Barium Carbonate

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 8.9% (137 of 1535) of reports.

H302 (91%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (29.1%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1535 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 137 of 1535 reports by companies.

There are 7 notifications provided by 1398 of 1535 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (566 of 566) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 566 of 566 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 566 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 566 of 566 reports by companies.

There are 0 notifications provided by 0 of 566 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P316, P304+P340, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P308+P316, P318, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Rapid oral administration of a soluble sulfate in water, such as magnesium or sodium sulfate (2 oz), alum (4 gm), or very dilute sulfuric acid (30 ml of a 10% solution diluted to 1 qt). These agents precipitate barium as the insoluble sulfate. Gastric lavage or induced emesis. Seek medical attention. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Sweep spilled substance into containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped matrial with suction hoses.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Group III Containers (both combustible and non-combustible) that previously held organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides should be triple rinsed, punctured and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Non-rinsed containers should be encapsulated and buried at a specially designated landfill site. /Organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides/

... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/

Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Do not use water.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind ... Avoid bodily contact with the material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from bromotrifluoride, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.

Separated from bromotrifluoride, strong acids, food and feedstuffs.

Barium carbonate is stored in silos ...

1.5 [mg/m3]

430 [mg/m3]

560 [mg/m3]

Intermediate Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

Barium byproduct materials under NRC export/import licensing authority: Barium-131, Barium-133, Barium-140: Any accelerator-produced, extracted, or converted for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity.

Table: Quantities of Licensed Material Requiring Labeling [Table#2531]

For combinations of radioactive materials, consideration of the need for an emergency plan is required if the sum of the ratios of the quantity of each radioactive material authorized to the quantity listed for that material in Schedule C exceeds one.

Table: Quantities of Radioactive Materials Requiring Emergency Plan for Responding to a Release. [Table#2532]

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

May cause mechanical irritation. Exposure could cause hypokalaemia. This may result in cardiac disorders and muscular disorders.

Dust respirator (USCG, 1999)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with barium carbonate ... or liq containing ... /this/ cmpd. ... Employees should be provided with and required to use dust and splash proof safety goggles where barium carbonate ... or liq containing ... /this/ cmpd may contact the eyes.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Barium carbonate is a white powder. It is insoluble in water and soluble in most acids, with the exception of sulfuric acid. It has a specific gravity of 4.275. It is toxic by ingestion.

Liquid; CBI; Dry Powder

Water insoluble, white powder; [CAMEO]

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

White, heavy powder

Odorless

Tasteless

ERG is for "Barium compound, n.o.s." Vapor pressure is negligible. 811 °C

1380 °C (decomposes)

No melting point; decomposes at >1300 °C

In water, 0.0014 g/100 g at 20 °C

Slightly soluble (1:1000) in carbon dioxide-water; soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or acetic acid; soluble in ammonium chloride or ammonium nitrate solutions

Insoluble in sulfuric acid

Insoluble in ethanol

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.002 (very poor)

4.3 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.308 g/cu cm

4.43 g/cm³

4.43 @25 °C

Essentially zero

-1.32 (calculated)

Thermally stable

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

Indices of refraction: 1.529, 1.676, 1.677

At about 1300 °C, decomposes into barium oxide and carbon dioxide

Mohs hardness: 3.5

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

It is insoluble in water and soluble in most acids, with the exception of sulfuric acid.

Carbonate Salts

Salts, basic, such as BARIUM CARBONATE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.

Reacts violently with strong acids. Reacts violently with bromotrifluoride causing fire hazard.

Incompatible with /bromine trifluoride/ and 2-furanpercarboxylic acid.

IDENTIFICATION: In nature barium occurs in a combined state, the principal forms being barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate). Barium carbonate has a very low water solubility. Barium and its compounds are used in diverse industrial products ranging from ceramics to lubricants. It is used in the manufacture of alloys, as a loader for paper, soap, rubber and linoleum, in the manufacture of valves and as an extinguisher for radium, uranium and plutonium fires. Anthropogenic sources of barium are primarily industrial. Emissions may result from mining, refining or processing barium minerals and the manufacture of barium products. Mining and processing of barite ore releases particulates into the air and from fugitive dists from the use of barite in oil drilling and oil related industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE: It is difficult to assess the uptake of ingested barium because of a number of factors affect absorption. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Insoluble barium compounds such as barium carbonate, accumulate in the lungs and are cleared slowly ciliary action. Oral or inhalation administration of barium carbonate in rats resulted in adverse reproductive effects. In addition, the death rate was higher in the new born offspring of barium treated dams.

