Nicotine

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (68%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (32%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (99.3%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (17.6%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (17.6%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (66.4%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (10.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 444 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P260, P271, P284, P304+P340, P316, P320, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Seizures may be rapid in onset. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Nicotine Exposure: Acute exposure to nicotine may result in headache, dizziness, confusion, agitation, restlessness, lethargy, seizures, and coma. Victims may experience hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and tachypnea (rapid respirations), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure), bradycardia (slow heart rate), and respiratory depression. Cardiac arrhythmias may also occur. Gastrointestinal effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or burning sensation, and diarrhea. Increased salivation, lacrimation (tearing), and sweating may be noted.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to nicotine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to nicotine.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to nicotine.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. THOROUGHLY wash exposed skin areas with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

7. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

Material too dangerous to health to expose firefighters. A few whiffs of the vapor could cause death; vapor or liquid could be fatal on penetrating firefighter's normal full protective clothing. Normal full protective clothing and breathing apparatus available to the average fire department will not provide adequate protection against inhalation or skin contact.

Extinguish with alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Water may cause frothing if it gets below surface of liquid and turns to steam. However, water fog gently applied to surface will cause frothing which will extinguish the fire. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

- Nicotine is combustible when exposed to heat or flame.

- Fire will produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.

- For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

- For large fires, use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

- For fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

- For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn.

- Run-off from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic, and it may cause pollution.

- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

To fight fire, use alcohol foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P075, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

1. BY ABSORBING IT IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH OR SIMILAR MATERIAL & DISPOSING IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. 2. BY ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, ... etc. Spray the soln into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace. Recommendable method: Incineration.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation.

Clothing contaminated with liquid nicotine should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of nicotine from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the nicotine, the person performing the operation should be informed of nicotine's hazardous properties. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid nicotine should be removed immediately and not reworn until the nicotine is removed from the clothing.

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to liquid nicotine, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NICOTINE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Dry. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.15 [mg/m3]

3.5 [mg/m3]

35 [mg/m3]

0.5 mg/m³

TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [skin]

0.5 [mg/m3]

5 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

5.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The fatal human dose has been estimated to be about 50 to 60 mg [Lazutka et al. 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 50 to 60 mg/kg is equivalent to a 70­kg worker being exposed to about 30 to 40 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.

5 mg/cu m

See: 54115

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.5 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ [1992]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. This may result in respiratory depression and central nervous system depression. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Nicotine is a teratogen (capable of causing birth defects). Other developmental toxicity or reproductive toxicity risks are unknown. The information about nicotine as a carcinogen is inconclusive.

Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxic effects upon human reproduction.

Classified for restricted use /as an insecticide/, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: liquid and dry formulations 14% and above; USE PATTERN: indoor (greenhouse); CLASSIFICATION: restricted; CRITERIA INFLUENCING RESTRICTION: acute inhalation toxicity. /Nicotine (alkaloid)/

Classified for restricted use /as an insecticide/, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: all formulations; USE PATTERN: applications to cranberries; CLASSIFICATION: restricted; CRITERIA INFLUENCING RESTRICTION: effects on aquatic organisms. /Nicotine (alkaloid)/

Classified for restricted use /as an insecticide/, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. FORMULATION: liquid and dry formulations 1.5% and less; USE PATTERN: all uses (domestic and nondomestic); CLASSIFICATION: unclassified. /Nicotine (alkaloid)/

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Nicotine:

Nicotine appears as a colorless to light yellow or brown liquid. Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid with a fish-like odor when warm. [insecticide] [NIOSH]

OILY COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid with a fish-like odor when warm.

Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid with a fish-like odor when warm. [insecticide]

Colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid that turns brown on exposure to air or light. Also available as a powder.

Colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid

Thick, water-white, levarotatory oil turning brown on exposure to air

Pale-yellow to dark brown liquid

Fish-like odor when warm

Acrid, burning

476.1 °F at 745 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

247 °C; 125 deg at 18 mm Hg

476.1 °F at 745 mmHg

247.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

482 °F (Decomposes)

-110 °F (EPA, 1998)

203 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

214 °F (101 °C)

Miscible (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with water below 60 °C; very sol in alcohol, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, kerosene, oils

Slightly soluble in ligroin

In water, 1X10+6 mg/L at 25 °C (miscible)

1000 mg/mL

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

1.0097 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.00925 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.01

1.0092 @ 20°C

5.61 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.61 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.6

1 mmHg at 143.24 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.08 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 1 MM HG @ 61.8 °C

0.038 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.006

0.08 mmHg

log Kow = 1.17

Flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

An alkaloid produced from tobacco. Colorless, oily liquid, combustible, highly toxic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 919].

... Can react with oxidizing materials.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids

Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed up of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the cortico-limbic pathways. This causes the channel to open and allow conductance of multiple cations including sodium, calcium, and potassium. This leads to depolarization, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and allows more calcium to enter the axon terminal. Calcium stimulates vesicle trafficking towards the plasma membrane and the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine binding to its receptors is responsible the euphoric and addictive properties of nicotine.

Nicotine also binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Binding opens the ion channel allowing influx of sodium, causing depolarization of the cell, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the release of epinephrine from intracellular vesicles into the bloodstream, which causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased blood sugar.

Nicotine

Pharmaceutical

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Nicotine used in cigarette cessation programs as well as nicotine containing e-cigarettes have not been associated with serum enzyme elevations during therapy at rates greater than occurred with placebo. Medical and recreational uses of nicotine have not been associated with cases of clinically apparent liver injury.

Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Nicotine has mood-altering effects that may include relaxation, sharpness, calmness, and alertness. It may act as a stimulant or sedative/pain killer, depending on the dosage. (L327)

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation

Smoking tobacco reduces milk yield and often results in early cessation of breastfeeding. Maternal smoking is also a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Some authors and guidelines have advocated use of nicotine replacement products in smoking mothers to reduce the risk to breastfed infants of inhaled smoke and toxins in maternal cigarette smoke. However, others point out that based on animal data, nicotine may increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome and might interfere with normal infant lung development. These authors recommend against using any form of nicotine in nursing mothers. No studies have been performed to resolve these issues, but one report indicates that a neonate exposed to nicotine during pregnancy had withdrawal symptoms that were relieves somewhat by maternal breastmilk. Only nicotine patches have been formally studied in nursing mothers, but a mother with high doses of oral nicotine pouches developed hyperprolactinemia of about 25 times normal.

The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine considers nicotine replacement products to be compatible with breastfeeding, with the type of product determined by the clinical needs of the breastfeeding mother. An alternate smoking cessation product may be preferred during nursing.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants

Maternal smoking is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Nicotine is thought to be the causative factor by reducing the dopamine content of the carotid bodies and reducing the infant's ability to autoresuscitate during hypoxic episodes.

Nicotine in the breastmilk of smokers also appears to reduce the heart rate variability in male breastfed infants.

In a study of the infants of 5 mothers who were using 21 mg nicotine patches for smoking cessation, the infants' average Denver Developmental age was equivalent to their chronological age.

An infant was born to a mother who was vaping nicotine throughout pregnancy and postpartum partially provided breastmilk to her infant because of a limited breastmilk supply. Her infant was initially admitted to the newborn nursery and transferred to the NICU after 4 hours due to signs and symptoms of respiratory distress, grunting and tachypnea, and required high-flow nasal canula oxygen therapy at 2 L/minute with FiO2 of 25%. Laboratory values and imaging were consistent with transient tachypnea of the newborn. On the second day of life, the newborn’s examination was notable for irritability, tremors, hypertonia, weak suck, high-pitched cry, and sneezing. The neonate’s Finnegan scores remained persistently elevated over the first 24 hours with the highest score of 18. Morphine was administered throughout most of the newborn’s NICU stay, with the highest dose of 0.1 mg/kg/dose every 3 h. Morphine was gradually weaned beginning on day 8 of life; however, by day 17, the infant’s Finnegan scores had begun to trend upward and the infant’s clinical assessment was notable for a high-pitched cry, irritability, difficulty sleeping after feeds, and excessive sucking. Consequently, the morphine dose was increased. It was noted that symptoms were more pronounced when breastmilk intake was minimal, leading to speculation of postnatal exposure through breastmilk. The mother admitted to using e-cigarettes, taking several puffs throughout the day. The infant had elevated cotinine levels in urine. The mother stopped vaping in order to breastfeed and by day 33, morphine was discontinued and the infant was discharged home the next day.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

Cigarette smoking reduces milk yield. This effect may be caused by nicotine, although other factors associated with smoking may also play a role.

