borneol

H228 (99%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

P210, P240, P241, P280, and P370+P378 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1875 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P240, P241, P260, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING METAL PIGMENTS OR PASTES (E.G. "ALUMINUM PASTE"): Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see ERG Guide 170.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metal Pigments or Pastes (e.g. "Aluminum Paste")

· Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Borneol appears as a white colored lump-solid with a sharp camphor-like odor. Burns readily. Slightly denser than water and insoluble in water. Used to make perfumes.

White translucent solid; [Hawley]

White to off-white crystals; piney camphoraceous aroma

White to off-white crystals

White translucent lumps

Piney, camphor-like odor

Burning taste somewhat reminiscent of mint

Hexanogal plates from petroleum ether; melting point: 204 °C; boiling point: 210 °C at 779 mm Hg /L-Borneol/

150 °F (60 °C) /closed cup/

In water, 738 mg/L at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in propylene glycol

Soluble in alcohol and ether

Slightly soluble in proylene glycol; Very slightly soluble in water; Insoluble in vegatable oils

Soluble (in ethanol)

Leaves from ligroin; MP 206 °C; BP 213 °C; density: 1.011 g/cu cm at 20 °C. Insoluble in water; very soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene /Borneol, (+/-)-/

0.03 [mmHg]

5.02X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 2.69

Specific optical rotation: +37.7 deg at 20 °C/D (alc, 5%), specific optical rotation: +44.4 deg at 22 °C/546 (toluene, 0.5%) /D-Borneol/

Specific optical rotation: -37.7 deg at 20 °C/D (alc, 5%); -44.4 deg at 22 °C/546 (toluene, 0.5%) /L-Borneol/

Leaves or hexagonal plates from petroleum ether /D-Borneol/

Peculiar peppery odor and burning taste somewhat resembling that of mint; melting point: 208 °C; density: 1.011 at 20 °C/4 °C; boiling point: 212 °C /D-Borneol/

Soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, acetone, decalin, tetralin. /D-Borneol/

Sublimes, but is less volatile than camphor /D-Borneol/

log Kow = 3.01 /L-Borneol/

log Kow = 3.24 /Isoborneol/

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.14X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

Pharmaceuticals

Undefined function

EU Flavoring substances

FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food

Fragrance Ingredient (Borneol) -> IFRA transparency List

Other Classes -> Alcohols and Polyols, Other

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

BORNEOL is an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Borneol is a solid. It is used as a flavoring, and as a medication, including traditional Chinese medicine. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Borneol does not present a concern for skin sensitization. Toxicity is essentially indistinguishable from that of camphor. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to varying concentrations of l-borneol in DMSO up to 600 ug/mL for 4 hr, with and without metabolic activation and 24 hr without metabolic activation. Under the conditions of the study, l-borneol was considered non-clastogenic. ANIMAL STUDIES: As with camphor, laboratory animals appear to be much less susceptible to borneol toxicity than man. Borneol increased the activity of CYP2D in rats orally treated by borneol for 7 days. Borneol has been evaluated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice. Borneol produced a significant reduction of the nociceptive behavior at the early and late phases of paw licking and reduced the writhing reflex in mice. When the hot plate test was conducted, borneol (in higher dose) produced an inhibition of the nociceptive behavior. Additionally, borneol-treated mice had reduced the carrageenan-induced leukocytes migration to the peritoneal cavity. The mutagenic potential of borneol was assessed in an Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 treated with borneol at concentrations up to 5000 ug/ plate in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Other studies confirming a lack of mutagenic potential in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 have been published. Under the conditions of the study, borneol is considered not mutagenic in bacteria.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

