2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310+H330 (70.7%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400 (97.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 41 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning: Effects may be delayed for several hours. Toxicity of dinitrocresol is enhanced by high ambient temperature and physical activity. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Dinitrocresol Exposure: Early manifestations of acute dinitrocresol exposure include fever, sweating, headache, and confusion. Blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate are often elevated. Severe exposure may result in restlessness, seizures, and coma. Other signs and symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), cyanosis (blue tint to skin and mucous membranes), pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Liver injury with associated jaundice, kidney failure, and cardiac arrhythmias are commonly noted. Dermal exposure results in yellow staining of the skin and may produce burns. Dinitrocresol may irritate and burn the eyes and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to dinitrocresol may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dinitrocresol.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to dinitrocresol.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. DO NOT induce vomiting.

4. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

7. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk.

Extinguish fire with water, foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide. (EPA, 1998)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons; or sand bag barriers to strap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P047, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Dinitrocresol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incinerate (1,000 °F minimum) with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

0.60 [mg/m3]

0.65 [mg/m3]

5.0 [mg/m3]

5 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

5 mg/cu m

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m, skin.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Dinitro-o-cresol:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4,6-dinitro-o-cresol appears as a yellow solid. Emits toxic oxides of nitrogen fumes when heated to decomposition. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether and solutions of sodium or potassium hydroxides.

Yellow prisms or needles from alcohol

Yellow prisms from alcohol

Yellow solid

Odorless

594 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

220 °C @760 [mm Hg]

190 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

MP: 83-85 °C /Technical/

None (EPA, 1998)

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 198 mg/L at 20 °C

In water, 130 mg/L at 15 °C

Slightly soluble in water

Slightly soluble in petroleum ether; soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform

For more Solubility (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

greater than 1.1 at 68 °F (est) (USCG, 1999)

1.58 g/cu cm at 20 °C

1.58 @ 20°C

6.82 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.84 (Air = 1)

5e-05 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

0.00012 mm Hg at 25 °C

0.00012 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.13

Henry's Law constant: 1.40X10-6 atm cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

In water, DNOC degrades very slowly, DT50 >1 yr. Photolysis DT50 /about/ 253 hr (20 °C).

-7,050 Btu/lb = -3920 cal/g = -164X10+5 J/kg

pKa = 4.31

133.7 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID1022053]

Forms salts with inorganic and organic bases; forms molecular compounds with amines, hydrocarbons and phenols; readily reduced to mono-amino derivative, 6-amino-2-methyl-4-nitrophenol.

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium salts are readily soluble in water

Moderately volatile with steam

Red powder; hydrate yellow needles; freely soluble in water /Dinitrocresol sodium salt/

Boiling point

Fusion temperature

Heat of sublimation

Melting temperature

Slightly soluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Phenols and Cresols

Phenols do not behave as organic alcohols, as one might guess from the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group in their structure. Instead, they react as weak organic acids. Phenols and cresols are much weaker as acids than common carboxylic acids (phenol has pKa = 9.88). These materials are incompatible with strong reducing substances such as hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides. Flammable gas (H2) is often generated, and the heat of the reaction may ignite the gas. Heat is also generated by the acid-base reaction between phenols and bases.

This compound is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers (NIOSH, 2024).

4,6-DINITRO-O-CRESOL is explosive and is usually moistened with up to 10 percent water to reduce the hazard. [EPA, 1998].

