Benzo[a]pyrene

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P318, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317 (99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H340 (99.9%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (99.9%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (94.5%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (98.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 775 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P203, P273, P280, P318, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P273, P280, P318, P319, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P264, P280, P302+P352, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Poisonous gases are produced in fire including carbon monoxide. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use dry chemical, dry sand, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U022, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

A good potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. Also, a good potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Cool. Dry.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from oxidizing chemicals (such as chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates, and nitrates). A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine = 2.5 ug/L at end of shift at end of workweek; (Adjusted for the Pyrene to Benzo(a)pyrene ratio); 3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-HBAP) in urine = Nq at end of shift at end of workweek; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.0056 [mg/m3]

120 [mg/m3]

700 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles (cyclohexane extractable fraction)

0.2 [mg/m3]

0.2 mg/m³ as Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction)

NIOSH considers coal tar pitch volatiles to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Coal tar pitch volatiles/

80 mg/m³

Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels as low as possible.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

2016 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): These substances, with their corresponding indices, comprise those for which (1) a BEI is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted index is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted BEI is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial indices during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Chemical: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: End of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 2.5 ug/L (Adjusted for the pyrene to benzo(a)pyrene ratio of the PAH mixture to which workers are exposed.; Notation: The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

2016 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): These substances, with their corresponding indices, comprise those for which (1) a BEI is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted index is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted BEI is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial indices during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC BEI, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Chemical: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); Determinant: 3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: End of shift at end of workweek; BEI: None.; Notation: Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

A2 (suspected human carcinogen); BEI issued.

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 2

Czechoslovakia, the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene should not exceed 100-200 ug/100 cu m in the atmosphere of coal and pitch coking plants.

USSR Ministry of Health in November 1972 set the Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) for benzo(a)pyrene for a working zone at 15 ug/100 cu m, and in February 1973, 0.1 ug/100 cu m as the MAC for benzo(a)pyrene in atmospheric air.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. May cause heritable genetic damage to human germ cells. May cause toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use closed system and ventilation.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Benzo[a]pyrene appears as a liquid. Presents a threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limits its spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil and contaminates groundwater or nearby waterways.

Other Solid

Yellowish solid; Practically insoluble in water; [Merck Index] Yellow crystals; Insoluble in water; [MSDSonline]

PALE YELLOW CRYSTALS.

Odorless, silver-gray to black solid.

Pale yellow monoclinic needles from benzene and methanol

Yellowish plates, needles from benzene + methanol; crystals may be monoclinic or orthorhombic

Yellowish plates (from benzene and ligroin)

Faint aromatic odor

887 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

BP: 310-312 °C at 10 mm Hg

Boiling point: > 360 °C at 760 mm Hg

349.7 to 351.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

178.1 °C

3497-3515 °F

181.1 °C

less than 1 mg/mL at 63 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 1.62X10-3 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in benzene, toluene, xylene, and ether; slightly soluble in alcohol

Very soluble in chloroform

Solubility in aqueous caffeine is higher than in water; also, native DNA has a solubilizing effect

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C:

greater than 1 (NTP, 1992)

Density (at 20 °C): 1.4 g/cm³

1.351 @25 °C

8.7 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

8.7 (Air = 1)

5.49e-09 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00000001 [mmHg]

5.49X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated value/

Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

depends upon the specific compound

log Kow = 6.13

Henry's Law constant = 4.57X10-7 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Undergoes photo-oxidation after irradiation in indoor sunlight or by fluorescent light in organic solvents.

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Enthalpy of vaporization: 91.0 kJ/mol (323-473 K)[NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Benzo

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible

Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

BENZO[A]PYRENE undergoes photo-oxidation after irradiation in indoor sunlight or by fluorescent light in organic solvents. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents including various electrophiles, peroxides, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. Oxidized by ozone, chromic acid and chlorinating agents. Readily undergoes nitration and halogenation. Hydrogenation occurs with platinum oxide (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Incompatibilities: strong oxidizers, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone.

