Cyanogen Bromide

H300+H310+H330 (60.5%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (93.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (59.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (97.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (95.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 177 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Refer for medical attention . Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!).

Warning: Cyanogen bromide may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin or mucous membranes. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Cyanogen Bromide Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to cyanogen bromide may include hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Cherry-red or bloody mucous membranes may be noted. Cardiac arrhythmias and other cardiac abnormalities are common. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) may be observed. Headache, vertigo (dizziness), agitation, and giddiness may be followed by combative behavior, convulsions, paralysis, protruding eyeballs, dilated and unreactive pupils, and coma. Tachypnea (rapid, shallow respirations) or hyperpnea (rapid, deep respirations) may be followed by respiratory depression. Lung hemorrhage and pulmonary edema may also occur. Cyanogen bromide is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Lacrimation (tearing) and a burning sensation of the mouth and throat are common. Salivation, nausea, and vomiting may also occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to cyanogen bromide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. All exposed persons should be transported to a health care facility as quickly as possible. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to cyanogen bromide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with cyanogen bromide- contaminated persons or their gastric contents can result in self- poisoning.

3. RUSH to a health care facility!

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to cyanogen bromide.

4. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

5. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

6. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with cyanogen bromide- contaminated persons or their gastric contents can result in self- poisoning.

2. RUSH to a health care facility!

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Wear full protective clothing. Avoid direct water contact as it will cause cyanogen bromide to decompose, releasing toxic gases. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; keep upwind; wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water spray to absorb vapors. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Use water spray to knock down vapors. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities of spray and fog.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

In the event of a spill, sweep up cyanogen bromide, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory and appropriate impermeable protective gloves and clothing should be worn while conducting cleanup of this highly toxic substance.

Cyanogen bromide in water and sodium cyanide in water may safely and efficently (greater than 99.7%) be destroyed using sodium hydroxide (1 M) solution and commercially available sodium or calcium hypochlorite. Details are given of an analytical procedure which can be used to check the final reaction mixture for the presence of residual cyanogen bromide or cyanide.

Wear nitrile rubber gloves, eye protection, laboratory coat and self-contained breathing apparatus if necessary. Cover spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite) and sand. Scoop into a container and transport to the fume hood. Add to a pail of cold water, then, while stirring add an alkaline solution of calcium hypochlorite or household bleach. After 24 hours, decant the solution into the drain with 50 times its volume of water. The solid residue can be treated as normal refuse.

Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Place contaminated materials into appropriate containers for disposal.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U246 and D003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat and eye protection. In the fume hood and behind a shield, cautiously, with stirring, add to a large volume of an alkaline solution of calcium hypochlorite or household bleach. After 24 hours, wash into the drain with 50 times its volume of water.

Because of its high acute toxicity, cyanogen bromide should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" ... supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high toxicity ...In particular, work with BrCN should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact.

All containers ... should be kept covered or in exhausted hood when not in use. Any process that may release hydrogen cyanide should be mechanically exhausted, with provision for higher rate during emergencies. Direct reading instruments for determination of hydrocyanic acid are available. /Cyanides/

Attention to ... ventilation is necessary. ... Because of the low permissible exposure level ... Complete enclosure of process is recommended. ... Those working with cyanide salts should be instructed that contact with acids will release hydrogen cyanide. Where exposure potential exists, workers should be trained to recognize the odor of hydrogen cyanide & when ... detected, work area should be evacuated immediately. /Cyanides/

Accidents...In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If cyanogen bromide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Well closed.

Cyanogen bromide can polymerize violently on prolonged storage at ambient temperature. ... /In the laboratory/ Containers of cyanogen bromide should be kept tightly sealed and stored under nitrogen in a secondary container in a refrigerator.

Impure BrCN can polymerize during storage; the danger of explosion exists with closed BrCN bottles.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids.

Pure cyanogen bromide is dangerous in storage because of its volatility, but an approx 50% wt/vol soln with chloroform remains colorless and at constant strength during storage at ambient temp for greater than or equal to 1 yr.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.0 [mg/m3], as CN, inhalable fraction, as CN[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

2.0 [ppm]

7.1 [ppm]

15 [ppm]

5.0 [mg/m3], as CN

1.3 [mg/m3]

0.3 ppm as STEL

· Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

Small Fire

· CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

DOE Protective Action Criteria (PAC): Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs) for Cyanogen bromide: TEEL-0: 20.4 mg/cu m; PAC-1: 44 mg/cu m; PAC-2: 44 mg/cu m; PAC-3: 44 mg/cu m (TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects; PAC-1: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor; PAC-2: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their abilities to take protective action; PAC-3: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects).