Barium is a competitive potassium channel antagonist that blocks the passive efflux of intracellular potassium, resulting in a shift of potassium from extracellular to intracellular compartments. The intracellular translocation of potassium results in a decreased resting membrane potential, making the muscle fibers electrically unexcitable and causing paralysis. Some of these barium's effects may also be due to barium induced neuromuscular blockade and membrane depolarization. (L214)

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Barium and soluble cmpd, as Ba/

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The health effects of the different barium compounds depend on how well the compound dissolves in water or the stomach contents. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant, while higher doses affect the nervous system, causing cardiac irregularities, tremors, weakness, anxiety, dyspnea, paralysisand possibly death. Barium may also cause gastrointestinal disturbances, damage the kidneys and cause decreases in body weight. (L214)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Oral (L214) ; inhalation (L214)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Weakness.

Ingesting excess barium may cause vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness. High levels may result in changes in heart rhythm or paralysis and possibly death. (L214)

LD50: 418 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 50 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

The fatal dose of barium carbonate is 0.8 g and death occurs within 2 to 12 hours.

LD50 Rat oral 630-750 mg/kg

LD50 Wild Norway rat oral 1480 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 418 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 200 mg/kg /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Barium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intravenous infusion of potassium often relieves many of the symptoms of barium toxicity. (L214)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Barium and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Barium and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously Watch for signs of fluid overload. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Barium and Related Compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Most patients with barium intoxication have gastrointestinal and cardiac involvement with tetraplegia. Barium carbonate is a rare cause of hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Diarrhea and arrhythmias are due to direct stimulatory action of barium ions on smooth and cardiac muscles. Heart failure and hypertension may occur in a few cases. Barium blocks the potassium channels and thus potassium efflux from the muscle is reduced whereas the sodium-potassium pump is intact. This causes increased potassium in the muscle and decreased resting membrane potential. Barium acts mainly at the neuromuscular junction by this mechanism. The fatal dose of barium carbonate is 0.8 g and death occurs within 2 to 12 hours.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ There are a number of reports of serious health effects in individuals intentionally or accidentally exposed to barium carbonate... . The predominant effect is hypokalemia, which can result in ventricular tachycardia, hypertension and/or hypotension, muscle weakness, and paralysis ... In addition to the effects associated with hypokalemia, gastrointestinal effects such as vomiting, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea are typically reported shortly after ingestion.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are excessive salivation, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, violent diarrhea; increased blood pressure; tinnitis, giddiness, vertigo; muscle twitching, convulsions, paralysis; dilated pupils; confusion, somnolence; cardiac arrest; death due to respiratory failure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... A benign pneumoconiosis (baritosis) may result from inhalation of ... barium carbonate. It is not incapacitating and is usually reversible with cessation of exposure.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium carbonate (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In inhalation studies in guinea pigs/ ... collected particulate material from fumes generated by manual arc-welding (with electrodes using barium fluoride or carbonate) was extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid to give a solution containing barium. Aerosols generated from the barium fume extract were inhaled intratracheally by mechanical ventilation and were found to cause bronchoconstriction to the same extent as the inhalation of pure barium chloride (90 ug/cu m/min).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After IV injection, GI symptoms are less marked /than after oral administration, the/ most distinctive feature being slowing of heart. Death is caused by extreme digitalis-like action of barium ion on heart.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Oral administration of/ barium /as barium carbonate/ produces severe colic, diarrhea, and hemorrhage. It has direct action on smooth muscles of arterioles and cardiac muscle, which can result in incr blood pressure, cardiac irregularities, and death.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Median lethal doses (in mg/kg) for ingested ... barium carbonate /were reported as/ ... 35-56 in cats. ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium carbonate (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish); Conditions: static, natural pond water was used which showed some turbidity, pH 7.6-8.5; Concentration: >10 g/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western mosquito fish, female adult); Conditions: freshwater, static, 17-20 °C, pH 7.6-8.5, alkalinity <100 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 6950000 ug/L for 24, 48, 96 hr /formulation/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Very limited data are available on the toxicity of barium carbonate to aquatic species, but in natural fresh and marine waters the presence of sulfate ions will limit the availability of the barium ion, which is the toxic moiety of most barium salts. Ba++, dissociated from the carbonate salt, will precipitate with sulfate ions to insoluble BaSO4.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ No specific data are available, but due to the ubiquitous presence of barium (mostly as the sulfate or carbonate salt) in soil, the toxicity of barium carbonate to soil dwelling organisms is not deemed of particular concern.