The chemical is nonflammable but is incompatible with strong oxidizers.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Benzo[a]pyrene (along with other PAHs) is released into the atmosphere as a component of smoke from forest fires, industrial processes, vehicle exhaust, cigarettes, and through the burning of fuel (such as wood, coal, and petroleum products). HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Epidemiology studies involving exposure to PAH mixtures have reported associations between internal biomarkers of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts) and adverse birth outcomes (including reduced birth weight, postnatal body weight, and head circumference), neurobehavioral effects, and decreased fertility. In addition, there is strong evidence of carcinogenicity in occupations involving exposure to PAH mixtures containing benzo[a]pyrene, such as aluminum production, chimney sweeping, coal gasification, coal-tar distillation, coke production, iron and steel founding, and paving and roofing with coal tar pitch. An increasing number of occupational studies demonstrate a positive exposure-response relationship with cumulative BaP exposure and lung cancer. BaP was mutagenic in human MCL-5 cells. Accumulation of BaP in blood plasma of coking workers played a major role in the formation of lymphocyte micronucleus. The characteristics of chromosomal aberrations induced in vitro by activated benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) in lymphocyte cultures of 172 normal individuals ages 19-95 years were described. The BPDE-induced chromosomal aberrations were predominantly single chromatid breaks, with few isochromatid breaks or exchange figures. The genotoxic mechanism of action of benzo[a]pyrene involves metabolism to highly reactive species that form covalent adducts to DNA. These anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol- 9,10-oxide-DNA adducts induce mutations in the K-RAS oncogene and the TP53 tumorsuppressor gene in human lung tumors, and in corresponding genes in mouse-lung tumors. ANIMAL STUDIES: Animal studies demonstrate that exposure to benzo[a]pyrene is associated with developmental (including developmental neurotoxicity), reproductive, and immunological effects. Studies in multiple animal species demonstrate that benzo[a]pyrene is carcinogenic at multiple tumor sites (alimentary tract, liver, kidney, respiratory tract, pharynx, and skin) by all routes of exposure. BaP is primarily metabolized to diol epoxides, which react principally at N2-dG in DNA. BaP-N2-dG adducts have been shown to induce a variety of mutations, notably G-->T, G-->A, G-->C and -1 frameshifts. Oral exposure to BaP causes spermatogonial stem cell mutations in mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Thirty-four ducks were given single intratracheal dose of 50-200 mg benzo(a)pyrene. Survival rate was poor. One duck developed a lung carcinoma, and two had bronchial squamous metaplasia. Histological and skeletal examinations were performed on rainbow trout alevins reared in 0.00, 0.08, 0.21, 0.39, 1.48, 2.40, or 2.99 ng/mL aqueous benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Nuclear pycnosis and karyorrhexis were most common in neuroectodermal and mesodermal derivatives and in liver of BaP-treated alevins. Microphthalmia was noted in 17% of the test fish and was frequently associated with a patent optic fissure. Depressed mitotic rates in the retina and brain, but not liver, were seen in alevins reared in 0.21 to 1.48 ng/mL aqueous BaP. Test alevins had a significantly higher incidence of skeletal malformations in the skull and vertebral column and abnormalities of vertebral arcualia often corresponded to areas of kyphoscoliotic flexures. In the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) teratogenic effect were related to embryonic cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as evidenced by the presence of aberrant chromosome arrangements during mitosis. Developmental abnormalities were observed in gastrulae treated with initial benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of 1-50 ng/mL.

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The main carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene is the diol-epoxide trans-9,10-epoxy-7,8-dihydrodiol. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)

Gastrointestinal

Respiratory

Developmental

Reproductive

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

2 x 10 ^-6 mg/m^3

Benzo[a]pyrene

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

CLASSIFICATION: Carcinogenic to humans. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Under EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, benzo[a]pyrene is "carcinogenic to humans" based on strong and consistent evidence in animals and humans.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene in experimental animals...Benzo[a]pyrene is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

The 15 individual PAHs are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. /Benzo(a)pyrene CAS 50-32-8/

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 92: (2010) Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures

Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations

NB Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. (L10)

Exposure mainly occurs via inhalation.

