tetranitromethane

H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P283, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P306+P360, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P403+P233, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 39 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P283, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P306+P360, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P403+P233, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Contact with eyes may result in severe damage to the cornea, conjunctiva, and blood vessels. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Tetranitromethane Exposure: Acute exposure to tetranitromethane may result in irritation and burning of the skin, eye, and mucous membranes. Headache, light-headedness, drowsiness, slurred speech, pupillary dilation, increased salivation, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), abdominal pain, and spontaneous vomiting may occur. Chest pain, stridor, (high-pitched, noisy respirations), dyspnea (shortness breath), and pulmonary edema are also common. Apathy and mental confusion may develop, with progression to coma and death.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to tetranitromethane may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to tetranitromethane.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to tetranitromethane.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 30 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of tetranitromethane is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age. Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Extinguish small fires with water only, no dry chemicals or carbon dioxide. For large fires, flood the fire area with water. (EPA, 1998)

Use water in large amounts, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

If material on fire or involved in fire: use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Flush area with large amounts of water.

Large Spill

· DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1510 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.4 km (0.3 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.7 km (0.4 mi)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable plastic containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking liquid in sealable plastic containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. Avoid shock & friction if liquid spills on combustible matter such as wood and paper.

In the event of a spill or leak involving tetranitromethane, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak: 1. Do not touch the spilled material. 2. Notify safety personnel. 3. Remove all sources of heat and ignition. 4. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc) away from spilled material. 5. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors. 6. For small liquid spills, flush area with flooding amounts of water. 7. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the tetranitromethane for later reclamation or disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TETRANITROMETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Apparatus in which /tetranitromethane is/ produced or processed should be of the sealed type ... Measures against fires and explosions are also necessary.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 143 [Oxidizers (Unstable)]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Flush area with large amounts of water.

LARGE SPILL: DO NOT CLEAN-UP OR DISPOSE OF, EXCEPT UNDER SUPERVISION OF A SPECIALIST. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Tetranitromethane should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard. Bulk storage facilities must be of explosion-proof design. Containers of tetranitromethane should be protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from hydrocarbons, strong oxidizing agents, radiant heat, sparks, and open flame. Only nonsparking tools may be used to handle tetranitromethane. To prevent static sparks, containers should be grounded and bonded for transfers. Because containers that formerly contained tetranitromethane may still hold product residues, they should be handled appropriately.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.015 [ppm]

0.52 [ppm]

1.7 [ppm]

1 ppm (8 mg/m³)

TWA 1 ppm (8 mg/m3)

1.0 [ppm]

4 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

4.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: Cats exposed to 10 ppm for 20 min died within ten days [Flury and Zernik 1931]. It has been reported that cats exposed to 7 to 25 ppm for periods ranging from 2.5 to 5 hours died within 1 to 5.5 hours [Sievers et al. 1947]. . . . Human data: It has been stated that concentrations above 5 ppm may cause irreversible lung and systemic damage [Koelsch 1917].

See: 509148

0.005 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.005 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

0.005 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

0.005 ppm [1992]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Do not get water inside containers: a violent reaction may occur.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Table: AEGLs for TETRANITROMETHANE (ppm) [Table#2285]

USSR: 0.04 ppm (1967)

Tetranitromethane appears as a pale yellow liquid. Irritates skin and respiratory tract. Very toxic by inhalation. Difficult to ignite. Burns at a steady rate once ignited. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat containers may rupture violently and rocket Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid or solid (below 57 degrees F) with a pungent odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW OILY LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid or solid (below 57 °F) with a pungent odor.

Colorless oily fluid

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid or solid (below 57 degrees F).