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

IDENTIFICATION: 4,6-Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) is a yellow crystalline solid. It is partly soluble in water. DNOC was fungicide, herbicide and insecticide that is no longer registered for use in the U.S. HUMAN STUDIES: Symptoms of DNOC toxicity include restlessness, a sensation of heat, flushed skin, sweating, thirst and deep rapid respiration and tachycardia, severe increase in body temperature, cyanosis leading to collapse, coma and death. Effects are enhanced at high temperatures. Cardiovascular effects have been noted secondary to cellular anoxia but do not appear to be consistent cardinal signs of DNOC exposure in humans. Elevated pulse rates, tachycardia, and palpitations were observed in several patients. Negative results were found in human lymphocytes for sister chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA synthesis in both the presence and the absence of metabolic activation at doses up to 50 ug/mL. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dietary administration of DNOC for up to 90 days decreased body weight gain in rats, mice and dogs, usually without significant alteration in food consumption. At high doses, the liver is affected , as shown by an increased activity of liver enzymes. Blood urea levels were also increased at high doses. Environmental temperatures influenced the mortality rate among rats orally dosed with DNOC. Six of 12 rats died after receiving 20 mg/kg at 37-40 °C, while only 2 of 12 rats died after receiving twice the dose (40 mg/kg) at 20-22 °C. Application of DNOC to skin of rabbits induced edema. It was a skin sensitizer in the guinea pig and corrosive to the eyes of the rabbit. Diets containing 0.25% DNOC (or 2500 mg/kg feed) were administered for 2 days to 5-day-old white Peking ducklings. Cataracts were produced within 24 hr in all the birds. This concentration induced 56% mortality the first day and 100% the second day. At high doses, DNOC has a slight effect on reproduction in the form of reduction of body weight and litter size. Other reproduction parameters were not affected. DNOC did not induce any teratogenic effects in pregnant rats receiving oral doses from gestation day 6 to day 15. In rabbits treated orally, the high dose was maternally toxic, inducing mortality. At this high dose level, teratogenic effects included microphthalmia and hydroencephaly or microencephaly. Pregnant rabbits exposed to a cutaneous application of DNOC during gestation, induced maternal toxicity at a high dose resulting in some embryotoxicity but not teratogenicity. No evidence of teratogenicity or embryotoxicity were noted in mice treated orally or by ip administration during pregnancy. DNOC has been shown to have mutagenic potential in bacterial mutagenicity systems (strains TA98 and TA100) both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. The mutagenic response obtained in the Ames test was markedly reduced or abolished when the nitroreductase strains TA98NR and TA100NR were used, indicating involvement of nitroreductase. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: DNOC has little effect on soil microorganisms. Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is variable. Fish were the most sensitive species in laboratory tests. DNOC is acutely toxic for birds, mammals and honeybees.

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. It is believed to cause an acceleration of metabolic processes that are part of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. DNOC produces its accelerative effect by increasing the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to Ca+, altering the proton electrochemical gradient and thus interrupting the phosphate transfer to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form ATP. Uncoupling allows electron transport to proceed unchecked even when ATP synthesis is inhibited. As a consequence, more ADP and inorganic phosphate are available to drive the TCA cycle, and most of the energy produced from catabolism of glucose is not stored in high energy phosphate bonds as ATP but is given off as heat. This results in the elevated body temperature and related effects characteristic of DNOC toxicity. (L198)

4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) (Pesticide/Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC))

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to DNOC may cause mild damage to the stomach, kidneys, and liver. Ingesting DNOC for long periods may cause cataracts and skin rashes. (L198)

Oral (L198) ; inhalation (L198) ; dermal (L198)

Exposure to high levels of DNOC for short periods may cause convulsions, unconsciousness, and death. Exposure to low levels of DNOC may result in an increased basal metabolic rate, increased sweating, weight loss, and increased heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature. Other effects from DNOC exposure may include difficulty in breathing, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, and a yellowing of skin and the whites of the eyes. (L198)

Chemical: DNOC

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol

8 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

ATSDR Final

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LD50: 200 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T22)

LD50: 21 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T22)

LD50: 19 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T22)

LD50: 25 600 ug/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (T14)

The lethal dose in humans is reported to lie in the range of 350 to 3000 mg.

LD50 Rat oral 10 mg/kg.

LD50 Rat sc 25,600 mg/kg

LD50 Rat dermal 200 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 47 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Dilution may be contraindicated because if may increase absorption. Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

Medical surveilance shall be made available ... to all employees subject to occupational exposure to dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC). Preplacement examinations ... (a) Comprehensive medical and work histories with special emphasis directed towards any existing disorders, particularly of the lung, liver, kidney, thyroid gland, nervous and cardiovascular systems, skin, and eyes. (b) Urinalysis ... , complete blood count, hematocrit, and liver and kidney function test. (c) Evaluation of workers ability to use positive and negative pressure respirators.