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10) ; dermal (L10)

Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. (A10)

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

IRIS Current

LD50: 250 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (L138)

LD50 Mouse ip about 250 mg/kg

There is no known antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L10)

The results of both the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and HPLC analysis were used to evaluate the interactions of binary mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene and several different polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Binary mixtures of either 2-nitro-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or pentachlorophenol with benzo[a]pyrene produced synergism, whereas strictly additive effects were observed with mixtures of octa- or heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and benzo[a]pyrene. ... HPLC analysis of the mixtures indicated that preincubation of benzo[a]pyrene with 2-nitro-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increased the quantity of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, and 9,10-dihydrodiol metabolites detected. The data suggest that nonmutagenic components of a complex mixture may alter the metabolism of promixate mutagens. Thus, in the present study, 2-nitro-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin appears to have inhibited the detoxication of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites.

Investigators/ have recently found that transition metals, such as nickel and chromium, and oxidative stress induced lipid peroxidation metabolites such as aldehydes can greatly inhibit nucleotide excision repair (NER) and enhance carcinogen-induced mutations. Because particulate matter(PM) is rich in metal and aldehyde content and can induce oxidative stress, /the authors/ tested the effect of PM on DNA repair capacity in cultured human lung cells using in vitro DNA repair synthesis and host cell reactivation assays. PM greatly inhibits NER for ultraviolet (UV) light and benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) induced DNA damage in human lung cells. /The authors/ further demonstrated that PM exposure can significantly increase both spontaneous and UV-induced mutagenesis. These results together suggest that the carcinogenicity of PM may act through its combined effect on suppression of DNA repair and enhancement of DNA replication errors. /Benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide/

In this study we investigated effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and determined their influence on the bioavailability and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Blue mussels were exposed to either TiO2NP (0.2 and 2.0 mg/L) or B(a)P (20 ug/L) and to the respective combinations of these two compounds. Aqueous contaminant concentrations, the uptake of Ti and B(a)P into mussel soft tissue, effects on oxidative stress and chromosomal damage were analyzed. The uncoated TiO2NP agglomerated rapidly in the seawater. The presence of TiO2NP significantly reduced the bioavailability of B(a)P, shown by lowered B(a)P concentrations in exposure tanks and in mussel tissue. The activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were impacted by the various exposure regimes, indicating oxidative stress in the contaminant exposure groups. While SOD activity was increased only in the 0.2TiO2NP exposure group, CAT activity was enhanced in both combined exposure groups. The GPx activity was increased only in the groups exposed to the two single compounds. In hemocytes, increased chromosomal damage was detected in mussels exposed to the single compounds, which was further increased after exposure to the combination of compounds. In this study we show that the presence of TiO2NP in the exposure system reduced B(a)P uptake in blue mussels. However, since most biomarker responses did not decrease despite of the lower B(a)P uptake in combined exposures, the results suggest that TiO2NP can act as additional stressor, or potentially alters B(a)P toxicity by activation.

Groups of 20 female Fischer 344 rats (aged unspecified) received implants of beeswax pellets containing either 1 mg benzo(a)pyrene, 0.5 mg benzo(a)pyrene, 1 mg benzo(e)pyrene (purity unspecified), 0.5 mg benzo(a)pyrene + 1 mg benzo(e)pyrene, or 1 mg benzo(a)pyrene + 1 mg benzo(e)pyrene in tracheas from isogenic donors transplanted subcutaneously in the retroscapular region (two tracheas/animal). All surviving animals were killed 28 months after the start of exposure. Benzo(e)pyrene did not induce tumors in tracheal explants, while 1 mg benzo(a)pyrene induced carcinomas in 65% of the grafts. Benzo(e)pyrene appeared to reduce the incidence of carcinomas from 65% (benzo(a)pyrene alone) to 40% (benzo(a)pyrene plus benzo(e)pyrene). However, the incidence of sarcoma in tracheal and peritracheal explants was enhanced two- to three-fold by benzo(e)pyrene given with benzo(a)pyrene compared with benzo(a)pyrene alone.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (76 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

