2,3-Dimethylphenol

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.1% (36 of 1151) of reports.

H301+H311 (13%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (96.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (96.9%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (96.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (22.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H411 (96.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1151 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 36 of 1151 reports by companies.

There are 7 notifications provided by 1115 of 1151 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301 (98.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (98.9%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (24.7%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H411 (99.7%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 377 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Not Classified

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rest. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog; cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water; apply water from as far a distance as possible; solid stream of water may be ineffective; use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers.

Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material; /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations- water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel if dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amt; remove trapped material with suction hoses; use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations- air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Chemical Treatability of Dimethylphenol; Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Continuous flow, Pilot Scale: Type of Wastewater Used: Hazardous material spill; Results of Study: 99.6% reduction with 8.5 minute contact time (250,000 gallon spill treated by EPA mobile treatment trailer).

A NEW ENZYMATIC METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHENOLS AND ANILINES FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS, INVOLVING THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING THE POLLUTANTS WITH HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. SUCH TREATMENT RESULTS IN PRECIPITATION OF PHENOLS AND AROMATIC AMINES FROM WATER AS A RESULT OF THEIR ENZYMATIC CROSSLINKING. THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FOR 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL WAS 99.7%.

Chemical Treatability of 2,3-Dimethylphenol; Concentration Process: Biological treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 95.5% reduction based on chemical oxygen demand; rate of biodegradation 35 mg chemical oxygen demand/g hr (activated sludge process).

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away; keep material out of water sources and sewers; build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment; wash away any material that may have contacted the body with copious amt of water or soap and water.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and protect it from moisture and oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, bases and oxidants.

1.0 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor

(inhalable fraction and vapour): 1 ppm as TWA; (DSEN); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans)

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes and skin. Corrosive on ingestion. The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract.

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

ORGANIC CANISTER MASK; FACE SHIELD; RUBBER GLOVES; OTHER PROTECTIVE CLOTHING TO PREVENT CONTACT WITH SKIN.

/IN FIRE CONDITIONS/ WEAR GOGGLES AND SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS.

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.

Some data suggesting breakthrough times /For butyl rubber/ of approximately an hour or more. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for DIMETHYL PHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Some data suggesting breakthrough times /for butyl rubber/ of approximately an hour or more. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

Breakthrough times /for neoprene/ greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

Breakthrough times /for polyvinyl alcohol/ less (usually markedly less) than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers. /Aromatic hydroxyl cmpd/

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

2,3-dimethylphenol appears as colorless crystalline solid or brown chunky solid. Taste threshold concentration 0.03 mg/L. Odor threshold concentration 0.5 mg/L. (NTP, 1992)

White crystals with a sweet, tarry odor; [HSDB] White to yellow liquid or solid; mp = 25-75 deg C; [ICSC]

Colorless or brown solid; [CAMEO] Crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

WHITE-TO-YELLOW LIQUID OR CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

White crystalline solid

Light yellowish brown solid or liquid

White, crystalline solid; Specific gravity: 1.02-1.03 @ 15 °C

Needles from water or dilute alcohol

Sweet tarry odor

0.03 mg/l (taste threshold concn)

424 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

203-225 °C

216.00 to 218.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

167 °F (NTP, 1992)

20-76 °C

75 °C (also reported as 72.57 °C)

25-75 °C

186 °F (CLOSED CUP)

61-95 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

Freely sol in alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene; sol in sodium hydroxide soln; slightly sol in water.

Sol in ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether

In water, 4.57X10+3 mg/l @ 25 °C.

Very sol in benzene, chloroform

4.57 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 4-8

Saturated liquid density= 63.180 lb/cu ft at 70 °F

Saturated vapor density= 0.00577 lb/cu ft at 220 °F

1.02-1.13 g/cm³

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.2

1 mmHg at 132.8 °F ; 5 mmHg at 182.8 °F; 10 mmHg at 207.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.09 [mmHg]

0.08 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg at 97.6 °C

0.089 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at ? °C: 0.5-37

log Kow ranges from 2.23 to 2.61

2.23/2.36

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, IT EMITS ACRID SMOKE AND IRRITATING FUMES.

