Chlorobenzilate

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 64 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback ...

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms. ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly. ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from the area of the spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as hazardous waste...

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U038, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration in a unit equipped with an effluent gas scrubber to absorb hydrogen chloride. Incineration temp above 1200 °C for 1-2 sec. Recommendable method: Incineration.

Chlorobenzilate is easily hydrolyzed in strong alkali or acid. The dichlorobenzilic acid is unstable and readily decarboxylates. (ClC6H4)2COH COOC2H5 + NaOH ---> (ClC6H4)2COHCOONa + C2H5OH; (ClC6H4)2COHCOOC2H5 + H+ ---> (ClC6H4)2CO + CO2 + H2O + C2H5OH. Chlorobenzilate is dehalogenated by sodium in isopropyl alcohol. The organic products have not been identified. Incineration is the best method to dispose of chlorobenzilate. The incinerator must be equipped with an effluent gas scrubber to absorb hydrogen chloride. Incineration temp above 1000 °C for 1-2 sec. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Hydrolysis. Peer-review: Hydrolysis yields p,p'-dichlorobenophenone which is more toxic than chlorobenzilate. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration process at 650 to 1,600 °C with a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at 820 to 1,600 °C with a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZILATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Wash hands with soap and water each time before eating, drinking, or smoking. At the end of each work day, bathe entire body with soap and plenty of water. Wear clean clothes each day, and launder before reusing.

Avoid breathing vapors or spray mist; Take special care to avoid getting chlorobenzilate in the eyes, on skin, or on clothing. If chlorobenzilate gets on clothing, remove contaminated clothing and wash affected parts of body with soap and water. If the extent of contamination is unknown, bathe the entire body thoroughly, and change to new clothing.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZILATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures and away from all mineral acids and bases. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs, strong oxidants, bases and strong acids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Store in tightly closeed containers in a cool , well ventilated area away from strong acids, strong bases. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored ...

0.16 [mg/m3]

1.7 [mg/m3]

10 [mg/m3]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in impaired functions.

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

It is particularly important to protect the skin from contamination through the proper use of protective clothing and gloves. Where indicated respiratory protective equipment or ... /NIOSH approved breathing apparatus/ or combined respirators, should be used. /Pesticides, halogenated/

Required clothing and equipment for application: A) Fine weave cotton fabric (jersey), one-piece jumpsuit, long sleeves; B) Wide brimmed hat; and C) Heavy duty fabric work gloves. Also, instead of the above specified clothing and equipment, the applicator can use an enclosed tractor cab which provides positive-pressure and a filtered air supply.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering, & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Chlorobenzilate appears as viscous yellow liquid or pale yellow crystals. Light brown crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992)

Commercial product is a yellow to brownish liquid; Colorless solid in pure form; [HSDB] Colorless crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS OR PALE YELLOW CRYSTALS.

Colorless solid (pure)

Viscous liquid. The commercial product /was/ yellow.

Brownish liquid, approx. 90% pure. Pale yellow solid. Technical/

Yellowish viscous oil

313 to 316 °F at 0.07 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

146-148 °C at 0.04 mm Hg

95 to 99 °F (NTP, 1992)

36 to 37.5 °C

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility at 20 °C: 1 g/kg acetone, dichloromethane, and methanol; 1000 g/kg toluene; 600 g/kg hexane; 700 g/kg 1-octanol

Soluble in most organic solvents

Soluble in most organic solvents, including petroleum oils /Technical/

Soluble to more than 40% in deodorized kerosene, benzene, and methyl alcohol.

In water, 13 mg/L at 20 °C

Solubility in water: very poor

1.2816 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

(technical 90%) 12,816 at 20/4 °C

Technical product is brownish liquid; density, 1.2816 at 20 °C/d (about 93% pure) /Technical grade/

1.28 g/cm³

1.2816 @ 20°C

2.2e-06 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.0000022 [mmHg]

2.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

log Kow = 4.74

Emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/ when heated to decomposition.

Index of refraction 1.5727 at 20 °C/D

Chlorobenzilate is hydrolyzed by alkali and by strong acids to the inactive p,p'-dichlorobenzilic acid and ethanol

Incompatible with lime

Fusion temperature

Melting temperature

Phase transition

Transition enthalpy

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Carcinogens

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Insoluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Aryl Halides

CHLOROBENZILATE is hydrolyzed by alkalis and strong acids. Incompatible with lime (NTP, 1992).

Strong acids , strong bases, lime.

At least four mechanisms, possibly all functioning simultaneously.