Biological monitoring shall be provided to all employees engaged in the following agriculturally related occupations: mixers, loaders, ground and aerial applicators, and flaggers. This monitoring shall consist of weekly sampling and analysis of workers' blood for dinitro-o-cresol content during the period of expected exposure. ... Such monitoring shall be performed to insure that no worker absorbs an unacceptable amount of the compound. ... Unacceptable absorption of dinitro-o-cresol ... is demonstrated when the DNOC concentration equals or exceeds 20 ug/g of whole blood.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Single oral dose of 75 mg produced no toxic effect in 5 volunteers; however, two of them who took the dose daily for 5 or more days developed headache, lassitude, and malaise after 5 to 7 days. The symptoms corresponded to blood levels of 20 ppm with peaks of 40 and 48 ppm.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Cardiovascular effects appear to be secondary to cellular anoxia but do not appear to be consistent cardinal signs of DNOC exposure in humans. However, elevated pulse rates, tachycardia, and palpitations were observed in several patients. Although the basal metabolic rate was increased, the cardiovascular system was not affected after volunteers ingested 3 mg/kg/day DNOC for 4 days or 0.92-1.27 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days. Changes in blood pressure and pulse rate were regarded as not significant.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Signs and symptoms of acute DNOC poisoning in humans include nausea, gastric distress, restlessness, sensation of excessive heat, sweating, thirst, deep and rapid respiration, tachycardia, pyrexia, cyanosis, collapse and coma. Death is promptly followed by intense rigor mortis. A hot environment enhances the intensity of the symptoms and shortens the time until their occurrence. Acute DNOC poisoning runs a rapid course, and the general rule is either death or recovery within 24-48 hr.

/CASE REPORTS/ 40 employees of 5 agrochemical centers exposed to dinitro-o-cresol were screened. Blood levels from 9-69 ug/mL resulted in yellow coloring of hands, nails, and hair.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Diets containing 0.25% DNOC (or 2500 mg/kg feed) were administered for 2 days to 5-day-old white Peking ducklings. Cataracts were produced within 24 hr in all the birds. This concentration induced 56% mortality the first day and 100% the second day.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Environmental temperatures influenced the mortality rate among rats orally dosed with DNOC. Six of 12 rats died after receiving 20 mg/kg at 37-40 °C, while only 2 of 12 rats died after receiving twice the dose (40 mg/kg) at ... 20-22 °C. Therefore, increased environmental temperatures increased the toxicity of DNOC in rats. The investigators further demonstrated that increased environmental temperatures did not alter DNOC blood levels. Because DNOC uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, an increase in heat production and body temperature occurs. Elevated environmental temperatures lower the rate of heat dissipation and further exacerbate the signs of DNOC toxicity, which may become fatal.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In hens Selinon-80 sc LD100 was 1 g/kg and oral LD100 was 0.045 g/kg; Selinon-50 oral LD50 was 0.06 g/kg. Latent period between dosing and death with Selinon-80 was 86 min sc and 30 min orally. Selinon poisoning produced erythropenia, thrombopenia, leukocytosis, with pseudoeosinophilia, hyperglycemia and increased blood cholinesterase. Caused brain edema and enlargement of thyroid gland.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Cats survived single, 4 hour inhalation exposure to liquid DNOC aerosol at 1.4 mg/cu m; however, one of three died from similar exposure to 40 mg/cu m.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of August 9, 2018: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) 5-7 month old males; oral 22.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 18.0-28.5 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese Quail) juvenile, 14 days posthatch; chemical incorporated into food (ad libitum) >5000 ppm for 5 days

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, age >2 months, weight 300-400 mg; dermal 1.6 ug/sq cm for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, age >2 months, weight 300-400 mg; ground spray (in artificial soil, 83.5% sand, 5% clay, pH 7, 10.5% organic matter, 35% moisture) 21 mg/kg soil for 28 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Acute symptoms: ataxia, wings crossed high over back, and tail tremors or shivering... tachypnea, dyspnea, ruffed or unkempt feathers, tetany with legs extended posteriorly. Symptoms persisted in a few survivors for up to 2 wk /in 5-7 month old male mallards, oral admin/.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test):/ bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) 16 mg/L for 16 hr; Green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) 13 mg/L for 7 days; Protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum) 5.4 mg/L for 72 hr