When heated to decomp, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Hygroscopic. Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

Solutions of 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL in water, DMSO, 95% ethanol or acetone should be stable for 24 hours under normal lab conditions. This compound is incompatible with bases, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, and oxidizing agents. It corrodes steel, brass, copper, and copper alloys. (NTP, 1992)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Dizziness. Headache.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Burning sensation. Redness. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Headache. Shock or collapse.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC (rat) > 85.5 mg/m3/4h

LD50 Mouse iv 56 mg/kg

A SPONTANEOUSLY DEVELOPING VASOCONSTRICTION IN ISOLATED PERFUSED LUNG AND VASOCONSTRICTION CAUSED BY ARTERIALLY INJECTED ATP 50 UG WERE BOTH INHIBITED BY THE ADDITION TO THE PERFUSATE OF VARIOUS PHENOLS INCLUDING 2,3-XYLENOL.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Dilution may be contraindicated because it may increase absorption. Do not use emetics ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Phenols and Related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and Related Compounds/

TOXIC BY INGESTION AND SKIN ABSORPTION. /COMMERCIAL MIXTURES/

A case of fatal xylenol ingestion by a long stay mental hospital patient is described. The clinical course was similar to that observed in other phenolic poisonings with active bowel sounds, nausea and vomiting, severe metabolic acidosis, hypotension and cardiac and renal failure. The formulation of xylenol ingested contained alcohol which would facilitate absorption; due to the dangers of such poisonings care must be exercised as to access and exposure to xylenol sterilizing agents.

An adult ingested a solution containing a mixture of 6 isomeric xylenol in an alcoholic, anxoric detergent base. The patient experienced nausea and vomiting and was barely arousable on admission with constricted pupils and active bowel sounds. Metabolic acidosis, anuria, hypotension, black color in the urine, and death may supervene within 24 hr.

... DIMETHYLPHENOLS WERE AS POTENT IN PROMOTING PAPILLOMAS AS PHENOL ITSELF (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF 2,6-DIMETHYLPHENOL, WHICH WAS INACTIVE) ... IT APPEARS THAT THERE MUST BE AT LEAST ONE UNSUBSTITUTED POSITION ORTHO TO THE PHENOLIC GROUP FOR PAPILLOMA-PROMOTING ACTIVITY /IN MICE/. /DIMETHYLPHENOLS/

DIMETHYLPHENOL WAS NONMUTAGENIC IN TA98 AND TA100 STRAINS OF THE SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM HISTIDINE-REVERSION TEST SYSTEM.

TO ENSURE LONG TERM SURVIVAL OF SALMONIDS IN PRESENCE OF PHENOLIC WASTES, THE CONCN OF XYLENOLS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1.9 MG/L, EITHER SINGLY OR COLLECTIVELY. /XYLENOLS/

The neurochemical effects of chronic exposure to various mixtures and components of artificial coal-tar aqueous extracts were investigated in Belknap-pigmented-mice. The test extracts were made up of pyridine (110861), and/or phenol (108952), xylenol (1300716) and cresol (1319773) in different proportions. The coal-tar extracts were administered to mice in low doses via drinking water over a 3 month period ... A complete mixture of artificial coal-tar produced significant increases in lipid peroxidation in the striatum, cerebellum, and liver, but not in the cerebral cortex. The rank order of regional sensitivity was striatum greater than cerebellum greater than cerebral cortex. Pyridine by itself induced statistically significant levels of lipid peroxidation only in striatum and cerebellum, but to a lesser extent than did the complete mixture. The phenol, cresol, and xylenol components were ineffective when given without pyridine ... The results are compatible with the possibility that coal-tar emissions constitute a potential source of neurotoxicants associated with damage to the nigrostriatal neuronal pathway.

THE CILIOTOXICITY OF COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL) REPRESENTATIVE OF THE GASEOUS AND SEMIVOLATILE PHASES OF TOBACCO SMOKE WAS INVESTIGATED USING CHICKEN TRACHEAL ORGAN CULTURES. 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL TOOK 5 MINUTES TO ACHIEVE CILIOSTASIS AT 5 MMOL CONCENTRATION IN ISOLATED CHICKEN TRACHEA. THE ALKYLATED PHENOLS EXHIBITED GREATER CILIOSTATIC EFFECTS THAN PHENOL ITSELF.