DDT reduces potassium transport across the membrane. DDT alters the porous channels through which sodium ions pass. These channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization. DDT inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. DDT also inhibits the ability of calmodulin, a calcium mediator in nerves, to transport calcium ions that are essential for the release of neurotransmitters. All these inhibited functions reduce the rate of depolarization and increase the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)

Chlorobenzilate

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

The Carcinogen Assessment Group in EPA's Research and Development Office has evaluated ethyl 4,4-dichlorobenzilate for carcinogenicity. According to their analysis, the weight of evidence for ethyl 4,4-dichlorobenzilate is group B2, which is based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. As a group B2 chemical, ethyl 4,4-dichlorobenzilate is considered a probable human carcinogen.

No data are available in humans. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 30: (1983) Miscellaneous Pesticides

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

TR-075: Bioassay of Chlorobenzilate for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 510-15-6) (1978 )

06/29/78

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, orally administered chlorobenzilate was carcinogenic in male and female B6C3F1 mice, causing an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas. The results do not, however, provide sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of chlorobenzilate in Osborne-Mendel rats.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Nervous tension, liver and kidney damage, abnormal electrical activity of the brain (T10, L957, T35)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Dermal (L957

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Headache. Weakness. Muscle pain. Incoordination. Fever.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

Symptoms of chlrobenzilate poisoning include muscle pains, ataxia, mild delirium, fever, and mental status changes progressing to a tonic-clonic seizure. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may follow ingestion (T35, A572).

Chemical: CHLOROBENZILATE

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Organochlorine

Because all uses of chlorobenzilate are cancelled except citrus, a recalculation of the Theoretical Maximum Residue Concentration (TMRC), Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), and Maximum Permissible Intake (MPI) was undertaken. These values are 0.2859 mg/day/1.5 kg (3.81% of the ADI), 0.125 mg/kg/day, and 7.50 mg/day/60 kg, respectively. These values are considered provisional, since a data gap exists for a chronic feeding study. Another reassessment and recalculation of the ADI/MPI will be made when the toxicology data gaps are filled.

The Joint meeting of the FAO Working party of Experts and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues established in December 1968 an acceptable daily intake of chlorobenzilate for human of 0 to 0.02 mg/kg body wt.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LD50: 2784-3880 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L957)

LD50: >10 000 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (L957)

LD50: >10 000 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (L957)

LD50 Rat oral 2784-3880 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit percutaneous >10,000 mg/kg

LD50 Rat male oral 1040 mg/kg

LD50 Rat female oral 1220 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZILATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In case of ingestion, consider cautious gastric lavage; it must be weighed against potential complications of bleeding or perforation. Activated charcoal binds most toxic agents and can decrease their systemic absorption if administered soon after ingestion. In case of inhalation, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress, and if cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes if the exposure occurred through eye contact. In case of dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and jewellery. Wash skin and hair thoroughly; do two soap and water washings. Leather absorbs pesticides. Hence, leather should not be worn in the presence of pesticides and all contaminated leather should be discarded. (T36)

The organochlorine pesticide 1,1'-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene) bis(4-chlorobenzene) (DDT) and four structural analogues (bromopropylate, chlorobenzilate, dicofol and fenarimol) were investigated for their ability to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication both in the Chinese hamster V79 metabolic co-operation assay and in the scrape-loading/dye-transfer assay in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. The pesticides were also studied for their ability to enhance the development of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive altered hepatic foci and induce cytochrome P450 monooxygenase isoenzymes in nitrosamine-initiated male Sprague-Dawley rats. The in vitro studies showed all organohalogens except fenarimol to be potent inhibitors of cell-cell communication in both test systems used. Concomitant results were recorded in the vivo study. Thus, all potent inhibitors of intercellular communication were found to enhance significantly foci development and fenarimol was again without any significant effect. All pesticides studied were shown to be potent inducers of the phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and to cause hepatomegaly. Thus, no strict correlation between cytochrome P450b induction/liver growth and tumor promotion-related effect in vivo and in vitro was apparent for these organhalogen pesticides in the present study.

Skin decontamination. Wash skin with soap and water ... . Eye contamination should be removed by prolonged flushing of the eye with copious amounts of clean water or saline. If irritation persists, specialized medical treatment should be obtained.

Gastrointestinal decontamination. If a large amount of chlorobenzilate was ingested within a few hours prior to treatment, consider gastrointestinal decontamination ... . If the absorbed dose of chlorobenzilate was small, if treatment is delayed, and if the patient is asymptomatic, oral administration of activated charcoal and sorbitol may be indicated. Do not give fats or oils.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lindane and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lindane and related compounds/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 9 days) dietary >5620 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) oral via capsule >2250 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) diet > 8000 ppm for 5 days /From table/

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, age 13 days) dietary >3788 ppm for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZILATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.90e+00