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Structural and functional alterations in heptocytes of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, following a 4 week exposure to 5, 50, and 250 ug/L dinitro-o-cresol were investigated by means of electron microscopy and biochemistry. Whereas phenological parameters (growth, condition factor) are unaffected, ultrastructural and biochemical alterations are detectable at 50 and 5 ug/L DNOC, respectively. Structural modifications include: rounding up of the nuclei; fractionation and reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lysosomes, bundles of rod shaped smooth endoplasmic reticulum profiles; annulate lamellae; membrane whorls within mitochondria; crystallization of the peroxisomal matrix and glycogen bodies; glycogen depletion and lipid augmentation. Structural changes can be correlated to an increase in hepatic lipid and protein contents as well as stimulation of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase), peroxisomal (catalase, allantoinase, uricase), lysosomal (arylsulfatase), and microsomal (esterase) enzymes. An increase in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P450 as well as UDP-glucuronyltransferase and arylsulfotransferase activities in the microsomal fraction document an induction of heptic biotransformation as a functional correlate to smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation. Maximum inducibility of biotransformation enzymes at 50 ug/L indicates a biphasic, concentration-dependent reaction of eel liver.

/PLANTS/ Very phytotoxic.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

5.10e+00

6.60e+01

1.50e+00

5.00e+00

2.60e-03

Volatile

1.50e+01

2.00e+02

4.50e+00

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol's former production and use in the production of styrene resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol's former use in the US as a pesticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.00012 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. At temperatures below 20 °C, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 53 days. Particulate-phase 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol has been detected in numerous ambient cloud and rain samples. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol absorbs UV light at wavelengths extending beyond 400 and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 23 to 300. The pKa of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is 4.31, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mol. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 4% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released to water, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol may be expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 37 and 273 days, respectively. BCF values ranging from 56-64 and <2.9 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). The half-life for the photolysis of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in water has been reported as approximately 253 hours at 20 °C. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is no longer produced or used in the US (2018). Occupational exposure to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol may have occurred through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was produced or used. From its former use as a pesticide, the general population in the US was exposed to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol through inhalation of ambient air, dermal contact with rainwater and ingestion of foods contaminated with 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol. (SRC)

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol's former production and use as a polymerization inhibitor in the production of styrene(1) resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol's former use in the US as an insecticide, acaricide, and herbicide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 300(2) to 23(3) indicate that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is expected to have moderate to very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is 4.31(4), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). The results of an aquifer field study indicates the anionic form of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is more mobile in soil than the neutral form(6). Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C(7). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.00012 mm Hg at 25 °C(8). In soil, the nitro groups are reduced to amino groups; soil half-lives are reported to range from 0.1-15 days(8). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 4% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 300(2) to 23(3) indicate that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 37 and 273 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values ranging from 56-64(7) and <2.9(8) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to low(SRC). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4). The half-life for the photolysis of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in water has been reported as approximately 253 hours at 20 °C(9). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 4% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(8) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.00012 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. At temperatures below 20 °C, a gas/particle partitioning model predicts that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 53 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.0X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol absorbs UV light at wavelenghts extending beyond 400(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 4% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was considered difficult to degrade with <20% elimination within the prescribed test period in the Zahn-Wellens test(2). A theoretical BOD of 22.3% was measured in a Warburg respirometer over a 3 hr incubation period using an initial concentration of 100 ppm and a mixed bacteria culture adapted to phenol(3). Mixed bacteria cultures (primarily Pseudomonadaceae) obtained from mud, soil, and water degraded only 1% of initial 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (207 ppm) in 48 hr static flask tests using mineral solutions and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol as the only carbon source(4). An activated sludge system receiving an influent of 11 ppb 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was able to degrade 99% of the compound(5). In a static-culture flask-screening procedure using a settled wastewater innoculum and a 7-day static incubation followed by three weekly subcultures, an initial 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol concentration of 5 ppm was degraded 52, 58, 56, and 51% in the original, first, second, and third subcultures after 7 days, respectively(6). With an initial concentration of 10 ppm, degradation was 0, 5, 11, and 14% after 7 days for the original, first, second, and third subcultures, respectively(6).