LC50; Species: Neanthes arenaceodentata (annelid); Concentration: >1.0 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia pulix (crustacean); Concentration: 0.005 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) about 4 days old juvenile; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 8.0, alkalinity 250 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 40 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 32-49 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < 24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 29.3 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 13.32-242.2 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Thirty-four ducks were given single intratracheal dose of 50-200 mg BaP in Tween 80. Survival rate was poor. One ... /duck/ developed a lung carcinoma, and two had bronchial squamous metaplasia.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In this study a suppression subtractive hybridization method was employed to identify differentially expressed genes of the clam Venerupis philippinarum exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Nineteen known transcripts and seven predicted proteins were found from the subtractive cDNA library of the clam, which could provide more sequence information for further study. Seven of the differentially expressed genes were selected for mRNA expression analysis. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of the selected cDNAs of clams was up-regulated to varying degrees by different concentration of BaP. They are suggested as potential molecular biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution monitoring in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, hemocyte parameters were also measured, and a decrease of total hemocyte counts and suppression of antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities were detected in BaP-stressed clams. We suggest that the modulation of the expression of the selected genes caused by PAHs probably leads to the disturbance of the immune defense of the clam. Meanwhile, the adverse effects of PAHs on hemocyte parameters caused the suppression of the immune defense and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Therefore, it is inferred that PAHs pollutants could interact with components of the immune system and interferes with defense functions of the clam V. philippinarum.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The existence of a resident population of intrahepatic immune cells (IHICs) is well documented for mammalian vertebrates, however, it is uncertain whether IHICs are present in the liver of teleostean fish. In the present study we investigated whether trout liver contains an IHIC population, and if so, what the relative cellular composition of this population is. The results provide clear evidence for the existence of an IHIC population in trout liver, which constitutes 15-29% of the non-hepatocytes in the liver, and with a cellular composition different to that of the blood leukocyte population. We analyzed the response of IHICs to a non-infectious liver challenge with the hepatotoxic and immunotoxic chemical, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Juvenile trout were treated with BaP (25 or 100 mg/kg bw) at levels sufficient to induce the molecular pathway of BaP metabolism while not causing pathological and inflammatory liver changes. The IHIC population responded to the BaP treatments in a way that differed from the responses of the leukocyte populations in trout blood and spleen, suggesting that IHICs are an independently regulated immune cell population.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Bivalve molluscs, such as Venerupis philippinarum, are often used as bioindicators of environmental pollution since they can bioaccumulate a large variety of pollutants because of their filter feeding. The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is an important contaminant, commonly present in the marine environment. Pollutants are generally metabolized by enzymes of phase I, mainly CYPs enzymes, and by conjugation enzymes of phase II like GST. In this study, we investigated by Real Time PCR the expression of CYP4 and GSTr (GST class rho) in the digestive gland of V. philippinarum exposed to different concentrations of B(a)P for 24 hr and after a 24 hr depuration period. Accumulation of B(a)P by clams has been confirmed by the HPLC-FLD analyses. Moreover, HPLC-FLD analyses evidenced that after depuration, B(a)P concentrations decreased in animals subjected to 0.03 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L exposures but did not decrease in animals subjected to 1 mg/l exposure. B(a)P exposure and depuration did not cause histopathological lesions in the different organs. The analysis of GSTr expression in the digestive gland showed a significant increase in mRNA in animals subjected to 1 mg/L exposure, whereas the analysis of CYP4 expression did not evidence differences among treatments. Moreover, the expression of both genes did not exhibit any differences after the purification treatment. The results demonstrate that B(a)P significantly affects the expression of GSTr mRNA in the digestive gland of V. philippinarum and suggest that GSTr gene could play an important role in the biotransformation of B(a)P.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.10e-01