/FIELD STUDIES/ In December 2003, the USEPA released an amended list of 15 "candidate pollutants for exposure and hazard screening" with regard to biosolids land application, including Ba. Therefore, /it was/ decided to monitor soil Ba concentrations from a dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow agroecosystem experiment. This experiment received 10 biennial biosolids applications (1982-2003) at rates from 0 to 26.8 dry Mg/ha per application year. The study was conducted on a Platner loam (Aridic Paleustoll), approximately 30 km east of Brighton, CO. Total soil Ba ... increased with increasing biosolids application rate. In the soil-extraction data from 1988 to 2003, however, we observed significant (P < 0.10) linear or exponential declines in ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Ba concentrations as a function of increasing biosolids application rates. This was observed in 6 of 7 and 3 of 7 yr for the 0- to 20- and 20- to 60-cm soil depths, respectively. Results suggest that while total soil Ba increased as a result of biosolids application with time, the mineral form of Ba was present in forms not extractable with AB-DTPA. ... /This/ research showed that biosolids application may increase total soil Ba, but soil Ba precipitates are insoluble and should not be an environmental concern in similar soils under similar climatic and management conditions.

Barium is a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust(1) that enters the environment through the weathering of rocks and minerals(SRC). The principal barium minerals are barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate)(1).

Ores of ... witherite are found in Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, California, Nevada, Canada, Mexico.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 88,778 workers (13,598 of these were female) were potentially exposed to barium carbonate in the US(1); the NOES Survey does not include farm workers.

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish); Conditions: static, natural pond water was used which showed some turbidity, pH 7.6-8.5; Concentration: >10 g/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western mosquito fish, female adult); Conditions: freshwater, static, 17-20 °C, pH 7.6-8.5, alkalinity <100 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 6950000 ug/L for 24, 48, 96 hr /formulation/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Very limited data are available on the toxicity of barium carbonate to aquatic species, but in natural fresh and marine waters the presence of sulfate ions will limit the availability of the barium ion, which is the toxic moiety of most barium salts. Ba++, dissociated from the carbonate salt, will precipitate with sulfate ions to insoluble BaSO4.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ No specific data are available, but due to the ubiquitous presence of barium (mostly as the sulfate or carbonate salt) in soil, the toxicity of barium carbonate to soil dwelling organisms is not deemed of particular concern.

/FIELD STUDIES/ In December 2003, the USEPA released an amended list of 15 "candidate pollutants for exposure and hazard screening" with regard to biosolids land application, including Ba. Therefore, /it was/ decided to monitor soil Ba concentrations from a dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow agroecosystem experiment. This experiment received 10 biennial biosolids applications (1982-2003) at rates from 0 to 26.8 dry Mg/ha per application year. The study was conducted on a Platner loam (Aridic Paleustoll), approximately 30 km east of Brighton, CO. Total soil Ba ... increased with increasing biosolids application rate. In the soil-extraction data from 1988 to 2003, however, we observed significant (P < 0.10) linear or exponential declines in ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Ba concentrations as a function of increasing biosolids application rates. This was observed in 6 of 7 and 3 of 7 yr for the 0- to 20- and 20- to 60-cm soil depths, respectively. Results suggest that while total soil Ba increased as a result of biosolids application with time, the mineral form of Ba was present in forms not extractable with AB-DTPA. ... /This/ research showed that biosolids application may increase total soil Ba, but soil Ba precipitates are insoluble and should not be an environmental concern in similar soils under similar climatic and management conditions.

Barium is a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust(1) that enters the environment through the weathering of rocks and minerals(SRC). The principal barium minerals are barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate)(1).

Ores of ... witherite are found in Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, California, Nevada, Canada, Mexico.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 88,778 workers (13,598 of these were female) were potentially exposed to barium carbonate in the US(1); the NOES Survey does not include farm workers.

Potential occupational exposure is as follows: barium carbonate 200,000 /people/.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Group III Containers (both combustible and non-combustible) that previously held organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides should be triple rinsed, punctured and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Non-rinsed containers should be encapsulated and buried at a specially designated landfill site. /Organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides/

... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/

Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Barium compound, NOS/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Barium compound, NOS/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Barium compound, NOS/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Barium compound, NOS/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Barium carbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1564; Barium compounds, not otherwise specified

IMO 6.1; Barium compounds, not otherwise specified

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn; R: 22; S: (2)-24/25

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III