TO ENSURE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL OF SALMONIDS IN PRESENCE OF PHENOLIC WASTES, THE CONCN OF XYLENOLS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1.9 MG/L, EITHER SINGLY OR COLLECTIVELY. /XYLENOLS/

2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL WAS NONMUTAGENIC IN TA98 AND TA100 STRAINS OF THE SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM HISTIDINE-REVERSION TEST SYSTEM.

Acute inhalation toxicology studies were conducted on several selected groundwater contaminants to provide additional data for hazard evaluations by Air Force personnel. ... 2,3-Dimethylphenol and 1,1-dichloroethane were tested for acute 4 hour inhalation toxicity. Saturated vapors of 2,3-dimethylphenol did not result in mortality among exposed rats after 4 hours. however, 4 hour inhalation exposures to 1,1-dichloroethane predicted an LC50 of approximately 13,000 ppm when using male rats.

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 150 mg/l/24 hr /Static bioassay/

LC50 Cypinus carpio (carp) 5.0-10.0 mg/l/48 hr /Static renewal bioassay/

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 16.0 mg/l/48 hr /Static bioassay/

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

Dimethylphenol's production and use in disinfectants, solvents, insecticides and fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, the vapor pressures of the individual isomers, 0.036-0.27 mm Hg at 25 °C, indicate that dimethylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3-6 hours. If released to soil, dimethylphenol is expected to have low to moderate mobility based on a estimated Koc values of 370-630. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a estimated and experimental Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-6 to 1.7X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb (or adsorb very little) to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc values. Biodegradation of dimethylphenol in aerobic waters may also be important. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon the estimated Henry's Law constants. An estimated BCF range of approximately 29-57 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Occupational exposure to dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethylphenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and dermal contact from consumer products in which it is contained. (SRC)

2,3-Dimethylphenol's production and use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants, in the manufacture of artificial resins, as a constituent of coal tar creosote, as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust and as a by-product of the brewing industry may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. In addition, dimethylphenols, of which 2,3-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are present in essential oils of various conifers, in tea, in tobacco and tobacco smoke, in roasted coffee and in various smoked foods. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.089 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that 2,3-dimethylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dimethylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours. There is potential for the direct photolysis of 2,3-dimethylphenol since a small band extends over 290 nm and thus 2,3-dimethylphenol may absorb light in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 630. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Complete biodegradation of 2,3-dimethylphenol occurred in 19 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam. If released into water, 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Screening studies indicate that theoretical oxygen demand reached 42.8% after 5 days and 95.5% chemical oxygen demand loss was obtained after 10 days. In addition, it has been reported that 2,3-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water. Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur after 24 days. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 days and 98 days, respectively. However, the estimated Koc of 630 suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water. An estimated BCF of 57 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,3-dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation of this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dimethylphenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,3-dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air (i.e., tobacco smoke and automobile exhaust), ingestion of food, and contact with other products containing 2,3-dimethylphenol. (SRC)

DIMETHYLPHENOLS OCCUR IN CRUDE PETROLEUM.

Dimethyphenol is a constituent of coal(1). It has also been found in tobacco(2,3) and marijuana mainstream smoke(2), and black tea(4).

Dimethylphenols, of which 2,3-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are present in the essential oils of various conifers, in tea, in tobacco and tobacco smoke, in roasted coffee and in various smoked foods(1).

/SRP/: DIMETHYLPHENOLS OCCUR IN SHALE OIL PROCESS WATER, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, AIRBORNE PARTICULATES, TOBACCO SMOKE & EVOLUTES FROM WASTE CHEMICAL DUMPS. /DIMETHYLPHENOLS/

Dimethylphenol's production and use in disinfectants, solvents, insecticides and fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Dimethylphenol is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, plastics and resins and in wood for preservation(1-4) which also may result in its release to the environment.

/SRP/: 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL IS A CONSTITUENT OF ... WOOD SMOKE, COAL CONVERSION WASTES, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST, SMOKED FISH, AND ESSENTIAL OILS.

/SRP/: DIMETHYLPHENOLS OCCUR IN SHALE OIL PROCESS WATER, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, AIRBORNE PARTICULATES, ... AND EVOLUTES FROM WASTE CHEMICAL DUMPS. /DIMETHYLPHENOLS/

2,3-Dimethylphenol's use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants(1), in the manufacture of artificial resins(1), as a constituent of coal tar creosote (0.5 wt%)(2), as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust(3-6) and as a by-product of the brewing industry(6) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Dimethylphenols, of which 2,3-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are components of disinfectants, solvents, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs(7).