AEROBIC: No loss of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was observed when 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was incubated in the dark with Texas soil (slightly basic sandy loam, 3.25% organic matter) and Mississippi soil (acidic soil, <1% organic matter) over a 65 day period(1). These soils had no previous exposure to industrial chemicals or wastes and did not receive any pre-treatment such as soil amendments or acclimated biological cultures(2). After a lag period of 80 days, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (25 ug/L) degraded quickly (rate constant 2.1 ug/L/day) under aerobic conditions in column experiments using groundwater and sediment from a shallow, unconfined, aquifer near Vejen, Denmark(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.0X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 53 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). The half-life for the photolysis of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in water has been reported as approximately 253 hours at 20 °C(3). Half-lives for the photolytic degradation of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in sandy loam soil, water with natural sunlight, and water with artificial light have been reported as 14 hours, 14-18 days, and 42-58 days, respectively(4). The rate constant for the reaction of singlet oxygen with 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in the anion form in aqueous phosphate at 27 °C was 1.25X10+5 L/mol-s(5), which corresponds to a half-life of approximately 4 years(SRC), assuming a singlet oxygen concentration of 4X10-14 molar(5). The UV absorption spectrum of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in dioxane exhibits a maximum at 265 nm which extends out beyond 400 nm while the absorption spectrum in aqueous NaOH has a strong maximum at 372 nm(6); these absorption data suggest that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

BCF values of <0.3-0.7 at 50 ug/L and <2.9 at 5 ug/L were measured for fish for 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period(1). Using bioaccumulation test OECD 305E which is a dynamic flow-through test, the BCF for zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) were calculated from the kinetics of the uptake and clearance phases and a BCF of 1.4 was found for 2,4-dinitro-o-cresol(2). BCF values ranging from 56-64 were found for Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) after a 24-30 day exposure to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (0.6-7.8 ug/L)(3). A BCF of 1.5 was reported for fish(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

Koc values for 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol derived from experimental measurements have been reported as 257(1) and 300(2). A Koc for 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol of 23 was reported for sandy loam(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is 4.31(5), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). In an aquifer laboratory and field study in Denmark, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol had Kd sorption coefficient values ranging from 0.10 to 0.98 with stronger sorption occurring at lower pHs where the neutral form of the compound was at a higher percentage than at the higher pHs(7); this indicates the anionic form of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is more mobile in soil than the neutral form(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol has been measured as 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is expected to volatilize slowly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 37 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 273 days(SRC). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur slowly(SRC). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.00012 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

GROUNDWATER: 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was found in one sample of groundwater from the Netherlands at a concentration of 0.05 ug/L(1). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was detected in two verified incidences in groundwater sampled from 28 counties in California(2). More than 3000 groundwater samples were collected from 2485 sites for the first cycle of the National Water Quality Assessment (1992-1996) and analyzed for pesticides; 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was reported as not detected from 2306 sites; detection limits generally ranged from 0.001-0.20 ug/L(3). Groundwater monitoring data from 500 disposal sites investigations in the U.S. were evaluated; 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was detected in groundwater with a frequency of 2% in EPA Region 9 and was not detected at the other nine EPA Regions sampled(4). Shallow groundwater (1.5-5 m below surface) from four different catchment areas, two sandy and two clayey locations were analyzed for pesticides and degradation products. At the clayey areas, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was detected at a concentration of <0.1 ug/L in 1 of 35 samples at one site, and not detected at the other site. At the sandy area, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was detected at a concentration of <0.1 ug/L in 1 of 53 samples at one site, and in 5 of 184 samples at the other site(5). The detection limit was 0.003 ug/L(5). Groundwater samples taken at different depths, 5-7, 16-18, and 25-27 meters, from the area of the former ammunition plant near Elsnig, Saxony, Germany were found to contain 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol at all depth levels(6). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Pesticides in Groundwater Database, which complied monitoring studies for 1971-1991, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was not detected in 412 wells sampled in California during 1984-1987(7).