LD50 Mice oral 1059 mg/kg

To investigate the enhancing effect of borneol on transcorneal permeation of compounds with different hydrophilicities and molecular sizes. Six compounds, namely rhodamine B, sodium-fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextrans of 4, 10, 20 and 40 kDa were selected as model drugs. Permeation studies were performed using excised cornea of rabbits by a Franz-type diffusion apparatus. The safety of borneol was assessed on the basis of corneal hydration level and Draize eye test. The application of 0.2% borneol to the cornea increased the apparent permeability coefficient by 1.82-(p<0.05), 2.49-(p<0.05), 4.18-(p<0.05), and 1.11-fold (not significant) for rhodamine B, sodium-fluorescein, FITC-dextrans of 4 and 10 kDa, respectively. No significant permeability enhancement of FITC dextrans of 10, 20 and 40 kDa with borneol was found compared to control. The permeability coefficient enhanced by 0.2% borneol was linear correlated to the molecular weight of model drugs (R(2)=0.9976). With the 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% borneol application, the corneal hydration values were <83% and Draize scores were <4. Borneol may improve the transcorneal penetration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds without causing toxic reactions, especially hydrophilic ones. Furthermore, 0.2% borneol can enhance the permeation of hydrophilic compounds with molecular weight </= 4 kDa. Hence, borneol can be considered as a safe and effective penetration enhancer for ocular drug administration.

This study was to investigate the synergistic effect of natural borneol/curcumin (NB/Cur) on growth and apoptosis in A375 human melanoma cell line by MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that NB effectively synergized with Cur to enhance its antiproliferative activity on A375 human melanoma cells by induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by an increase in sub-G1 cell population, DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and caspase activation. Further mechanistic studies by Western blotting showed that after treatment of the cells with NB/Cur, up-regulation of the expression level of phosphorylated JNK and down-regulation of the expression level of phosphorylated ERK and Akt contributed to A375 cells apoptosis. Moreover, NB also potentiated Cur to trigger intracellular ROS overproduction and the DNA damage with up-regulation of the expression level of phosphorylated ATM, phosphorylated Brca1 and phosphorylated p53. The results indicate the combinational application potential of NB and Cur in treatments of cancers.

Immediate First Aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Camphor and related compounds/

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and minimize all external stimuli. Treat seizures as necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Camphor and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in respiratory distress. Monitor and treat cardiac arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Camphor and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Based on the available data for the read across material (l-borneol, CAS # 464-45-9) and application of the non-reactive DST, borneol does not present a concern for skin sensitization. The chemical structure of these materials indicates that they would not be expected to react directly with skin proteins. In the human maximization test, two reactions were observed in a panel of 25 subjects to l-borneol; however these were considered questionable due to the presence of concurrent test materials for which numerous strong reactions were observed. The human maximization test was repeated, utilizing the same concentration; no reactions (0/25) indicative of sensitization were observed to l-borneol. In another human maximization test, no reactions indicative of sensitization were observed with 8% l-borneol in petrolatum. /l-Borneol/

/GENOTOXICITY/ There are no data assessing the clastogenicity of borneol. Read across material l-borneol (CAS # 464-45-9), was assessed for clastogenic potential in a GLP compliant in vitro micronucleus study conducted in accordance with OECD TG 487. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to varying concentrations of l-borneol in DMSO up to 600 ug/mL for 4 hr, with and without metabolic activation and 24 hr without metabolic activation. Under the conditions of the study, l-borneol was considered non-clastogenic./l-Borneol/