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 150 mg/l/24 hr /Static bioassay/

LC50 Cypinus carpio (carp) 5.0-10.0 mg/l/48 hr /Static renewal bioassay/

LC50 Daphnia magna (cladoceran) 16.0 mg/l/48 hr /Static bioassay/

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

Dimethylphenol's production and use in disinfectants, solvents, insecticides and fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, the vapor pressures of the individual isomers, 0.036-0.27 mm Hg at 25 °C, indicate that dimethylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3-6 hours. If released to soil, dimethylphenol is expected to have low to moderate mobility based on a estimated Koc values of 370-630. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a estimated and experimental Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-6 to 1.7X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb (or adsorb very little) to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc values. Biodegradation of dimethylphenol in aerobic waters may also be important. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon the estimated Henry's Law constants. An estimated BCF range of approximately 29-57 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Occupational exposure to dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethylphenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and dermal contact from consumer products in which it is contained. (SRC)

2,3-Dimethylphenol's production and use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants, in the manufacture of artificial resins, as a constituent of coal tar creosote, as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust and as a by-product of the brewing industry may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. In addition, dimethylphenols, of which 2,3-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are present in essential oils of various conifers, in tea, in tobacco and tobacco smoke, in roasted coffee and in various smoked foods. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.089 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that 2,3-dimethylphenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dimethylphenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours. There is potential for the direct photolysis of 2,3-dimethylphenol since a small band extends over 290 nm and thus 2,3-dimethylphenol may absorb light in the environmental UV spectrum. If released to soil, 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 630. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Complete biodegradation of 2,3-dimethylphenol occurred in 19 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam. If released into water, 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Screening studies indicate that theoretical oxygen demand reached 42.8% after 5 days and 95.5% chemical oxygen demand loss was obtained after 10 days. In addition, it has been reported that 2,3-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water. Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur after 24 days. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 days and 98 days, respectively. However, the estimated Koc of 630 suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water. An estimated BCF of 57 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,3-dimethylphenol may occur through inhalation of this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dimethylphenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,3-dimethylphenol via inhalation of ambient air (i.e., tobacco smoke and automobile exhaust), ingestion of food, and contact with other products containing 2,3-dimethylphenol. (SRC)

DIMETHYLPHENOLS OCCUR IN CRUDE PETROLEUM.

Dimethyphenol is a constituent of coal(1). It has also been found in tobacco(2,3) and marijuana mainstream smoke(2), and black tea(4).

Dimethylphenols, of which 2,3-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are present in the essential oils of various conifers, in tea, in tobacco and tobacco smoke, in roasted coffee and in various smoked foods(1).

/SRP/: DIMETHYLPHENOLS OCCUR IN SHALE OIL PROCESS WATER, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, AIRBORNE PARTICULATES, TOBACCO SMOKE & EVOLUTES FROM WASTE CHEMICAL DUMPS. /DIMETHYLPHENOLS/

Dimethylphenol's production and use in disinfectants, solvents, insecticides and fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Dimethylphenol is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, plastics and resins and in wood for preservation(1-4) which also may result in its release to the environment.

/SRP/: 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL IS A CONSTITUENT OF ... WOOD SMOKE, COAL CONVERSION WASTES, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST, SMOKED FISH, AND ESSENTIAL OILS.

/SRP/: DIMETHYLPHENOLS OCCUR IN SHALE OIL PROCESS WATER, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, AIRBORNE PARTICULATES, ... AND EVOLUTES FROM WASTE CHEMICAL DUMPS. /DIMETHYLPHENOLS/