In a study of 15 nursing mothers who were using nicotine patches in decreasing doses from 21 mg to 14 mg to 7 mg over several weeks, their average milk production was 17% lower than average literature values as judged by infant milk intake. The study did not directly compare the milk production of smokers to nonsmokers, however. In this study, infant milk intake during maternal use of the nicotine patch was similar to that during smoking.

A woman had a history of mild galactorrhea and breast engorgement from risperidone that had improved with the discontinuation of risperidone 1 year prior. She had serum prolactin levels measured. She had quit smoking 2 to 3 weeks prior to having her prolactin levels checked and had started using 10 to 12 nicotine pouches daily (6 mg each) to help with nicotine cravings. Initial laboratory values showed a prolactin level of 312 mcg/L (reference 5.2 to 26.5 mcg/L). Because she was trying to get pregnant, she discontinued nicotine pouches immediately after learning of high prolactin levels. Prolactin levels normalized 2 and 3 days later (13.4 mcg/L and 8.8 mcg/L, respectively).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Nicotine can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and mucous membranes.

Oral (L327) ; Inhalation (L327)

Absorption of nicotine through the buccal mucosa is relatively slow and the high and rapid rise followed by the decline in nicotine arterial plasma concentrations seen with cigarette smoking are not achieved with the inhaler. About 10% of absorbed nicotine is excreted unchanged in urine.

Burning sensation. Confusion. Nausea. Vomiting. Excessive salivation. Diarrhoea. Sweating. Dizziness. Convulsions. Lethargy. Respiratory and cardiac arrest.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. See Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

nausea, salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea; headache, dizziness, hearing, visual disturbance; confusion, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), incoordination; cardiac arrhythmias; convulsions, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); In Animals: teratogenic effects

- Irritation and redness.

- Pure nicotine in the eye may cause severe pain and inflammation of the conjuctiva.

- Severe exposure may cause opacification of the cornea.

- Early phase: nausea, vomiting (emesis), abdominal pain, and increased salivation; fluid build-up in the airways (bronchorrhea); rapid, heavy breathing (hyperpnea); high blood pressure (hypertension), rapid heart rate (tachycardia), and generalized narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) with pale skin; and headache, dizziness, confusion, agitation, restlessness, loss of balance and difficulty walking, and visual and hearing (auditory) distortions.

- Late phase: diarrhea (particularly at larger doses); shallow breathing (hypoventilation), no breathing (apnea), low blood pressure (hypotension), slow heart rate (bradycardia), abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias), and shock (critically low blood pressure); and loss of normal reflexes (hyporeflexia), loss of normal muscle tone (hypotonia), lethargy, weakness, paralysis, and coma (long-term loss of consciousness).

- Possible burning sensation in the mouth, throat, and stomach.

- Absorption of nicotine by ingestion is not complete because acid in the stomach prevents nicotine from being very well absorbed.

- See Ingestion Exposure.

- Irritation and redness (erythema).

- Occupational handling of tobacco leaves may result in green tobacco sickness caused by dermal absorption of nicotine.

- Absorption through the skin and particularly through the mucous membranes may result in whole-body (systemic) toxicity.

LC50 Eisenia fetida (earthworm, mature 370-450 mg) direct application using filter paper 1-10 ug/sq cm for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog, developing mid to late blastula); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23-24 °C, without the metabolic activation system; Concentration: 400 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: development, general /100% purity/