2.10e+00

1.70e-03

8.80e-03

2.50e-02

2.00e-01

2.90e-02

2.40e-01

1.00e+00

6.00e-04

3.00e-04

Volatile

1.10e+01

2.10e+02

6.30e-03

2.60e-02

2.50e+00

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish, plants and molluscs. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Benzo(a)pyrene is a member of a group of chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It occurs ubiquitously as a product of incomplete combustion. It has been identified in cigarette smoke, gasoline and diesel engine exhaust, used motor oils, gasolines, charcoal-broiled steaks, various processed foods, margarine, butter, fats, fruits, vegetables, and cereals, roasted coffee and tea. Benzo(a)pyrene occurs in fossil fuels, crude oils, shale oils, and coal tars, and is emitted with gases and fly ash from active volcanoes and waste incinerators. Benzo(a)pyrene's production and use in dyes and as a laboratory agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 5.49X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzo(a)pyrene will exist primarily in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. However, a small percentage will exist in the vapor phase. Benzo(a)pyrene has been shown to undergo gas/particle partitioning in the environment as part of its atmospheric global distribution. Both vapor-phase and particulate-phase benzo(a)pyrene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-lives for each of these reactions in air is estimated to be 7.7 hours. Particulate-phase benzo(a)pyrene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Benzo(a)pyrene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzo(a)pyrene is expected to have slight to no mobility based upon measured soil Koc values ranging from 3,760 to 1.3X10+6. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.57X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. The persistence of benzo(a)pyrene in soil is expected to vary depending upon the nature of compounds accompanying it and the nature and previous history of the soil. Biodegradation half-lives of 309 and 229 days were observed in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively. PAHs with four or more rings, such as benzo(a)pyrene, are generally expected to be resistant to biodegradation. Benzo(a)pyrene is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight. The photolysis half-life of benzo(a)pyrene on spruce needle surfaces exposed to full sunlight in Munich, Germany in July 2001 was 33 hours. If released into water, benzo(a)pyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon measured Koc values. Biodegradation may occur very slowly in natural waters. Mineralization half-lives >200 weeks have been observed in sediment/water microcosm studies. Faster biodegradation rates can occur in acclimated media. Half-lives of 12-23 days have been measured using river water/sediment collected from PAH polluted areas of the Yellow River, China. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. BCF values of 480 and 490 in fish suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. However, it may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to benzo(a)pyrene may occur through inhalation of particulates and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzo(a)pyrene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzo(a)pyrene via inhalation of tobacco smoke and ambient air, inhalation of exhaust from cooking processes that produce smoke, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with soil, road and house dust and other entities contaminated or containing benzo(a)pyrene(SRC). The general population can also be exposed to benzo(a)pyrene through pharmaceutical products based on coal tar that are applied to the skin. (SRC)

Benzo(a)pyrene occurs naturally in crude oils, shale oils, and coal tars, and is emitted with gases and fly ash from active volcanoes(1). Benzo(a)pyrene occurs in fossil fuels(2). Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo(a)pyrene, are a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter(3). There is some evidence for biosynthesis by plants(4), bacteria and algae(5). Benzo(a)pyrene is a component of the condensate isolated from Citrullus colocynthis (coloquint) seeds(6).

Benzo(a)pyrene has been produced by pyrolysis of anthracene at 950 °C, of dicetyl at 800 °C, of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids at 700 °C and at 500 °C, of different tobacco constituents at 650 °C, of aliphatic hydrocarbons, 340 mg/kg at 800 °C; found in pyrolysis products of agar-agar, natural dyes, humectants, glues, starches and logwood(1).

Benzo(a)pyrene's production and use in dyes(1) and as a laboratory agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It has been reported that there is no commercial production or known use for benzo(a)pyrene(3,4). However, the US EPA Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) database lists 7 US manufacturers/importers of benzo(a)pyrene in 2012 with a national volume of 1.8 million pounds(5). Benzo(a)pyrene is a member of a group of chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Benzo(a)pyrene occurs ubiquitously as a product of incomplete combustion(3). It has been identified in mainstream cigarette smoke; sidestream cigarette smoke; smoke of cigars; mainstream smoke of marijuana cigarettes; gasoline engine exhaust; diesel engine exhaust; various crude oils; various fresh and used motor oils; gasolines; charcoal-broiled steaks; various processed foods; various oils, margarine, butter, fats; fruits, vegetables, and cereals; roasted coffee; and tea(3).

Cigarette smoke and tar contain up to 0.1% benzo(a)pyrene, pyrolyzed from isoprene and C6 to C10 alkylbenzene precursors. The gasoline engine emits up to 0.170 ng of benzo(a)pyrene per gallon of fuel but only 0.02 to 0.03 ng/gal in an emission-controlled vehicle. The greatest emissions occur from residential energy production in coal and wood furnaces, mounting to tons of benzo(a)pyrene per year in the US. Other sources represent industrial coke-oven emissions and road abrasions(1).