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide aggregation with accompanying oxidative stress plays the major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some natural compounds, including borneol, shed promising light on AD treatment. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidative, antiapoptotic effects, and neuroprotection of borneol in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Oxidative stress was induced by administering 50 uM Abeta into SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroprotective effect of commercially available borneol was examined by determining cell viability with the MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using a fluorometer with further examination of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Apoptosis was examined by measuring the ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Our data indicated that Abeta-induced cell cytotoxicity was inhibited by 100 uM of (-) and (+) borneol treatment. Treatment of borneol significantly decreased ROS generation (p<0.01). The expression of HO-1 and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were increased by Abeta treatment. This nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was further increased by administration of borneol. Compared with the Abeta treated group, the (+) borneol treated group significantly increased Bcl-2 expression with decreased expression of Bax. Borneol protected SH-SY5Y cells against Abeta-induced toxicity, exerted an antioxidative effect and suppressed apoptosis. It increases our knowledge about neuroprotective mechanism of borneol, and it is hopeful to be a candidate compound for developing therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of AD and other Abeta-related neurodegenerative diseases.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Curcumin (Cur), an active ingredient from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has wide anticancer activities. However, due to its poor solubility and hence poor absorption, Cur has limited clinical applications. It is therefore important to develop an effective method to improve its absorption. Natural borneol (NB), a terpene and bicyclic organic compound, has been extensively used as a food additive, and our previous studies show that it can improve the uptake of Cur in cancer cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of NB/Cur remains unclear. In this study, the effects of NB/Cur on HepG2 cells were investigated by proteomic analysis. The results showed that 32 differentially expressed proteins identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were significantly changed after NB/Cur treated HepG2 cells for 24 h. Moreover, 17 proteins increased and 12 proteins decreased significantly. Biological progress categorization demonstrated that the identified proteins were mainly associated with cell cycle and apoptosis (28.1%). Subcellular location categorization exhibited that the identified proteins were mainly located in nucleus (28.1%) and mitochondrion (21.9%). Among of all proteins, we selected three differential proteins (hnRNPC1/C2, NPM, and PSMA5), which were associated with the p53 pathway. Down-regulation of hnRNPC1/C2 and NPM contributed to the enhancement of phosphorylated p53. Activated p53 and down-regulation of PSMA5 resulted in an increase in p21 protein. Further studies showed that NB/Cur induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, indicating that ROS might be upstream of the G2/M arrest signaling pathway. In summary, the results exhibited the whole proteomic response of HepG2 cells to NB/Cur, which might lead to a better understanding of its underlying anticancer mechanisms.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ / Toxicity is essentially indistinguishable from that of camphor.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Borneol is a traditional Chinese medicine. In the past few years, many studies showed that borneol can improve the bioavailability of other drugs, promoting drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier, so the potential drug interactions between borneol and other medicines have attracted great attention, but the influence of borneol to CYP450 and its isoforms are rarely reported. In this research, male Wistar rats were orally administered by borneol for 7 days, then the mRNA and protein expression and the activities of CYP2D were detected, we also compared the pharmacokinetic parameters of CYP2D's specific substrate between control group and borneol group. The results show that borneol (33, 100 and 300 mg/kg/d) have no significant effect on CYP2D, while the activites of CYP2D increased 1.71, 1.97 and 2.89 times comparing to the control group. At the same time, borneol (300 mg/kg/d) caused the C(max) decreased 10.6% (p>0.05), AUC(0-8) decreased 27.5% (p<0.01), CL/F increased 41.1% (p<0.01), V(z)/F increased 23.1% (p>0.05) of dextromethorphan. Our data provided that borneol speed up dextromethorphan's elimination in vivo. Since the activity of CYP2D can be induced by borneol, the metabolic interactions might happen when borneol and the substrate drug CYP2D are used together.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Read across material isobornyl acetate (CAS # 125-12-2) has a gavage 13-week subchronic toxicity study that was conducted in rats. The NOEL was determined to be 15 mg/kg/day, based on increased urinary cell excretion. /Isobornyl acetate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Read across material isobornyl acetate (CAS # 125-12-2) has an enhanced OECD 415 gavage 1-generation reproductive toxicity study that was conducted in rats. The NOAEL for reproductive toxicity in the parental generation was determined to be 300 mg/kg/day, based on the highest dosage tested. /Isobornyl acetate/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Read across material isobornyl acetate (CAS # 125-12- 2) has an OECD 414 gavage developmental toxicity limit dose study that was conducted in rats. The NOAEL was determined to be 1000 mg/kg/day, based on the only dosage tested. /Isobornyl acetate/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BORNEOL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Borneol's production and use as a food flavoring, in fragrances, and in the manufacture of its esters may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Borneol is a constituent of various plants, plant tissues, and many plant essential oils. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates borneol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase borneol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days. Borneol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, borneol is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 76. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Borneol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 97% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, borneol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.2 days and 29 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 30 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to borneol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where borneol is produced or used. Limited monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to borneol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing borneol. (SRC)

Borneol occurs in citrus peel oils (orange, lemon, lime), cinnamon leaf, cassia leaf, ginger, coriander seed, laurel, Ocimumbasillum, Thymus vulgaris, and Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb(1). Borneol is a component in various plants, plant tissues, and many plant essential oils(2,3).

Both D- and L- isomeric forms of borneol are naturally occurring(1). The most frequently encountered is L-borneol, characteristic of Compositae, Graminaceae and almost all Pinaceae, as well as in Blumea balsamifera. D-Borneal is characteristic of Cupressaceae, Zingiberaceae, lavenderm lavadin and spike oils, as well as oil from Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn., Dipterocarpaceae(1,2).