EC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog, developing mid to late blastula); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23-24 °C, frog larvae injected with chorionic gonadotropin to induce ovulation and amplexus; Concentration: 5800 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: development, general /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog, developing mid to late blastula); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23-24 °C, without metabolic activation system; Concentration: 136000 ug/L for 96 hr /100% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for NICOTINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effect of nicotine on growth and fecundity of Daphnia pulex was tested in 16-day static renewal, full-life-cycle bioassays. For each concn, 15 Daphnia neonates were placed in individual test tubes in a chamber. Recovery rates for nicotine at 1 hr after preparation in water only was 57% and 89% in test media. At 48 and 72 hr after preparation, nicotine concn in water had dropped to 24 and 9%, and in test media to 3 and 0%, respectively. Estimated LOEC's (lowest observable effect concn, were based on nominal concn which were much higher than the actual concn. Mortality of the original daphnids was 10%, 6%, 4%, 10%, 20% and 66% at 0, 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, 0.18, and 0.24 mg/L, respectively. Nicotine significantly reduced growth and fecundity of daphnids at nominal concn from 0.02 to 0.24 mg/L. The lowest observable effect concn for length was 0.07 mg/L and the lowest observable effect concn for fecundity was 0.18 mg/L. Fecundity approached 0 at 0.24 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...A hazard ranking for 19 classes of compounds representing many of the nearly 500 organic compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) from the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair /is provided/. ...A provisional hazard ranking /was made/ based on available published and unpublished information on aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, occurrence and sources. Acute toxicity tests with Daphnia pulex at 17 °C in reconstituted hard water were performed with 30 compounds representative of the 19 classes that were highest in the provisional ranking. The resulting toxicity data, along with information on the compounds' occurrence in Great Lakes fish and their sources, were ranked and weighted and then used in calculating the revised hazard ranking. The 10 most hazardous classes, in descending order, are as follows (values shown are mean 48-hr EC50s, in ug/mL): arene halides (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT), 0.0011; phthalate esters, 0.133; chlorinated camphenes (toxaphene), 0.0082; polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., dimethyl-naphthalene) and reduced derivatives, 1.01; chlorinated fused polycyclics (e.g., trans-nonachlor), 0.022; nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., O-methylhydroxylamine), 1.35; alkyl halides (e.g., (bromomethyl)cyclohexene), 10.1; cyclic alkanes (e.g., cyclododecane), 20.9; silicon-containing compounds (e.g., dimethyldiethoxy silane), 1.25; and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (e.g., nicotine), 2.48. ...

/PLANTS/ A variety of test methods were used to study the gradation, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of nicotine. Studies included determination of the octanol-water partition coefficient, conversion to CO2 in soil and activated sludge, and evaluation of the effects on microbiological and algal inhibition as well as plant germination and root elongation. The partitioning of nicotine between octanol and water indicated that nicotine will not bioaccumulate regardless of the pH of the medium. The aqueous and soil-based biodegradation studies indicated that nicotine is readily biodegradable in both types of media. The microbiological inhibition and aquatic and terrestrial toxicity tests indicated that nicotine has low toxicity. ...Using the estimated nicotine concentrations in water, soil, and sediment and the proper median effective concentrations derived from the algal growth, biomass inhibition, and buttercrunch lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed germination and root elongation studies, hazard quotients of between 10-7 and 10-8 were calculated, providing further support for the conclusion that the potential for nicotine toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial species in the environment is extremely low.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Nicotine's production and use as a pharmaceutical may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its limited use as an insecticide will result in its direct release to the environment. Nicotine is contained in the leaves of the tobacco plants Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.0038 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates nicotine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase nicotine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours. Nicotine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, nicotine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 100. However, nicotine is a base and protonation under neutral and acidic conditions may result in greater adsorption and less mobility than its estimated Koc or water solubility indicate. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Nicotine may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Nicotine was biodegraded very slowly by Arthrobacter globiformis, isolated from cigar tobacco leaves (var. Nambu) and soil of a tobacco field, to first 6-hydroxynicotine and then 6-hydroxy-N'-methylmyosine. Mixed culture data were not available. If released into water, nicotine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to nicotine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where nicotine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to nicotine via inhalation of ambient air. Exposure to nicotine among the general population may be via dermal contact by those using nicotine transdermal patches for the treatment of smoking withdrawal and by those who smoke cigarettes or are in close proximity of people who are smoking cigarettes. (SRC)

N. glauca (burley tobacco, wild tobacco, wild tree tobacco) and N. tabacum (tobacco plant) contain the alkaloid nicotine.