Distinct pungent odor

Pungent odor

259 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

126 °C at 760 mm Hg; 40 °C at 25.8 mm Hg; 30 °C at 14.9 mm Hg; 20 °C at 8.4 mm Hg; 13.8 °C at 5.7 mm Hg; 0 °C at 1.9 mm Hg

126.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

57.6 °F (EPA, 1998)

greater than 235 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flash point > 235 °F

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in ethanol, ether, and carbon tetrachloride

Freely sol in alcoholic potassium hydroxide

In water, 900 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.009 (very poor)

Insoluble

1.638 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.6229 at 20 °C/4 °C

Density: 1.638 at 25 °C/4 °C /Technical/

Relative density (water = 1): 1.6

1.6380 @ 20°C

6.8 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

0.8 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 0.8

13 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

8.42 [mmHg]

8.42 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1.1

7.5 [mm Hg] @18 °C

It should not be distilled, as explosive decomposition may occur.

When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

1.76 cP at 20 °C

Attacks iron, copper, brass, zinc, rubber

Index of refraction = 1.4384 at 20 °C/D

Index of refraction = 1.4358 at 25 °C/D

Powerful oxidizing agent

Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Self-reactive. TETRANITROMETHANE is a weak, but highly sensitive explosive [Van Dolah 1967]. May decompose explosively if contaminated with combustible material. A propellant. Ignites upon contact with alcohols, amines, ammonia, beryllium alkyls, boranes, dicyanogen, hydrazines, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitroalkanes, powdered metals, silanes, or thiols [Bretherick 1979 p.174].

Hydrocarbons, alkalis, metals, oxidizers, aluminum, toluene, cotton [Note: Combustible material wet with tetranitromethane may be highly explosive].

Mixtures of amines, eg. aniline, with tetranitromethane (19.5%) ignite in 35 to 55 sec, and will proceed to detonation if the depth of liquid is above a critical value.

/Tetranitromethane/ mixtures with nitrobenzene, 1- or 4-nitrotoluene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene or 1-nitro-naphthalene were found to be high explosives of high sensitivity and detonation velocities. Those with nitrobenzene are spark-detonable.

Contact of tetranitromethane with ferrocene under various conditions leads to violent explosions, though not if the latter is dissolved in methanol or cyclohexane. Other ferrocene derivatives react violently, but not the dimethyl cmpd.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for TETRANITROMETHANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hydrocarbons, alkalis, metals, oxidizers, aluminum, toluene, cotton [Note: Combustible material wet with tetranitromethane may be highly explosive.]

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of tetranitromethane. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of tetranitromethane. Overall evaluation: Tetranitromethane is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Tetranitromethane: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Tetranitromethane

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 65: (1996) Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds

TR-386: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetranitromethane (CASRN 509-14-8) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1990 )

11/20/89

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of tetranitromethane for male and female F344/N rats and male and female B6C3F1 mice, based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms in both species and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung in rats.

Chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa was related to exposure in rats and female mice, and hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium were increased in exposed male rats.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Headache. Laboured breathing. Vomiting. Dizziness. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; dizziness, headache; chest pain, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); methemoglobinemia, cyanosis; skin burns

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, blood, central nervous system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LC50 (rat) = 18 ppm/4H

LD50 Rat oral 130 (95% confidence limit: 83-205) mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Mouse oral 375 (95% confidence limit: 262-511) mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Rat iv 12.6 (95% confidence limit: 10.0-15.9) mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Mouse iv 63.1 (95% confidence limit: 45.0-88.7) mg/kg /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TETRANITROMETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If solid or liquid tetranitromethane or strong concentrations of tetranitromethane vapors get into the eyes, wash eyes immediately with large amounts of water, lifting the lower and upper lids occasionally. If irritation is present after washing, get medical attention promptly.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 d of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

FIRST AID: Inhalation--Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention ... The symptoms of lung edema often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical observation is therefore essential ... Skin--First rinse with plenty of water, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again; Eyes--First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor; Ingestion--Give plenty of water to drink. Refer for medical attention.

Do not force an unconscious or convulsing person to drink liquids or to vomit. Get medical help immediately. Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives.