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. The substance may cause effects on the cellular respiration. This may result in convulsions, unconsciousness and respiratory failure. Medical observation is indicated. Exposure could cause death.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Where skin can be exposed ... protective clothing, including impervious hand protection, should be provided. ... /Cyanides/

Emergency response personal protective equipment: Wear special protective clothing & positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Chemical safety goggles shall be worn by employees engaged in any operation wherein there is danger or likelihood that dusts or solutions of cyanide salts will come into contact with the eye. Full-length face shields with forehead protection shall be worn by employees engaged in any operation wherein there is danger or likelihood that dusts, molten salts, or solutions of cyanide salts may contact the face. /Cyanide salts/

... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

Use closed system or ventilation.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Cyanogen bromide is a colorless to white crystalline solid with a penetrating odor. It is slightly soluble in water. It is gradually decomposed by water and very rapidly by acids to give off hydrogen bromide, a flammable and poisonous gas. Contamination with many materials can cause rapid decomposition of the material. It is toxic by inhalation of its vapors or by the hydrogen cyanide from decomposition or by ingestion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fire involving this material. It is used in gold extraction, to make other chemicals, and as a fumigant.

Colorless needles or cubes with a penetrating odor; [HSDB] Colorless or white solid; [ICSC] Colorless crystalline solid; [Aldrich MSDS]

COLOURLESS OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

White hygroscopic needles

Crystals

Crystalline solid

Colorless crystals

Penetrating

142 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

61-62 °C

61.6 °C @760 [mm Hg]

126 °F (EPA, 1998)

Not Applicable. Not flammable. (USCG, 1999)

In water, soluble with hydrolysis

Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether

Soluble in benzene

Aqueous solutions of alkalies decomposes /cyanogen bromide/ to alkali cyanide and alkali bromide

For more Solubility (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water: slow reaction

2.015 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

2.015 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Percent in saturated air: 12.1% (20 °C); density of saturated air: 1.32 (20 °C)

2.0 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.53

2.015 @ 20°C

3.62 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.62 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.6

92 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

122.0 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 115.6 mm Hg at 25 C /extrapolated/

122 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 16.2

122 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Cyanogen bromide is moderately endothermic ... & shows evidence of instability.

May be unstable unless dry and pure.

... If involved in a fire decomposes to produce toxic gases.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of SRP: /hydrogen cyanide/ and bromide.

Toxic gases and vapors (such as hydrogen cyanide, and carbon monoxide) may be released when cyanide decomposes. /Cyanide/

Corrodes most metals

It is slightly soluble in water. It is gradually decomposed by water and very rapidly by acids to give off hydrogen bromide, a poison gas.

Cyanides, Inorganic

CYANOGEN BROMIDE is not combustible itself, but impure cyanogen bromide decomposes rapidly and tends to explode. A violent reaction may take place on contact with large quantities of acid. Avoid physical damage, contact with acids or water, and store away from a location where water may be needed for fire control. [EPA, 1998]. Benzene and cyanogen halides yield HCl as a byproduct (Hagedorn, F. H. Gelbke, and Federal Republic of Germany. 2002. Nitriles. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.).

Reacts with acids, water to release highly toxic hydrogen cyanide.

Cyanide may react with carbon dioxide in ordinary air to form toxic hydrogen cyanide. /Cyanide/

Violent explosion occurs if cyanide salt is melted with nitrite salt. The melt explodes if cyanide plus chlorate or nitrite is heated to 450 °C. /Cyanides/

Incompatibilites: Strong oxidizers, such as nitrates, chlorates ... /&/ acid salts. /Cyanides/

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543, L97)

Cyanogen bromide

Endocrine

9 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627, L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L96) ; oral (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Convulsions. Dizziness. Headache. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Blisters. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627, L96, L97)

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Cyanogen Bromide

PDF Document

IRIS Current

HEAST Archive

LCLo (mouse) = 500 mg/m3/10min

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

An approach to antidote therapy for cyanide poisoning by using Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution was investigated. Rats injected with an LD100 intravenous dose of cyanide were treated with Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution equal to 1.5% of their total body hemoglobin. There was a highly significant increase in the survival rate of the treated group compared to saline controls. The potential advantages of Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution over current antidotes include an immediate onset of action, rapid elimination of cyanide from the body and a mode of action that doesn't compromise any of the patients' oxygen carrying capacity. Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution shows promise as a significant adjunct in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. /Stroma-free methemoglobin solution is prepared from outdated red blood cells by the removal of all cellular membranes (stroma) and induction of methemoglobinemia equivalent to 90% of the total hemoglobin with potassium ferricyanide. Any excess potassium ferricyanide is then removed by dialysis against saline. The resultant preparation does not contain the antigenic components that have been previously reported to cause renal failure and coagulopathies./