SMOKING TOBACCO USUALLY CONTAINS 1-2% NICOTINE.

Nicotine is an alkaloid contained in the leaves of the tobacco plants(1) Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica(2).

... /Nicotine/ is found in ... Aesclepias syriaca /common milkweed/.

Nicotine's production and use as a pharmaceutical(1), and the disposal of cigarettes containing nicotine may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The compound may be carried as runoff from streets to drains, to rivers, and ultimately to the ocean and its beaches; cigarette filters (butts) are the single most collected item in international beach cleanups each year(2). Improper disposal of cigarettes in the environment accounted for 19.1% of all items collected during the International Coastal Cleanup Project in 1997(3). Its limited use as an insecticide(4) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

Chemical characterization was made of gas-phase components of environmental tobacco smoke in a 30 cu m Teflon chamber from smoking 1R1 Kentucky reference cigarettes. Nicotine was the most abundant particulate compound identified by collection with either the annular denuder/filter pack system or the high vol samplers (467 + or - 144 umol/g), regardless of whether fresh or aged environmental tobacco smoke particles were collected on the filter. The mole ratio of particulate nicotine to carbon monoxide (CO) was the same for both fresh and aged samples. After 4 cigarettes were burned and chambers were exposed to ultraviolet light during the second and fourth hr of the expt, the nicotine concn during hr 1, hr 3 and hr 5 were 154, 581, and 632 umol/g, respectively.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.17(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that nicotine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). However, the pKb1 and pKb2 values of 6.16 and 10.96(4) indicate that this compound will almost entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of nicotine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(6). Nicotine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.038 mm Hg at 25 °C(7). Nicotine was biodegraded very slowly by Arthrobacter globiformis, isolated from cigar tobacco leaves (var. Nambu) and soil of a tobacco field, to first 6-hydroxynicotine and then 6-hydroxy-N'-methylmyosine(8). Mixed culture data were not available(SRC, 2009).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.17(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that nicotine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Nicotine was biodegraded very slowly by Arthrobacter globiformis, isolated from cigar tobacco leaves (var. Nambu) and soil of a tobacco field(7), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nicotine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.038 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase nicotine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Nicotine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

BACTERIAL STRAIN, ISOLATED FROM TOBACCO LEAVES, OXIDIZED NICOTINE TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID ... ARTHROBACTER OXYDANS, ADAPTED TO L-, D-, DL-NICOTINE, CONVERTED BOTH ... ISOMERS INITIALLY TO 6-HYDROXY NICOTINE. THESE ... THEN METABOLIZED TO ... 6-HYDROXY-N-METHYLMYOSMINE.

PURE CULTURE: Several organisms capable of degrading nicotine have been isolated from leaves and seeds of tobacco and from soil(1). A wide variety of transformation products have been identified from bacterial fermentation media, tobacco seed infusions and fermented tobacco leaves. These products include oxynicotine, 3-pyridylmethyl ketone, 2,3'-dipyridyl, N-methylmyosmine and a purple crystalline pigment(1). A variety of different degradation pathways have been proposed(1). However, in a study designed to identify the effects of nicotine on some human oral bacterial species, it was determined that nicotine neither stimulates nor reduces growth(2). Nicotine was degraded very slowly by an isolate, Arthriobacter globiformis, from cigar tobacco leaves (var. Nambu) and soil of tobacco field in Iwate prefecture of Northern Japan; products identified were first 6-hydroxynicotine and then 6-hydroxy-N'-methylmyosine(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of nicotine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Nicotine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Nicotine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). However, the concentration of gas-phase nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke generated from cigarettes in a Teflon chamber was shown to decrease approximately 70% as a result of exposure of the tobacco smoke to 1 hr of ultraviolet radiation(3).

NICOTINE DECOMP WAS ACCELERATED BY UV RADIATION. RATE WAS GREATER IN SOLN @ PH 9.5 THAN @ ACID PH OF 6.2 OR 2.1. SULFATE FORM WAS MORE STABLE THAN FREE NICOTINE ... .