Borneol's production and use as a food flavoring, in fragrances, and in the manufacture of its esters(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Borneol has been identified in tobacco smoke and tobacco substitute smoke and in tobacco collected from cigarettes(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 76(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that borneol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of borneol from moist soil surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3) based upon its vapor pressure, 5.02X10-2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 738 mg/L(5). Borneol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 97% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 76(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that borneol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces may be expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.02X10-2 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 738 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.2 days and 29 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 30(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.69(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 97% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), borneol, which has a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase borneol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Borneol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Borneol was listed as a compound which is very difficult to degrade; it was classified as category 4 (very difficult to degrade) in a 5 tiered rating system on ease of biodegradability(1). In a batch test, 90% removal of borneol was achieved using acclimated activated sludge at 20 °C resulting in a calculated degradation rate of 8.9 mg COD/g-hr(2). Borneol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 97% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3). Borneol, present at 18.7 ng/mL, was 53% degraded over 28 weeks when incubated with groundwater contaminated with creosote. Using a starting concentration of 33.7 ng/mL, borneol concentration was decreased to 12.2 ng/mL using the same inoculum but treated with 1% sodium azide(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of borneol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Borneol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Borneol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 30 was calculated in fish for borneol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.69(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of borneol can be estimated to be 76(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that borneol is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for borneol is estimated as 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0210-2 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 738 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that borneol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.2 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). Borneol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Borneol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-2 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Borneol was detected in groundwater samples from wells at an abandoned creosote manufacturing facility in Conroe, TX taken in June 1983 and January 1985(1). Sampling conducted in August 1983 indicated borneol concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 203.6 ng/mL(2).

DRINKING WATER: Borneol was identified in New Orleans LA drinking waters as of November 1974(1). In a report dated 1975, borneol was listed as a compound identified in U.S. drinking waters(2).

Borneol has been detected in the final effluent from one plant in each of the following industries: paint and ink, inorganic chemicals, textile mills, rubber processing, electronics, and mechanical products, and in the final effluent from two plants in the pulp and paper industry(1). Borneol was identified in one sample taken downstream of a publicly owned treatment works in Sauget Il. in June 1980(2). Borneol was identified in 1 out of 2 secondary effluent samples from Fort Polk, LA, in November 1980, at a concentration of 0.054 ug/L(3). Borneol was detected in raw sewage samples collected in May 2007 from a municipal treatment plant in China(4).

SOIL: In a study reported in 1983, borneol was identified in the soil extract from a site at a pine-tar manufacturer in Gainesville, FL which closed in 1967(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Borneol was detected in the emissions of 2 (Sabalpine Fir and Big Sagebrush) out of 14 vegetation species in forests near Hayden CO; emission rates for both species were reported as 0.1 ug C/hr/gram dry weight(1).

Borneol has been identified as a constituent in the volatile extract from fresh rhizomes of ginger and ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)(1,2). Borneol has been identified as a flavor constituent of Pine Sprout Tea from Korean red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Seib. Et Zucc.)(3).

Borneol was identified in the extract of edible Korean Chamchwi plant (Aster scaber Thunb)(1).

Borneol has been reported to occur in over 260 plants. The top 10 with the highest concentrations are as follows(1):[Table#2521]

L-Borneol has been reported to occur in 6 plants(1): /L-Borneol/[Table#2522]

Borneol's production and use as a food flavoring, in fragrances, and in the manufacture of its esters may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Borneol is a constituent of various plants, plant tissues, and many plant essential oils. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates borneol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase borneol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days. Borneol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, borneol is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 76. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Borneol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 97% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, borneol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.2 days and 29 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 30 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to borneol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where borneol is produced or used. Limited monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to borneol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing borneol. (SRC)

Borneol occurs in citrus peel oils (orange, lemon, lime), cinnamon leaf, cassia leaf, ginger, coriander seed, laurel, Ocimumbasillum, Thymus vulgaris, and Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb(1). Borneol is a component in various plants, plant tissues, and many plant essential oils(2,3).

