Acetoin

H226 (26.6%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H228 (73.7%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H315 (87.4%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (10%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (81.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P264+P265, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1832 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Acetyl methyl carbinol appears as a light-yellow colored liquid that can form a crystalline solid when it dimerizes. Slightly denser than water. Hence sinks in water. Used to make other chemicals.

Slightly yellow liquid; [Hawley] Forms solid dimer (C8H16O4) on standing or treatment with granulated zinc; [Merck Index] Slightly yellow liquid or paste; mp = 15 deg C; [MSDSonline]

colourless to pale yellow liquid (monomer), or white crystalline powder (dimer) with a buttery odour

A light-yellow colored liquid.

Slightly yellow liquid or crystals

Buttery odor

BLAND, WOODY, YOGURT ODOR

FATTY CREAMY "TUB" BUTTER TASTE

148 °C at 760 mm Hg

147.00 to 148.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

298.4 °F

Sparingly soluble in ether, petroleum ether

Soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether.

Miscible with alcohol, propylene glycol; insoluble in vegetable oil

Miscible in water.

1000 mg/mL at 20 °C

insoluble in vegetable oils; miscible with alcohol, water, propylene glycol

(in ethanol)

0.9972 g/cu cm at 17 °C

1.005-1.019

2.69 [mmHg]

2.7X10+0 at 25 °C /Estimated/

2.7x10 (est)

log Kow = -0.36 /Estimated/

Henry's Law constant = 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C /Estimated/

Forms a solid dimer C8H16O4 on standing or on treatment with granulated zinc. The dimer is easily converted back to the monomer by melting, distilling, or dissolving.

Oxidizes gradually to diacetyl on exposure to air.

OPTICALLY ACTIVE COMPD; OPTICAL ROTATION: -39.4 DEG (PURE) AND -105 DEG (AQ SOLN) AT 20 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

1.417-1.420

Reduces Fehling's solution forming acetic acid.

SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALCOHOL; SOL IN ACETONE; MAX ABSORPTION (WATER): 272.5 NM (LOG E= -0.5); SADTLER REF NUMBER: 7362 (IR, PRISM); 2086 (UV); 536 (NMR); INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4171 @ 20 °C/D; DENSITY: 1.0062 AT 20 °C/20 °C /DL/

UV: 2086 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) /2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy (dl)/

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.0X10-11 cu cm/molec sec at 23 °C

Other Uses -> Food Additives

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

EU Flavoring substances

FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT -> FDA Substance added to food

Fragrance Ingredient (Acetoin) -> IFRA transparency List

Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Oxygenated hydrocarbons [FA12]

Flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

ACETYL METHYL CARBINOL is a ketone and alcohol. Ketones are reactive with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). The amount of heat may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion of the ketone. Ketones react with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. Ketones are incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides. They react violently with aldehydes, HNO3, HNO3 + H2O2, and HClO4. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