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for nicotine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.17(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of nicotine is estimated as 100(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.17(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that nicotine is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKb1 of nicotine is 6.16(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Adsorption of nicotine, under more acidic conditions, can be represented as a high-affinity type isotherm, indicating that nicotine has a high affinity for humic acids in soil as a result of protonation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom of nicotine(6).

Sorption coefficients (m hr-1) of 1.5, 5.3, and 1.4 were measured for nicotine on stainless steel, carpet, and wallboard(1).

The Henry's Law constant for nicotine is estimated as 3.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that nicotine is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Nicotine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may not occur(SRC). Nicotine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.038 mm Hg(3).

OF 10 WATER UTILITIES SURVEYED BY EPA (1975A), ONLY FINISHED WATER OF MIAMI CONTAINED NICOTINE @ 3 UG/L.

SURFACE WATER: Nicotine was measured in samples collected from the Rhine river in 1989 and 1991 at several locations including Lobith (not detected to 0.032 ug/L), Werkendam (0.022 ug/L), Maasluis (0.02 ug/L), and Haringvliet (0.019 ug/L), The Netherlands(1). In Swiss lakes, the nicotine derivatives cotinine, 3'hydroxycotinine, and N-formylnornicotine, formed as a result of human metabolism, were detected at concentrations up to 15, 80, and 60 ng/L, respectively, attributed to the anthropogenic burden by release from treatment plants of treated domestic wastewater(2).

DRINKING WATER: Nicotine was positively identified in drinking water from: Cincinnati, OH - Oct 1978 and Jan 1980; Ottumva, IA - Sept 1976; and Seattle, WA - Nov 1976(1). During the 1975 US EPA National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) nicotine was detected in 1/10 finished water supplies(2). Finished water from Miami, FL contained 3 ug/L nicotine(2).

SEAWATER: Nicotine levels in Jamaica Bay, NY estuary ranged from 250-600 ng/L, concentrations decreasing with increasing salinity(1).

Nicotine was tentatively identified in the final effluent, sampled during May 1980, from the Roselle, IL municipal wastewater treatment plant(1). Nicotine was identified as a trace organic in a sample of secondary effluent at Fort Polk, LA, November 4-5, 1980, concentration of 0.12 ug/L; it was not quantified in a second sample(2). Nicotine has been detected in the final effluent from one plant in each of the following industries: pulp and paper, auto and other laundries and mechanical products(3). Nicotine was detected in 1 of 3 publicly owned treatment works in New Jersey at a concentration of 0.9 ppb(4). The mean nicotine levels in wastewater treatment plant effluent to Jamaica Bay, NY estuary was 2,100 ng/L; the mean influent concentration was 17,000 ng/L, indicating an 87% removal efficiency(5).

Average nicotine concentrations in tobacco smoke, generated by 2 volunteer smokers in a 10.75 cu m exposure chamber, was 12.3, 22.7, 65.2, 152, and 82.7 ug/cu m for 2, 4, 10, 20, and 10 cigarettes smoked, respectively(1).

INDOOR: Air samples taken from offices in Wichita, KS and Lubbock, TX contained 0.3 and 0.6 ng/cu m, respectively, of nicotine in particulate form(1). Nicotine was not detected in samples of ambient air taken from Wichita, KS during 1981/82 and Lubbock, TX during 1982(1). The mean range of nicotine inside US homes of smokers is 1 to 3 ug/cu m(2). Nicotine concns ranged from 0.4-1.7 ug/cu m in an office building in Rio di Janeiro, Brazil, sampled for one week in December 1995; the concn range in simultaneously sampled outdoor air was not detected to 0.1 ng/cu m(3).