2,3-Dimethylphenol's use for the preparation of coal tar disinfectants(1), in the manufacture of artificial resins(1), as a constituent of coal tar creosote (0.5 wt%)(2), as a component of automobile and diesel exhaust(3-6) and as a by-product of the brewing industry(6) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Dimethylphenols, of which 2,3-dimethylphenol is an isomer, are components of disinfectants, solvents, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, additives to lubricants and gasolines, wetting agents and dyestuffs(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc range of 390-630(SRC), determined from log Kows ranging from 2.23 to 2.61 for the individual isomers(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimethylphenol is expected to have low to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dimethylphenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given estimated(4) and experimental(5,6) Henry's Law constants ranging from 1.2X10-6 to 1.7X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC). Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon the vapor pressure of the individual isomers, 0.036-0.27 mm Hg(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc range of 390-630(SRC), determined from log Kows ranging from 2.23 to 2.61 for the individual isomers(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb (or adsorb very little) to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon estimated(4) and experimental(5,6) Henry's Law constants ranging from 1.2X10-6 to 1.7X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake range from 3-34 days and 46-250 days, respectively(SRC), using an estimation method(3). According to a classification scheme(7), estimated BCFs ranging from 29 to 57 for the individual isomers(3,SRC), from experimental log Kows(2) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Dimethylphenol may also biodegrade in aerobic waters.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dimethylphenol, whose isomers have vapor pressures ranging from 0.036-0.27 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethylphenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be approximately 3 to 6 hours(SRC) from the rate constants of its individual isomers(3). Night-time degradation of dimethylphenol in urban areas may also occur through the reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals by analogy to other alkyl-substituted phenols(4). Dimethylphenol may directly photolyze because it absorbs light in the environmental UV spectrum(5,6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 630(2), indicates that 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,3-dimethylphenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from its vapor pressure of 0.089 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 4570 mg/l(5). 2,3-Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a its vapor pressure(3). 2,3-Dimethylphenol has been reported to degrade from soil in 19 days at a temperature of 19 °C(6). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur after 24 days in one study using a river sediment inoculum(7), and only 15% biodegradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study using a contaminated groundwater digester(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 630(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 2,3-Dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from its vapor pressure of 0.089 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 4570 mg/l(5). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 days and 98 days, respectively(3,SRC). However, this model underestimates the volatilization half-life of 2,3-dimethylphenol since it does not take into account the effects of adsorption. The estimated Koc of 630(2) suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water(SRC). This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered (half-life = 470 days in model pond) and one in which adsorption was ignored (half-life = 140 days in model pond)(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 57(3,SRC), from an estimated log Kow(8,SRC), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). In humic waters, degradation by the reaction with peroxy radicals should ensue with a half-life on the order of hours(9). 2,3-Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). Screening studies indicate 95.5% chemical oxygen demand loss was obtained after 5 days using an adapted sludge seed(10) and 42.8% theoretical oxygen demand was obtained from a coal gasification waste water feed and an acclimated sludge seed after 10 days(11). In addition, it has been reported that 2,3-dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water(12). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions failed to occur after 24 days in one study using a river sediment inoculum(13), and only 15% degradation occurred after 8 weeks in another study using a contaminated groundwater digester(14).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,3-dimethylphenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.089 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dimethylphenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 hours(SRC) from its rate constant of 8.02X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Atmospheric dimethylphenols are known to be removed by rainwater(4). 2,3-Dimethylphenol has an absorption band at 271 nm (water), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm, thus making it a candidate for direct photochemical degradation(5,6). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(7,SRC).

Biological oxygen demand (BOD): 31% of theoretical in 5 days.

The dimethylphenols have been described as being biodegradable by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved(1). Reported as confirmed to be well-biodegradable, for evaluation in the chemical substances control law of Japan(2). Using a biological treatment simulator, a % of theoretical biological oxygen demand after ten days for dimethylphenol was obtained using a coal gasification waste water feed and an acclimated sludge seed as follows: 2,6-dimethylphenol 1.02, 3,5-dimethylphenol 5.4, 2,5-dimethylphenol 11.2, 2,3-dimethylphenol 42.8, 3,4-dimethylphenol 45.8(3). The relative biodegradability of the dimethylphenols in the St. Lawrence River is in the order 2,3 > 2,6 > 2,5 > 3,4 > 2,4 > phenol(4). The relative rate of biodegradation of dimethylphenol with an adapted activated sludge seed is 2,6 < 2,5 < 3,5 < 3,4 < 2,4 < 2,3(5). The % of theoretical biologial oxygen demand for 500 ppm dimethylphenols by phenol acclimated, activated sludge ranged from 0-27% in 5 days(6). In an activated sludge pilot plant study, dimethylphenol was shown to undergo significant removal which could not be attributed to volatilization or adsorption to the sludge had demonstrated a removal rate of 60, 46, and 61% at 4, 6, and 9 day sludge days, respectively(7). Dimethylphenol underwent 46-61% removal in an activated sludge pilot plant with a 6 day mean residence time(7).

ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS TO METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN SEWAGE SLUDGE DIGESTION OCCURRED IN BOTH GROUND WATER AND LABORATORY DIGESTORS. WATER SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM THE NEAR SURFACE GROUND WATER IN AN AREA CONTAMINATED WITH PLANT PROCESS WASTES RESULTING FROM OPERATION OF A COAL TAR DISTILLING AND WOOD TREATING PLANT. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL) WERE ISOLATED FROM THE AQUEOUS SAMPLES BY DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACTION.

... Adapted activated at 20 °C, product is sole carbon source: 95.5% chemical oxygen demand removal at 35 mg chemical oxygen demand/g dry inoculum/hr.

... A series of experiments /were carried out/ ... to duplicate the conditions for biodegradability that would occur in a river that was receiving phenolic waste effluents from a coking plant. Unsubstituted phenol decomposed rapidly, cresols exhibited a lag period of several days, but 2,4- and 2,3-dimethylphenol seemed to be very persistent.

AEROBIC GRAB SAMPLES: In shake flask studies, an initial 2,3-dimethylphenol concentration of 0.2 ug/ml was reduced to below detection following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater from the American Creosote Works Superfund site, Pensacola, FL(1). 2,3-Dimethylphenol was readily degraded in St. Lawrence River water(2). 2,3-Dimethylphenol completely biodegraded in 19 days within a hard, carbonaceous woody loam at 19 °C(3). AEROBIC SCREENING STUDIES: Using a biological treatment simulator, 42.8% theoretical oxygen demand after 10 days was obtained for 2,3-dimethylphenol from a coal gasification waste water feed and an acclimated sludge seed(4). The rate of biodegradation obtained for 2,3-dimethylphenol in a screening test with an adapted activated sludge seed was 95.5% chemical oxygen demand loss after 5 days(5). Using a dissolved air treatment degradation simulator, 99% removal of 2,3-dimethylphenol was obtained using an activated sludge inoculum(6).

ANAEROBIC: It was determined that methanogenic consortia, using Saale river sediment as the inoculum, failed to biodegrade 2,3-dimethylphenol after 24 days(1). However, in another study, 2,3-dimethylphenol, at an initial concn of 0.73 mg/l, underwent 15% degradation when incubated in coal tar-contaminated groundwater in an anaerobic digester for 8 weeks(2).

Rate constants for the vapor-phase reaction of dimethylphenol isomers with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals range from 1.13X10-10 to 8.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 3 to 6 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(3,SRC). Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4). It may directly photolyze because it has an absorption band maxima near 275 nm (water), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm(5), thus it absorbs in the environmental UV spectrum(4). Dimethylphenol may degrade by the reaction with peroxy radicals found in humic waters as the half-life for this reaction is typically measured in hours(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,3-dimethylphenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been determined to be 8.02X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.8 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,3-Dimethylphenol has an absorption band at 271 nm (water), and a shoulder may extend over 290 nm, thus making it a candidate for direct photochemical degradation(2,3). Night-time degradation in urban areas should occur rapidly through reaction with atmospheric nitrate radicals, as rate constants for this reaction with phenolic compounds are approximately 250 times faster than with hydroxyl radicals(4,SRC). Peroxy radicals found in humic waters react with phenols; the half-lives can be measured in hours(5). 2,3-Dimethylphenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

An estimated BCF of 29 to 57 was calculated for dimethylphenol(SRC), using log Kows ranging from 2.23 to 2.61 for the individual isomers(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

An estimated BCF of 57 was calculated for 2,3-dimethylphenol(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.61(1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Koc values ranging from approximately 370-630 were estimated using log Kows ranging from 2.23 to 2.61 for the individual isomers(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc range suggests that dimethylphenol is expected to have moderate to low mobility in soil.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2,3-dimethylphenol can be estimated to be about 630(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC).