2.10e+01

9.10e-02

4.00e-01

3.10e-01

1.00e+02

1.00e-03

1.10e-01

2.00e-02

Volatile

4.90e+02

2.10e+03

9.10e+00

4.00e+01

3.10e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Chlorobenzilate's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an acaricide will have resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates chlorobenzilate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase chlorobenzilate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 days. Particulate-phase chlorobenzilate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Aqueous solutions of chlorobenzilate at pH 8 were exposed to sunlight for 10 to 60 days with no decomposition, suggesting that chlorobenzilate is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chlorobenzilate is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1,500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Chlorobenzilate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, chlorobenzilate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Chlorobenzilate added to water was converted to organic products in 22 days; however, no (14)CO2 evolution was detected until the addition of sediment, suggesting that mineralization is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. A BCF range of 224 to 709 suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Estimated hydrolysis half-lives are 820 and 82 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively, indicating that hydrolysis is not an important environmental fate process. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since chlorobenzilate is no longer produced or used in the US (1998). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may have been exposed to chlorobenzilate via ingestion of contaminated food and ingestion of contaminated groundwater at locations dependent on drinking water from wells. (SRC)

Chlorobenzilate's former production resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as an acaricide on crops(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,500(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.74(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chlorobenzilate is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chlorobenzilate from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 13 mg/L(5). Chlorobenzilate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(2), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,500(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.74(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chlorobenzilate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-6 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 13 mg/L(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF range of 224 to 709(2) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Aqueous solutions of chlorobenzilate at pH 8 were exposed to sunlight for 10 to 60 days with no decomposition(8), suggesting that chlorobenzilate is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Chlorobenzilate added to water was converted to organic products in 22 days; however, no (14)CO2 evolution was detected until the addition of sediment(9), suggesting that mineralization is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorobenzilate, which has a vapor pressure of 2.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlorobenzilate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Aqueous solutions of chlorobenzilate at pH 8 were exposed to sunlight for 10 to 60 days with no decomposition(4), suggesting that chlorobenzilate is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The rate at which chlorobenzilate degrades in microbial growth media increases when citrate is incorporated(1). This may be due to a reductive decarboxylation process that the citrate stimulates(1). The half-life of chlorobenzilate in two fine sandy soils was estimated to be 1.5-5 weeks following application of 0.5-1.0 ppm; removal was probably microbial(2). It is decarboxylated to 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone by a yeast isolated from insecticide treated soil under anaerobic conditions(3,4). In 22 days, 40, 29, and 39% of the (14)C-ring-labeled chlorobenzilate added to sediment-free water samples from 3 fresh water lakes was converted to organic products; no (14)CO2 evolution was detected(5). Addition of sediment to the water samples from the three lakes gave (14)CO2 yields 3.6, 0.0, and 18.3%(5). Chlorobenzilate was metabolized in water from another freshwater lake only when glucose and inorganic nutrients were added and mineralized to (14)CO2 only when sediment was also added to the water(5). Chlorobenzilate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(6). Half-lives for chlorobenzilate in Lukang silty clay loam and Pincheng clay ranged from 15.1 days at 10 °C to 10.8 days at 25 °C; and 169.1 days at 10 °C to 29.5 days at 25 °C, respectively(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chlorobenzilate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 2.7X10-4 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 820 years and 82 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2). The half-life for chlorobenzilate in distilled water, and also from a glass surface in winter, has been reported to be 1,000 days in both cases(3). Chlorobenzilate is hydrolyzed by alkali and by strong acids to the inactive p,p'-dichlorobenzilic acid and ethanol(4). Aqueous solutions of chlorobenzilate at pH 8 irradiated in the laboratory with a sunlamp for 24 to 137 hr decomposed to 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone and other unidentified polar products(5). The same solutions were exposed to sunlight for 10 to 60 days; no decomposition was shown under these milder conditions(5). This is understandable since the tail of the UV absorption curve extends to about 290 nm(6), the longest wavelength UV radiation in sunlight.

Measured BCF values for carp (Cyprinus carpio) ranged from 224 to 586 and 256 to 709 at concentrations of 20 ug/L and 2 ug/L, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of chlorobenzilate is estimated as 1,500(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.74(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that chlorobenzilate is expected to have low mobility in soil. Kd values of 26 and 7.6 have been reported for Lukang and Pincheng soils, respectively, at 20 °C; at 40 °C, the Kd values reported were 41 and 5.3, respectively(4).

The Henry's Law constant for chlorobenzilate is estimated as 7.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.2X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 13 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that chlorobenzilate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile. Chlorobenzilate's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC). Chlorobenzilate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: According to the STORET database, chlorobenzilate was detected at 260 unspecified stations in the US (323 samples) at a concentration of 0-66.0 ug/L, 0.44 ug/L avg(1).