INDOOR: Reported concns range from approximately 1 ug/cu m for a highly ventilated low-frequency smoking environment to approximately 1000 ug/cu m for the extreme case of a non-ventillated artificially high-frequency smoking environment. More typical exposures such as those occurring under actual smoking conditions in offices, restaurants, and common-access facilities range from 3 to 30 ug/cu m of nicotine(1). Vapor-phase nicotine was measured over 1 week in the main living area in 96 residences; nicotine was detected in 47 residences and was strongly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked in that location(2). Air samples collected from an apartment where smoking was occurring in the living room contained nicotine at 33, 22, and 8.7 ug/cu m in the living room, bedroom, and study room, respectively(3). Air samples collected from a 3-story house where smoking was occurring in the living room contained nicotine at 75, 26, 10, and 10 ug/cu m in the living room, kitchen, bedroom, and attic, respectively(3). Nicotine was present at 27 ug/cu m in a small smoking room with a high ventilation rate during working hours(3). The exposure level to nicotine in three offices was from 5.9 to 19.8 ug/cu m; in coffee shops, pubs and cars an average exposure level of 31.5 to 43.2 ug/cu m was measured; in smoking seats and no-smoking seats of trains and airplanes nicotine concns were 16.7 and 1.3, and 13.5 and 5.3 ug/cu m, respectively(4). Nicotine concns measured in a tavern ranged from 60-71 ug/cu m(5).

INDOOR: A mean nicotine concentration of 2 ppb nicotine was reported in air craft cabins; range of 0 to 26 ppb(1). The mean nicotine concn measured in passenger cabins of airplanes was 5.5 ug/cu m and 9.2 ug/cu m for non-smoking and smoking sections, respectively(2).

INDOOR: Nicotine concns at a bar and at 2 bar/restaurants, where smoking was permitted, ranged from 1.1-7 ug/cu m to 2 to 13.1 ug/cu m, respectively(1). Nicotine concns of 1.0, 1.6, 17.1, and 0.6 to 4.3 ug/cu m were reported for a subway station, hospital, clinic (smoking area), and in 5 office buildings, respectively(1). Nicotine concns in a billiard parlor(34 cigarettes smoked , 2 hr period), in 2 homes (6 cigarettes smoked each home, 4 hr period), in a department store (0 cigarettes smoked, 4 hr period), and in an automobile (0 cigarettes smokes, 8 hr period) were 19.4, 12.1 to 14.4, 0.6, and 0.4 ug/cu m, respectively(2). Nicotine concns measured in an office receiving recirculated air from smoking designated areas were similar to nonsmoking offices receiving "clean" air (about 1 ug/cu m)(3). The mean concn of nicotine from 57 offices was 3 ug/cu m with a minimum of <1 ug/cu m and a maximum value of 21 ug/cu m(4). Indoor air was sampled in 8 residential homes in Columbus, OH where a wide range of cigarettes was smoked(5). concns of nicotine averaged 4700 ug/cu m in the kitchen (minimum = 45; maximum = 25000 ug/cu m) and 9400 ug/cu m in the living room (minimum = 24; maximum = 45000 ug/cu m), but only 9.6 ug/cu m in outdoor samples(5). Average indoor air concns of nicotine in non-smoking households ranged from 60 to 110 ug/cu m and in smoking households from 1600-20000 ug/cu m(5).

Gum containing nicotine (Nicorette) is available in boxes of 96 pieces, each of which contains 2 mg nicotine bound to an ion-exchange resin.

Nicotine was detected in the fiscal year period of 1983-1986 during regulatory monitoring for the FDA pesticide residue monitoring program at unreported concns and in an unreported number of samples(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: In the body, nicotine is metabolized to a number of compounds, such as cotinine, 3'hydroxycotinine, and N-formylnornicotine(1). Passive smoking may result in a mean concentration of 12 ppb in breast milk(2). Breast milk from heavy smokers may contain 0.5 mg/L(3). Nicotine was detected in breast milk from smokers and nonsmokers at a mean concentration of 91 and 0 ppb, respectively(4). Detected (0.2-1.6 ng/mL) in serum of newborn infants nursed by smoking mothers(5).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P075, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

1. BY ABSORBING IT IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH OR SIMILAR MATERIAL & DISPOSING IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. 2. BY ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, ... etc. Spray the soln into a furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into a mixture of sand and soda ash (9:1). After mixing, put into a paper carton stuffed full with packing paper to serve as fuel. Burn in a furnace. Recommendable method: Incineration.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for NICOTINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1654; NICOTINE LIQUID OR SOLID

IMO 6.1; Nicotine liquid or solid

49 214 49; Nicotine, liquid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

GHS09; GHS06. DANGER. H300; H310; H330; H411.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II