Preplacement medical evaluation: Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to tetranitromethane, the examining physician should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Medical monitoring for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society ... Periodic medical examinations and biological monitoring: Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to tetranitromethane exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of tetranitromethane on the eyes, skin, or respiratory system ... No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for tetranitromethane ... Medical examinations recommended at the time of job transfer or termination: The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination ...

General medical supervision, including periodic medical exam of workers is also recommended.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Nasal irritation, burning eyes, dyspnea, cough, chest oppression, and dizziness in men who handled crude TNT have been attributed to tetranitromethane exposure. Headache, methemoglobinemia, and a few deaths have also been attributed to similar exposure ... Symptoms experienced in the laboratory production of TNM /are/ ... irritations of eyes, nose, and throat from acute exposures and, after more prolonged inhalation, headache and respiratory distress. Skin irritation is not anticipated when humans or animals are repeatedly exposed to TNM.

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

Tetranitromethane's production and use as a rocket fuel, diesel fuel booster, organic reagent, and as an explosive in admixture with toluene, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It may also be released as a result of the production of trinitrotoluene (TNT) since it is an impurity in the production of this explosive. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 8.42 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates tetranitromethane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetranitromethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days. Tetranitromethane absorbs light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis; however, the rate of this potential reaction is unknown. If released to soil, tetranitromethane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 100. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.0024 atm-cu m/mole. Tetranitromethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, tetranitromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 6 days, respectively. Tetranitromethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An estimated BCF of 13 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to tetranitromethane may occur through inhalation or dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Since tetranitromethane is also an impurity contained in trinitrotoluene, exposure may also occur for employees involved in the manufacture of TNT. (SRC)

Tetranitromethane's production and use as a rocket fuel, diesel fuel booster, organic reagent, and as an explosive in admixture with toluene(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It may be released as a result of the production of TNT since it is an impurity in the production of this explosive(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 900 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that tetranitromethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetranitromethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.0024 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 8.42 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). Tetranitromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 900 mg/L (2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that tetranitromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to occur rapidly(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.0024 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 8.42 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 13(SRC), from its water solubility and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetranitromethane, which has a vapor pressure of 8.42 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor. Vapor-phase tetranitromethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days(SRC), calculated from its estimated rate constant of 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Tetranitromethane possesses functional groups that absorb light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis(4); however, the rate of this potential reaction is unknown.

No data were located regarding the biodegradation of tetranitromethane(SRC, 2006); however, tetranitromethane possesses antibacterial activity and has been used to kill gram negative, gram positive bacteria, bacterial spores and fungi(1), suggesting biodegradation is unlikely at high concentrations of the chemical(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetranitromethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 31 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Tetranitromethane possesses functional groups that absorb light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis(2); however, the rate of this potential reaction is unknown. Tetranitromethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

An estimated BCF of 13 was calculated in fish for tetranitromethane(SRC), using a water solubility of 900 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of tetranitromethane is estimated as 100(SRC), using a water solubility of 900 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that tetranitromethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for tetranitromethane is estimated as 0.0024 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 8.42 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 900 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tetranitromethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). Tetranitromethane estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of tetranitromethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,455 workers (230 of these are female) may be exposed to tetranitromethane in the USA(1). Occupational exposure to tetranitromethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used(SRC). It is also an impurity in trinitrotoluene (TNT)(2), suggesting exposure may also occur for employees involved in the manufacture of TNT.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TETRANITROMETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Tetranitromethane [Table#2284]

/GUIDE 143: OXIDIZERS (Unstable)/ Fire or Explosion: May explode from friction, heat or contamination. These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 143: OXIDIZERS (Unstable)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Toxic fumes or dust may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 143: OXIDIZERS (Unstable)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TETRANITROMETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1510; Tetranitromethane

IMO 5.1; Tetranitromethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Poison Inhalation Hazard Oxidizer

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I