Air pollution from motor transport exhaust gases was studied in Kazan, Russian SFSR, USSR, in 1974-1977. In the central part of town, where motor transport movement was most intense, the concn of CO, NOx and benz(a)pyrene in the air was higher than in new industrial regions. There was a direct relationship between concentrations of these substances and the intensity of motor transport flow. ...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured soil Koc values ranging from 3,760 to 1.3X10+6(2,3), indicate that benzo(a)pyrene is expected to have slight to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzo(a)pyrene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.57X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Benzo(a)pyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 5.49X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). The persistence of benzo(a)pyrene in soil is expected to vary depending upon the nature of compounds accompanying it and the nature and previous history of the soil(6). Biodegradation half-lives of 309 and 229 days were observed for benzo(a)pyrene in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(7). Cumulative 14-CO2 evolution from soil microcosm spiked with 14C-benzo(a)pyrene reached only 3% after 42 days of incubation(8). PAHs with four or more rings, such as benzo(a)pyrene, are generally expected to be resistant to biodegradation(9). Benzo(a)pyrene is susceptible to direct photolysis(10) on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight. The photolysis half-life of benzo(a)pyrene on spruce needle surfaces exposed to full sunlight in Munich, Germany in July 2001 was 33 hours(11).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values from sediments and porewaters ranging from 2.7X10+5 to 1.9X10+6(2,3), indicate that benzo(a)pyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.57X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(5). According to a classification scheme(6), measured BCF values of 490 in bluegill sunfish(7) and 480 in golden ide fish(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, benzo(a)pyrene may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(9). A measured fish biotransformation half-life of 1.1 days has been reported for benzo(a)pyrene(10). PAHs with four or more rings, such as benzo(a)pyrene, are generally expected to be resistant to biodegradation(11). Half-lives for the mineralization of (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene in sediment/water microcosms ranged from >200 weeks in Redfish Bay, TX to >300 weeks in Lake Chicot, AR(12). In acclimated media, biodegradation can occur at a faster rate. The biodegradation half-life of benzo(a)pyrene (at 1.12 ug/L) ranged from about 12-23 days using river water, with and without sediment, collected from PAH polluted areas of the Yellow River, China(13). Benzo(a)pyrene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(14) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis on water surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Benzo(a)pyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzo(a)pyrene, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 5.49X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Based on an estimated super-cooled vapor pressure of 1.8X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(3), a small percentage of benzo(a)pyrene is expected to exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere(1). Benzo(a)pyrene has been shown to undergo gas/particle partitioning in the environment as part of its atmospheric global distribution(4). Vapor-phase benzo(a)pyrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase benzo(a)pyrene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is also estimated to be 7.7 hours(SRC), calculated from a measured rate constant of 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(5). Particulate-phase benzo(a)pyrene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Benzo(a)pyrene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(6,7) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene was not significantly mineralized in sludge treated Caledon soil; half-lives ranged from 23 to 266 weeks(1). The persistence of benzo(a)pyrene in soil is expected to vary depending upon the nature of compounds accompanying it and the nature and previous history of the soil(1). After 5 days incubation in activated sludge, <0.1% of the applied (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene concentration was degraded to (14)-CO2(2). Incubation of (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene in creosote-pentachlorophenol contaminated soil over 285 days led to a small, <1%, mineralization of benzo(a)pyrene(3). Calculated half-lives for the mineralization of (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene in sediment/water microcosms ranged from >200 weeks in Redfish Bay, TX to >300 weeks in Lake Chicot, AR; no mineralization was detected in microcosms containing sediment and water from DeGray Reservoir, AR(4). The extent of mineralization of (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene, at a concentration of 105 ng/g, in soils collected from an abandoned coal tar refinery was very low, <8%, after 160 days(5). The level of indigenous mineralization of (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene in soils obtained from three abandoned coal gasification plants as measured by serum bottle respirometry ranged from not detectable to 25% following incubations >180 days; (14)C-benzo(a)pyrene mineralization occurred after a 28-day lag period(6). In soils from Alert (contaminated with Arctic diesel fuel), Saglek (from a radar installation), Varta (from a former gasworks site), and Westbrook (not known to be polluted), the percent removal of benzo(a)pyrene (10 ug/mL concentration) from enrichment cultures after 90 days incubation under aerobic conditions were, respectively: at 20 °C, 68, 76, 60, and 27; at 7 °C, 33, 31, 34 and 37(7). The biodegradation half-life of benzo(a)pyrene (at 1.12 ug/L) ranged from about 12-23 days using river water, with and without sediment, collected from PAH polluted areas of the Yellow River, China(8). Cumulative 14-CO2 evolution from soil microcosm spiked with 14C-benzo(a)pyrene reached about 3% after 42 days of incubation(8).