The estimated(1) and experimental(2,3) Henry's Law constants for dimethylphenol range from 1.2X10-6 to 1.7X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant range indicates that dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(4). Based on this Henry's Law constant range, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(4) is estimated as approximately 3-34 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(4) is estimated as approximately 46-250 days(SRC). Dimethylphenol's Henry's Law constant(1-3) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC). Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon vapor pressures ranging from 0.036-0.27 mm Hg(5). The loss due to vapor stripping in a waste water treatment plant for dimethylphenol was estimated to be <1%(6).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,3-dimethylphenol is estimated as 3.1X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 0.089 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 4570 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,3-dimethylphenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as approximately 13 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as approximately 98 days(SRC). However, the volatilization half-life does not take into account the effects of adsorption. An estimated Koc of 630(4) suggests that volatilization could be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water(SRC). This is apparent from the results of two EXAMS model runs, one in which the effect of adsorption was considered, yielding an estimated half-life of 474 days in a model pond 2 m deep, and one in which the effect of adsorption was ignored, yielding an estimated half-life of 142 days in a model pond 2 m deep(5). 2,3-Dimethylphenol's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC). 2,3-Dimethylphenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.089 mm Hg(1).

SURFACE WATER: Samples of water from the Songhuajiang River Basin, China, were found to contain dimethyl phenol(1).

GROUNDWATER: 2,3-Dimethylphenol was identified in a groundwater sample collected in 1984 from a well approximately 300 m from a landfill in Florida, concn not specified(1). The concns of 2,3-dimethylphenol in groundwater collected from a coal tar distillation/wood-treatment plant at St. Louis Park, MN in 1978 and from a wood-preserving plant at Pensacola, FL in 1985 were determined to be 0.81 mg/l and 0.19-1.62 mg/l, respectively(2). 2,3-Dimethylphenol was detected at a concn of 0.2 mg/l in groundwater near an abandoned wood preservative manufacturing plant in Florida(3). Water samples collected during December 1986 from Gas Works Park, Seattle, WA were found to contain 2,3-dimethylphenol ranging in concn from below detection to 0.34 mg/l(4). Studies near a closed wood preserving facility in Pensacola, FL detected 2,3-dimethylphenol in groundwater ranging from 1.05 mg/l at 6 m depth and 0.45 mg/l at 18 m depth approximately 170 m from the plant site; at approximately 330 m from the site, 2,3-dimethylphenol was not detected at any well tested (6-24 m depth)(5). 2,3-Dimethylphenol was also identified in the leachate from a sanitary landfill in Barcelona, Spain(6).

SURFACE WATER: 2,3-Dimethylphenol was qualitatively identified in samples from the St. Lawrence River(1).

Dimethylphenol has been found in industrial effluents and specific isomers have been quantified(1-3). The isomers of dimethylphenol have been found in wastewater samples obtained from gasification of Indiana Head lignite at the following concns (ppm): 2,3- (40), 2,4- and 2,5- combined (358), 2,6- (12), 3,4- (158), and 3,5- in combination with 3- and 4-ethylphenol (968)(1). Dimethylphenol is a component of refinery effluent(2). Dimethylphenol was identified in the acid fraction of effluent from a dissolved air flotation unit at a Class B refinery, at a concn of 16 ppb(3).

Dimethylphenol was identified in 1 of 3 New Jersey POTW effluents, date not provided, at a estimated concn of 7 ppb(1). It was qualitatively detected in the effluent of a sewage tratment plant in Vancouver, BC, 1983(2). The leachate from municipal landfils in Japan were found to contain dimethylphenol(3).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Chemical Treatability of Dimethylphenol; Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Continuous flow, Pilot Scale: Type of Wastewater Used: Hazardous material spill; Results of Study: 99.6% reduction with 8.5 minute contact time (250,000 gallon spill treated by EPA mobile treatment trailer).

A NEW ENZYMATIC METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHENOLS AND ANILINES FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS, INVOLVING THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING THE POLLUTANTS WITH HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. SUCH TREATMENT RESULTS IN PRECIPITATION OF PHENOLS AND AROMATIC AMINES FROM WATER AS A RESULT OF THEIR ENZYMATIC CROSSLINKING. THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FOR 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL WAS 99.7%.

Chemical Treatability of 2,3-Dimethylphenol; Concentration Process: Biological treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 95.5% reduction based on chemical oxygen demand; rate of biodegradation 35 mg chemical oxygen demand/g hr (activated sludge process).

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Xylenols; Xylenols, liquid; Xylenols, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DIMETHYL PHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,3-DIMETHYLPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2261; Xylenols

IMO 6.1; Xylenols

IMO 6.1; Dimethylphenols

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 24/25-34-51/53; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II