SOIL: Chlorobenzilate was detected, not quantified, in soil in citrus orchards in Korea(1). SEDIMENT: According to the STORET database, chlorobenzilate was detected in 63 unspecified mud samples in US at a concentration range of 17-530 ppb, with an average of 39.2 ppb(2); it was detected in 3 unspecified sediment samples in the US at 80-200 ppb, with an average of 127 ppb(2).

The U.S. Total Diet Study has analyzed food composite samples for chlorobenzilate residues(1-4). In adult total diet samples, chlorobenzilate was detected in one of 20 composites of fruits collected from 20 cities between Oct 1979-Sept 1980 at a concn of 4 ppb(1) and in 4 of 27 composites of fruits collected from 27 cities between Oct 1980-March 1982 at a concn range of 2-6 ppb(2). In infant and toddler total diet samples, chlorobenzilate was detected in one of 10 composites of fruits collected from 10 cities between Oct 1979-Sept 1980 at a concn of 2 ppb(3) and in one of 13 composites of fruits collected from 13 cities between Oct 1980-March 1982 at a concn of 2 ppb(4). Chlorobenzilate was not detected in composites of food groups other than fruit/fruit juices(1-4). Chlorobenzilate was detected, not quantified, in 2% of the samples of total diet foods collected from April 1982-April 1984 in 8 collections representing the diets of 8 populations(5). Chlorobenzilate was detected in 2 of 6391 domestic agricultural commodities in a survey conducted by surveillance sampling, Oct 1981-Sept 1986; the concn of the positive samples fell into the >0.50 to 1.0 ppm and the >1.0 to 2.0 ranges(6).

Chlorobenzilate residue was detected at a maximum residue concentration of 3.2 ppm in 2 of 862 orange surveillance samples collected for the FDA regulatory monitoring of domestic foods which may be eaten by infants/children between 1985 and 1991(1). Chlorobenzilate was detected at an average concn of 0.0045 ug/g in 7 of 234 ready-to-eat foods tested repeatedly for 10 years through the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations's Revised Market Basket Study from 1982 to 1991(2). Data contributed from 10 state food laboratories (CA, FL, IN, MA, MI, NC, NY, OR, VA, WI) for the FOODCONTAM database indicated that chlorobenzilate was detected, not quantified, in 10 (0.071%) of 13,980 food samples in fiscal year 1988; and in 20 (0.152%) of 13,980 food samples in fiscal year 1989(3). Chlorobenzilate has been found in pears at concn ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 ppm(4). The concn in apples treated once with a 62 g/100 ml solution of chlorobenzilate after 1,8, and 39 days were 4.98, 4.33 and 0.9 ppm, respectively(4). The residues in apples and citrus fruits was found exclusively in the peel where its concn decreased slowly(4). Chlorobenzilate was detected (number of positive samples not identified) in a surveillance study conducted in 1992, consisting of 16,428 (7,777 domestic and 8,651 imported) samples analyzed under regulatory monitoring(5).

Chlorobenzilate was not detected in fruit and vegetable samples collected from January 1995 to December 1996 as part of the Danish Nation Pesticide Monitoring Program(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Chlorobenzilate was not detected in milk in US(1).

Residues of this insecticide have been measured in some samples of animal feeds in the US: in silage, 0.51-1.50 mg/kg; in processed animal feed (fruit by products), 0.11-2.01 mg/kg; and in animal feed made from Florida citrus pulp, 0.39-2.02 mg/kg.

... Dermal and inhalation routes.

The greatest potential for exposure to chlorobenzilate appears to be among persons associated with its production, formulation, and agricultural application.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U038, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration in a unit equipped with an effluent gas scrubber to absorb hydrogen chloride. Incineration temp above 1200 °C for 1-2 sec. Recommendable method: Incineration.

Chlorobenzilate is easily hydrolyzed in strong alkali or acid. The dichlorobenzilic acid is unstable and readily decarboxylates. (ClC6H4)2COH COOC2H5 + NaOH ---> (ClC6H4)2COHCOONa + C2H5OH; (ClC6H4)2COHCOOC2H5 + H+ ---> (ClC6H4)2CO + CO2 + H2O + C2H5OH. Chlorobenzilate is dehalogenated by sodium in isopropyl alcohol. The organic products have not been identified. Incineration is the best method to dispose of chlorobenzilate. The incinerator must be equipped with an effluent gas scrubber to absorb hydrogen chloride. Incineration temp above 1000 °C for 1-2 sec. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Hydrolysis. Peer-review: Hydrolysis yields p,p'-dichlorobenophenone which is more toxic than chlorobenzilate. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration process at 650 to 1,600 °C with a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at 820 to 1,600 °C with a residence time of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZILATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2762; Organochlorine pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C

UN 2761; Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic.

UN 2995; Organochlorine pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point 23 °C or more; Organochlorine pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point between 23 °C and 61 °C.

UN 2996; Organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic.

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZILATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 22-50/53; S: (2)-60-61