AEROBIC: In a 240 day soil microcosm study, half-lives of 530, 290, and 220 days at 10, 20, and 30 °C, respectively, were estimated for benzo(a)pyrene(1). In a pilot biotreatability study, benzo(a)pyrene was reduced 99.9% by a sequencing batch reactor(2). In soil-water slurry systems, with actual town gas soil, benzo(a)pyrene was biodegraded approximately 22% after 5 weeks incubation using a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-acclimated mixed culture(3). In bench-scale biotreatability studies using a solid-phase bioremediation process (landfarming chambers containing sediment and soil collected from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL), the benzo(a)pyrene concentration was reduced from 84.3 to 63.6 in unamended surface soil; 84.3 to 47.7 in nutrient-amended surface soil; 246.6 to 183.6 in unamended sediment; and 246.6 to 178.8 mg/L and farming chamber in nutrient-amended sediment following 12 weeks incubation(4). In shake flask studies, an initial benzo(a)pyrene concentration of 2.1 ug/mL was reduced to 0.9 ug/mL following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater inoculated with indigenous soil microorganisms from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(5). After 60 days of batch slurry bioremediation, the initial solid-phase benzo(a)pyrene concn of 56 ug/g was reduced to 25.2 ug/g, a 55% removal(6). In a soil column study containing sandy soil samples from a site contaminated with creosote, an initial benzo(a)pyrene concentration of approximately 120 mg/kg was reduced to about 100 mg/kg following 170 days incubation(7). Half-lives derived for benzo(a)pyrene in four soils amended with sewage sludge ranged from 120 to 270 days, with a mean half-life of 211 days(8). 64% benzo(a)pyrene removal over 36 days in an activated sludge pilot reactor was attributed to biodegradation(9). No significant degradation of benzo(a)pyrene was observed in soil obtained from a former tar-oil refinery following 8 weeks of incubation in a percolator(10). In soil classified as an Orthic Luvisol (>70% silt, >20% clay), benzo(a)pyrene declined from the applied 10.8 to 4.3 mg/kg in 27.5 months; the soil half-life was determined to be 2.7 years(11). Mean estimated half-lives for sludge applied benzo(a)pyrene to Lee Valley and Luddington, UK soils were 3.2 and 8.2 years, respectively; biodegradation is suspected to be the most important loss process in these soils(12). Biodegradation rates of benzo(a)pyrene in Boston Harbor sediments ranged from 0.15 to 49.5 ng/g-hr; these values correspond to turnover rates of 53.7 to 82.3 days(13). Biodegradation half-lives of 309 and 229 days were observed for benzo(a)pyrene in Kidman and McLaurin sandy loam soils, respectively(14).

ANAEROBIC: After 1 month incubation, approximately 25% biodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene was observed in contaminated soils under anaerobic conditions(1). Anaerobic sludge digestion over a period of 32 days was found to have no statistically significant effect on the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene(2). In soils from Alert, Nunvat, Canada (contaminated with Arctic diesel fuel), Saglek, Labrador, Canada (from a radar installation), Varta, Sweden (from a former gasworks site), and Westbrook, BC, Canada (not known to be polluted), the percent removal of benzo(a)pyrene (10 ug/mL concentration) from enrichment cultures after 90 days incubation under anaerobic conditions were, respectively: at 20 °C, 10, 10, 26, and 23; at 7 °C, 26, 22, 6 and 3(3).

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U022, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

A good potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. Also, a good potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Benzo(a)pyrene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 45-46-60-61-43-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III