Both D- and L- isomeric forms of borneol are naturally occurring(1). The most frequently encountered is L-borneol, characteristic of Compositae, Graminaceae and almost all Pinaceae, as well as in Blumea balsamifera. D-Borneal is characteristic of Cupressaceae, Zingiberaceae, lavenderm lavadin and spike oils, as well as oil from Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn., Dipterocarpaceae(1,2).

Borneol's production and use as a food flavoring, in fragrances, and in the manufacture of its esters(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Borneol has been identified in tobacco smoke and tobacco substitute smoke and in tobacco collected from cigarettes(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 76(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that borneol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of borneol from moist soil surfaces may be expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3) based upon its vapor pressure, 5.02X10-2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 738 mg/L(5). Borneol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 97% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 76(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that borneol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces may be expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.02X10-2 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 738 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.2 days and 29 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 30(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.69(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 97% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), borneol, which has a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase borneol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Borneol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Borneol was listed as a compound which is very difficult to degrade; it was classified as category 4 (very difficult to degrade) in a 5 tiered rating system on ease of biodegradability(1). In a batch test, 90% removal of borneol was achieved using acclimated activated sludge at 20 °C resulting in a calculated degradation rate of 8.9 mg COD/g-hr(2). Borneol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 97% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3). Borneol, present at 18.7 ng/mL, was 53% degraded over 28 weeks when incubated with groundwater contaminated with creosote. Using a starting concentration of 33.7 ng/mL, borneol concentration was decreased to 12.2 ng/mL using the same inoculum but treated with 1% sodium azide(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of borneol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Borneol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Borneol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 30 was calculated in fish for borneol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.69(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of borneol can be estimated to be 76(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that borneol is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for borneol is estimated as 1.38X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0210-2 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 738 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that borneol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.2 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). Borneol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Borneol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.02X10-2 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: Borneol was detected in groundwater samples from wells at an abandoned creosote manufacturing facility in Conroe, TX taken in June 1983 and January 1985(1). Sampling conducted in August 1983 indicated borneol concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 203.6 ng/mL(2).

DRINKING WATER: Borneol was identified in New Orleans LA drinking waters as of November 1974(1). In a report dated 1975, borneol was listed as a compound identified in U.S. drinking waters(2).

Borneol has been detected in the final effluent from one plant in each of the following industries: paint and ink, inorganic chemicals, textile mills, rubber processing, electronics, and mechanical products, and in the final effluent from two plants in the pulp and paper industry(1). Borneol was identified in one sample taken downstream of a publicly owned treatment works in Sauget Il. in June 1980(2). Borneol was identified in 1 out of 2 secondary effluent samples from Fort Polk, LA, in November 1980, at a concentration of 0.054 ug/L(3). Borneol was detected in raw sewage samples collected in May 2007 from a municipal treatment plant in China(4).

SOIL: In a study reported in 1983, borneol was identified in the soil extract from a site at a pine-tar manufacturer in Gainesville, FL which closed in 1967(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Borneol was detected in the emissions of 2 (Sabalpine Fir and Big Sagebrush) out of 14 vegetation species in forests near Hayden CO; emission rates for both species were reported as 0.1 ug C/hr/gram dry weight(1).

Borneol has been identified as a constituent in the volatile extract from fresh rhizomes of ginger and ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)(1,2). Borneol has been identified as a flavor constituent of Pine Sprout Tea from Korean red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Seib. Et Zucc.)(3).

Borneol was identified in the extract of edible Korean Chamchwi plant (Aster scaber Thunb)(1).

Borneol has been reported to occur in over 260 plants. The top 10 with the highest concentrations are as follows(1):[Table#2521]

L-Borneol has been reported to occur in 6 plants(1): /L-Borneol/[Table#2522]

D-Borneol has been reported to occur in 7 plants(1): /D-Borneol/[Table#2523]

Borneol has been identified in tobacco smoke and tobacco substitute smoke and in tobacco collected from cigarettes(1). Borneol has been identified as a constituent in the volatile emissions from 2 out of 10 household products, detergents and liquid floor wax(2) and was identified in the volatile emissions from domestic garden waste(3).

Occupational exposure to borneol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to borneol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking, and dermal contact with consumer products containing borneol. (SRC)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

/GUIDE 133 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

/GUIDE 133 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Health: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 133 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 133 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BORNEOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1312; Borneol

IMO 4.1; Borneol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Borneol is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Borneol is included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Solid