Cyanokit is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning. ... If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, Cyanokit should be administered without delay.... Cyanokit (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5 g is a cyanide antidote package which contains two colorless 250 mL glass vials, each of which contains 2.5 g dark red lyophilized hydroxocobalamin, pH adjusted with hydrochloric acid, two transfer spikes, one IV administration set, one quick use reference guide and one package insert. The action of Cyanokit in the treatment of cyanide poisoning is based on its ability to bind cyanide ions. ...Caution should be exercised when administering other cyanide antidotes simultaneously with Cyanokit, as the safety of co-administration has not been established. If a decision is made to administer another cyanide antidote with Cyanokit, these drugs should not be administered concurrently in the same IV line. /Cyanide/

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Initial medical examination /should include/: a complete history and physical examination ... to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at incr risk & to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. ... Examination of cardiovascular, nervous, & upper resp systems, & thyroid should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. ... The aforementioned medical exam should be repeated on an annual basis. ... /Cyanides/

Thyroid gland examination

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Laboratory Findings. 1. An elevated blood cyanide concentration. Mild effects may be apparent at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 ug/mL, and concentrations of 2.5 ug/mL and higher are associated with coma, convulsions and death. 2. Acidosis. Metabolic acidosis with a high concentration of lactic acid (lactic acidosis) or a metabolic acidosis with an unexplained high anion gap (if the means to measure lactic acid are not available) may be present. Because oxygen cannot be utilized, anaerobic metabolism with the production of lactic acid replaces aerobic metabolism. Lactic acidosis, however, may reflect other disease states and is not specific for cyanide poisoning. 3. Oxygen content of venous blood greater than normal. This also is a result of poisoning of the intramitochondrial respiratory chain and the resulting failure of cells to extract oxygen from arterial blood. This finding is also not specific for cyanide poisoning. /Hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The acute toxicity of cyanogen bromide is high. Toxic effects are similar to but not as severe as those of hydrogen cyanide. Toxic symptoms may include cyanosis, nausea, dizziness, headache, lung irritation, chest pain, and pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Cyanogen bromide may cause chronic pulmonary edema.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Its toxic action resembles that of hydrocyanic acid; cyanogen bromide also has a pronounced irritant effect and high concentrations may cause pulmonary edema and lung hemorrhages.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ At low concn, halogenated cyanide cmpd (CNBr, CNCl) behave like irritating gases, causing lacrimation, acute & delayed respiratory effects, including pulmonary edema, at concn in range of 10 ppm.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Concn of 1 mg/L (230 ppm) is fatal to mice & cats. 0.3 mg/L (70 ppm) produces paralysis after 3 min exposure of mice & cats. /From table/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rabbits, after sublethal doses of cyanide, changes in electroretinogram have been observed. /Cyanide/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In the case of hydrocyanic acid and cyanides /in very high doses/, death usually occurs /in animals/ within a few seconds. There may be convulsions, paralysis, stupor, and cessation of respiration before that of heart beats. /Cyanides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cyanide has a very high affinity for iron in the ferric state. When absorbed /cyanide/ ... reacts readily with trivalent iron of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria; cellular respiration is thus inhibited & cytotoxic hypoxia results. Since utilization of oxygen is blocked, venous blood is oxygenated and is almost as bright red as arterial blood. Respiration is stimulated because chemoreceptive cells respond as they do to decreased oxygen. A transient stage of cns stimulation with hyperpnea and headache is observed; finally there are hypoxic convulsions and death due to respiratory arrest. /Cyanide/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) length 33-75 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 240 ug/L for 96 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (Inland silverside) length 40-100 mm; Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 470 ug/L for 96 hr /formulated product/

7.00e+03

1.10e+05

1.80e+03

2.00e+02

9.00e-02

Volatile

2.10e+04

3.20e+05

5.40e+03

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Material containing cyanide compounds disposed of on land may lead to elevated levels of cyanide in underlying strata and in groundwater. /Cyanides/

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,172 workers (605 of these were female) were potentially exposed to cyanogen bromide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to cyanogen bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cyanogen bromide is produced or used(SRC).

Highly toxic by ... ingestion.

AMONG FUMIGATORS ... CYANIDE POISONING IS RECOGNIZED ... /CYANIDES/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U246 and D003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat and eye protection. In the fume hood and behind a shield, cautiously, with stirring, add to a large volume of an alkaline solution of calcium hypochlorite or household bleach. After 24 hours, wash into the drain with 50 times its volume of water.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. For Un1796, UN1826, UN2031 at high concentrations and for UN2032, these may act as oxidizers, also consult GUIDE 140. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance may react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CYANOGEN BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1889; Cyanogen bromide

IMO 6.1; Cyanogen bromide

49 232 29; Cyanogen bromide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Corrosive

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8; UN Pack Group: I