SURFACE WATER: 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was reported at a concentration of <10 ppb in water collected in 1986 from the Potomac River near Quantico, VA(1). During a two year period, soil water, drainage water, stream water, and pond water samples were taken from a sandy (Bolbro Baek) and a clayey (Hojvads Rende) catchment survey area in Denmark; Hojvads Rende was cultivated heavily and Bolbro Baek was less heavily cultivated. At two sites in Hojvads Rende, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was detected in 3% of soil water samples, at one site at a concentration of 0.005 ug/L. It was not detected in drainage water at either site, and was detected in stream water at both sites with 18 and 11% frequency at concentrations ranging from 0.02-0.16 ug/L. At the two sites at Bolbro Baek, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was not detected in soil water, but was detected in 3% of stream water samples at both sites, at a concentration of 0.01 ug/L, which was the detection limit(2). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was found in three of the four ponds studied at concentrations ranging from 0.07-0.18 ug/L(2). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was detected at concentrations ranging from 0.80-1.59 ug/L in water samples collected from 10 sites on the Huaihe River in China in 2002(3). Summary statistics for the concentrations of pesticides in surface waters from three US systems that border the Great Lakes list 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol as detected in 98% of 165 samples with a 50th percentile concentration of 0.06 ug/L and minimum and maximum concentrations of 0.002 ug/L and 0.190 ug/L, respectively(4).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol has been found in rain collected from Hannover, Germany over a period of 9 months in 1988 and in snow collected from Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany Feb-Mar 1988(1). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was present in rain samples collected at an urban site in Dubendorf, Switzerland at concentrations of 4.8, 6.6, and 8.8 nM on Mar 2, Jul 16, and Nov 2, 1985, respectively(2). Average cloud water concentrations of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, collected between April 22 and May 11, 1983 from the summit of Great Dun Fell, U.K., a rural sampling site, ranged from 0.26-2.13 ug/L(3). Concentrations of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in cloud water collected in June 1994 at Mount Broken Germany ranged from 1.1-8.1 ug/L(4). Eight samplers were set up in geographically different regions (urban, rural, forest) in Bavaria, Germany to collect rain water; concentrations of various nitrophenols were measured monthly from 1995-1998(5). Median 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol concentrations in rain water ranged from approximately 0.3-0.5 ug/L(5). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol concentrations of 120 ng/L were detected in rainwater samples collected in Flanders, Belgium in 2001(6).

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol has been detected, not quantified in the wastewater effluents from two US chemical plants(1). It was qualitatively detected in the wastewater from the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant(2). 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol has been detected not quantified in the wastewaters of a pest control plant in England and in the wastewaters of a specialty chemical plant at a concentration of 18 ppm(3). Water from fighting a fire at a chemical warehouse in Basel, Switzerland on Nov 1, 1986 discharged an estimated 5-8 tons of pesticides into the Rhine River(4,5). The warehouse stored 65.9 metric tons of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol and the discharge to the Rhine River was estimated to be 660-2000 kg(4).

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was detected, not quantified in the sediment-soil-water complex at the Love Canal, Buffalo, NY(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: The concentration of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol was measured in air at the summit of Great Dun Fell, U.K., a rural sampling site(1). Gaseous phenol was sampled during cloud events and cloud-free events and was observed in a concentration range of 0.2-7.3 ng/cu m between April 22 and May 11, 1983(1).

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol was detected on Romanian plums at harvest time; however, residues were below tolerance limits(1). Residues were detected on potatoes taken from East German fields treated with the compound, but it was suggested that cooking would remove most of the dinitrocresol because it is steam-volatile(2).

Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol is no longer produced or used in the US (2018). (SRC)

It has been estimated that approximately 3000 US workers were potentially exposed to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol(1). Spraying of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in apple orchards can result in worker respiratory exposure ranging from below 0.05 mg/hr to 0.13 mg/hr and in dermal exposure of 22.5 to 55.1 mg/hr(2). The breakthrough time for solid 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol for latex and PVC glove materials were 4.5 and 5.2 minutes, respectively(3). No breakthrough was detected with polyurethane, neoprene, or nitrile as glove materials(3). The average measured exposures to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol during apple thinning sprays has been reported as 63.2 and 0.4 mg/hr for dermal and respiratory exposures(4). From its former use as a pesticide, the general population in the US was exposed to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol through inhalation of ambient air, dermal contact with rainwater and ingestion of foods contaminated with 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol(SRC).

The workplace air concentration of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol in German facilities preparing the spray liquids was found to range from 0.081 to 0.846 ng/cu m(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P047, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Dinitrocresol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incinerate (1,000 °F minimum) with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Dinitro-o-cresol/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Dinitro-o-cresol/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Dinitro-o-cresol/

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Dinitro-o-cresol/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1598; Dinitro-o-cresol

IMO 6.1; Dinitro-o-cresol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Dinitro-o-cresol is included on the dangerous goods list. /Dinitro-o-cresol/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Dinitro-o-cresol is included on the dangerous goods list. /Dinitro-o-cresol/