LD50 Rat oral >5000 mg/kg bw /from table/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Diacetyl and acetoin are endogenous in humans. They are formed when pyruvate is converted to acetoin and diacetyl by pyruvate decarboxylase. Mean fasting blood concentrations of approximately 100 ug acetoin per 100 mL blood have been reported.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The toxicity of acetoin in rats was investigated and compared to ethyl-alcohol. Small (unspecified) amounts of a 30% acetoin solution or ethyl-alcohol were injected ip into rats until the loss of the righting reflex or until respiratory failure. In another series, 5 mg/kg methyl-alcohol was injected, followed by acetoin until respiratory failure was induced. Blood was drawn and analyzed for the compounds. With loss of righting reflex, acetoin ranged from 227 to 251 mg percent with an average of 235 mg. Ethyl-alcohol ranged from 288 to 312 mg with an average of 300 mg. Acetoin intoxication resembled ethyl-alcohol intoxication. Upon respiratory failure, acetoin concentrations ranged from 742 to 770 mg percent with an average of 754 mg. Ethyl-alcohol ranged from 900 to 952 mg percent with an average of 920 mg. With combined administration, the concentrations of acetoin and ethyl-alcohol in the blood were additive in effect. The author concludes that acetoin is 1.4 times more intoxicating than ethyl-alcohol.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effect of uremic toxins on oxygen consumption (OC) was studied. Male Sprague-Dawley-rats were injected intraperitoneally with acetoine. Rats were starved before and after administration of chemicals. OC was measured between 1 and 6 hours after treatment using a diaferometer or a digital respirometer. ...In-vitro OC of rat diaphragma and liver slices was measured in a Warburg apparatus using Krebs phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. ...Acetoine at 3600 mg/kg had no influence on OC. ...No decrease in blood pressure was observed. Injection of 3600 mg/kg of acetoine made them comatose for several hours. Liver slices and diaphragms from normal or uremic rats showed a normal metabolic rate. Exposure to compounds at 30 mg/dL had no influence on tissue respiration. Addition of 400 mg/dL of urea and 20 mg/dL of creatinine had no influence on OC when given alone or in combination with chemicals.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ No-untoward-effect level of acetoin was established as 3000 ppm in drinking water to rats. Levels admin were 0, 750, 3000 or 12,000 ppm for 13 wk. At 12,000 ppm body wt gain was reduced, which was assoc with redn in food & water intake. Liver wt incr. Slight anemia reported.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Groups of 15 male and 15 female CFE rats were given acetoin in their drinking-water at concentrations of 0 (control), 750, 3000, or 12,000 mg/kg (equivalent to 0, 85, 330, or 1300 mg/kg bw/day). No animals died during the study, and their condition and appearance were normal. The body weights of males at 12,000 mg/kg in drinking-water decreased significantly from week 5, and at weeks 2, 6, and 13 the relative weight of the liver was statistically significantly greater in these animals than in controls. A similar effect was seen in female rats, but only after 13 weeks. Hematological examination conducted at 13 weeks showed a small (4-8%) but statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts in animals of each sex at the high dose, but these changes were not accompanied by a decrease in hematocrit. Urinalysis and blood chemical determinations performed at the end of the study on all animals revealed no statistically significant differences between treated and control groups. Histopathological examination also revealed no adverse effects. ...The increased relative liver weights /may have been/ a reaction of the liver to an increased metabolic load resulting from the high intake of acetoin. The NOEL was 3000 ppm, equivalent to 330 mg/kg bw/day.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Acetoin /(at </=4500 mg/plate)/, diacetyl, and 1,2-cyclohexanedione showed some mutagenicity in /Salmonella typhimurium/ strains TA100 and TA104. As the mutation frequencies were low and the positive results were always accompanied by negative results, the overall conclusion was that this group of substances does not induce gene mutation in bacteria in vitro.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=513-86-0]

Acetoin's production and use as fragrance carrier and in the preparation of flavors and fragrances may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetoin will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetoin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 37 hours. Acetoin is not expected to undergo direct photolysis due to lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, acetoin is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Acetoin may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Ketones in general are resistant to biological degradation. A theoretical BOD of 13.8% following aerobic incubation for 24 hrs using activated sludge indicates that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. If released into water, acetoin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 28 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 0.3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to acetoin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetoin is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to acetoin via inhalation of perfume and fragrance vapors, dermal contact, and ingestion of food products containing this compound. (SRC)

Based on cell free suspensions of several acetic acid bacteria, 2,3-butanediol is expected to oxidize to acetoin(1).

PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOL FORMATION OF SYSTEM SO2-NO-CIS-2-BUTENE AIR STUDIED. 1 PRODUCT OF PHOTOOXIDATION OF CIS-2-BUTENE WAS ACETOIN.

Acetoin's production and use as a fragrance carrier and in the preparation of flavors and fragrances(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acetoin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetoin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Acetoin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Theoretical BOD values ranging from 2.6-13.8% following aerobic incubation from 6 to 24 hrs using activated sludge, indicate that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acetoin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 28 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 0.3(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). %BODT values ranging from 2.6-13.8 following aerobic incubation for 6, 12, and 24 hrs using activated sludge, indicate that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetoin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetoin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 37 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Acetoin is not expected to undergo photolysis due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum(>290 nm)(SRC).

AEROBIC: Three activated sludges from Columbus, Hilliard, and Linwood, OH wastewater treatment plants were used as inocula in Warburg respirometer tests designed to measure oxygen uptake of acetoin(1). The suspended solids concentration was adjusted to 2,500 mg/L; acetoin was added to obtain a concentration of 500 mg/L and incubated at 20 °C. Average theoretical BOD values measured at 6, 12 and 24 hours were 2.6, 4.3, and 13.8%, respectively, indicating that biodegradation is an important fate process(1).

ANAEROBIC: Acetoin was added at a concentration of 50 ppm C to sludges from secondary digesters in Adrian and Jackson, MI. The sludges were diluted to 10% and incubated anaerobically in 160-ml serum bottles for 56 days at 35 °C(1). Acetoin was mineralized >75% after 8 weeks(1), indicating the compound is susceptible to anaerobic biodegradatoin following acclimation(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetoin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.03X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 37 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Acetoin is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

An estimated BCF of 0.3 was calculated for acetoin(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.0X10-6 mg/L(1), and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of acetoin is estimated as 2(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that aetoin is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for acetoin is estimated as 1.0X0-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetoin is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 28 days(SRC). Acetoin's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetoin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

PRESENT IN CORN, WINE, VINEGAR (FROM GRAPE OR OTHER SOURCES), HONEY, COCOA, BUTTER, AND ROASTED COFFEE; IDENTIFIED ALSO IN CURRANT AND STRAWBERRY AROMAS.

