectively(1). The concentration of formaldehyde in ice fog from Fairbanks, AK ranged from 0.50 to 1.16 ppm(1). The mean (arithmetic) concentration of formaldehyde in rain water fractions from Mexico City and Rancho Viejo, Mexico ranged from 0.13 to 0.42 mg/L and from 0.18 to 0.21 mg/L, respectively; sampling was conducted in 1985(7). The mean values of formaldehyde in rain water at 3 locations in Kobe City (Japan) from Jan 1992 to Dec 1992 were 0.032 mg/L (range, 0.001-0.15 mg/L), 0.035 mg/L (range, 0.001-0.18 mg/L), and 0.016 mg/L (range, 0.001-0.04 mg/L), respectively(8).

The major contributors to indoor formaldehyde are emissions from pressed wood products and foam insulation containing urea-formaldehyde resins(1). Common indoor combustion sources of formaldehyde emissions include gas burners and ovens, kerosene heaters, and cigarettes(2). The formaldehyde emissions from cigarette smoking are 2,000 ug/cigarette(3). Formaldehyde was detected in 3 effluent streams, two from chemical plants and one from a sewage treatment plant(4). Effluent from urea and melamine production contained 4% formaldehyde and from phenolic resin production contained 0.1% formaldehyde(5). Emissions from a wastewater treatment plant in Los Angeles, CA (Hyperion) was 391 kg/yr(6). Gas emissions from an automobile fire yielded a formaldehyde emission factor of 1.1 g/kg(7). Formaldehyde was detected as a volatile emission from Populus davidiana (Chinese aspen) wood treated with low molecular weight urea-formaldehyde resin(8).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U122, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Formaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent, then spray the soln into the furnace with afterburner. Recommendable methods: Incineration, oxidation, & discharge to sewer. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & alkaline hydrolysis. Peer-review: Dilute formaldehyde waste with a large amt of water and treat the soln by hypochlorite soln. Concentration of formaldehyde in the soln should be below 2% in order to avoid excess exothermic reaction heat. Formaldehyde is a powerful reducing agent and many oxidants can be used, but may react violently (must be diluted). Alkaline hydrolysis may be dangerous because of exothermic reaction. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible materials. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Formaldehyde, solution, flammable; Formaldehyde, solutions (Formalin); Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin) (corrosive)/

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Formaldehyde, solution, flammable; Formaldehyde, solutions (Formalin); Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin) (corrosive)/

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Formaldehyde, solution, flammable; Formaldehyde, solutions (Formalin); Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin) (corrosive)/

/GUIDE 132: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - CORROSIVE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Formaldehyde, solution, flammable; Formaldehyde, solutions (Formalin); Formaldehyde, solutions, (Formalin) (corrosive)/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for FORMALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1198; Formaldehyde, solutions, flammable

UN 2209; Formaldehyde, solutions, with not less than 25% formaldehyde

IMO 3; Formaldehyde, solutions, flammable

IMO 8; Formaldehyde, solutions, with not less than 25% formaldehyde

49 131 68; Formaldehyde solution (liquid) or formalin (flash point more than 141 °F, in containers over 110 gal)

49 403 64; Formaldehyde solution (liquid) or formalin (flash point more than 141 °F, in containers of 110 gal or less)

49 131 69; Formaldehyde solution (paste) or formalin (flash point more than 141 °F, in containers over 110 gal)

49 403 65; Formaldehyde solution (paste) or formalin (flash point more than 141 °F, in containers of 110 gal or less)

49 131 44; Formaldehyde solution (liquid) or formalin (flash point not more than 141 °F, in containers over 110 gal)

49 403 41; Formaldehyde solution (liquid) or formalin (flash point not more than 141 °F, in containers of 110 gal or less)

49 131 45; Formaldehyde solution (paste) or formalin (flash point not more than 141 °F, in containers over 110 gal)

49 403 42; Formaldehyde solution (paste) or formalin (flash point not more than 141 °F, in containers of 110 gal or less)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid Corrosive

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 23/24/25-34-40-43; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-51

Symbol: T; R: 23/24/25-34-40-43; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-51; Note: B, D

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: III