A study of rice cakes in 1999 found that two leading brands of rice cakes contained 600 and 750 ppb of acetoin(1), respectively. Australian honey was found to contain between 0.5 and 6.9 mg/kg of acetoin in a 1997 study(2). A study of 4 species of nectarines in 1988 found acetoin was present in less than 10 mg/kg quantities(3). Acetoin was detected in flavored bacon during a study in 1983, no specific details were provided(4). In Japan a study was conducted on beef, soy sauce and sake in 1981, all three food components contained acetoin in measurable quantities, no concentrations were reported(5).

Occupational exposure to acetoin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetoin is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to acetoin via inhalation of perfume and fragrance vapors, dermal contact, and ingestion of food products containing this compound. (SRC)

Acetoin's production and use as fragrance carrier and in the preparation of flavors and fragrances may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetoin will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetoin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 37 hours. Acetoin is not expected to undergo direct photolysis due to lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, acetoin is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Acetoin may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Ketones in general are resistant to biological degradation. A theoretical BOD of 13.8% following aerobic incubation for 24 hrs using activated sludge indicates that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. If released into water, acetoin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 28 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 0.3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to acetoin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetoin is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to acetoin via inhalation of perfume and fragrance vapors, dermal contact, and ingestion of food products containing this compound. (SRC)

Based on cell free suspensions of several acetic acid bacteria, 2,3-butanediol is expected to oxidize to acetoin(1).

PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOL FORMATION OF SYSTEM SO2-NO-CIS-2-BUTENE AIR STUDIED. 1 PRODUCT OF PHOTOOXIDATION OF CIS-2-BUTENE WAS ACETOIN.

Acetoin's production and use as a fragrance carrier and in the preparation of flavors and fragrances(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acetoin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetoin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Acetoin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Theoretical BOD values ranging from 2.6-13.8% following aerobic incubation from 6 to 24 hrs using activated sludge, indicate that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acetoin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 28 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 0.3(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). %BODT values ranging from 2.6-13.8 following aerobic incubation for 6, 12, and 24 hrs using activated sludge, indicate that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetoin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetoin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 37 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Acetoin is not expected to undergo photolysis due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum(>290 nm)(SRC).

AEROBIC: Three activated sludges from Columbus, Hilliard, and Linwood, OH wastewater treatment plants were used as inocula in Warburg respirometer tests designed to measure oxygen uptake of acetoin(1). The suspended solids concentration was adjusted to 2,500 mg/L; acetoin was added to obtain a concentration of 500 mg/L and incubated at 20 °C. Average theoretical BOD values measured at 6, 12 and 24 hours were 2.6, 4.3, and 13.8%, respectively, indicating that biodegradation is an important fate process(1).

ANAEROBIC: Acetoin was added at a concentration of 50 ppm C to sludges from secondary digesters in Adrian and Jackson, MI. The sludges were diluted to 10% and incubated anaerobically in 160-ml serum bottles for 56 days at 35 °C(1). Acetoin was mineralized >75% after 8 weeks(1), indicating the compound is susceptible to anaerobic biodegradatoin following acclimation(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetoin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.03X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 37 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Acetoin is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

An estimated BCF of 0.3 was calculated for acetoin(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.0X10-6 mg/L(1), and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of acetoin is estimated as 2(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.0X10+6 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that aetoin is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for acetoin is estimated as 1.0X0-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetoin is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 28 days(SRC). Acetoin's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetoin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

PRESENT IN CORN, WINE, VINEGAR (FROM GRAPE OR OTHER SOURCES), HONEY, COCOA, BUTTER, AND ROASTED COFFEE; IDENTIFIED ALSO IN CURRANT AND STRAWBERRY AROMAS.

A study of rice cakes in 1999 found that two leading brands of rice cakes contained 600 and 750 ppb of acetoin(1), respectively. Australian honey was found to contain between 0.5 and 6.9 mg/kg of acetoin in a 1997 study(2). A study of 4 species of nectarines in 1988 found acetoin was present in less than 10 mg/kg quantities(3). Acetoin was detected in flavored bacon during a study in 1983, no specific details were provided(4). In Japan a study was conducted on beef, soy sauce and sake in 1981, all three food components contained acetoin in measurable quantities, no concentrations were reported(5).

Occupational exposure to acetoin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetoin is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to acetoin via inhalation of perfume and fragrance vapors, dermal contact, and ingestion of food products containing this compound. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACETOIN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid Flammable Solid