1-chloropropane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (99.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (99.2%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332 (99.2%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 124 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Get medical attention.

INHALATION: Remove to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

EYES: Flush with water for at least 15 min., lifting lids occasionally.

SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash with soap and water. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Keep away from heat/sparks/open flame/hot surface. No smoking.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal precautions: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Full impervious protective clothing, including boots and gloves. Where splashing is possible wear full face shield or chemical safety goggles. Use approved respirator to protect against vapors. (USCG, 1999)

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). Hand protection: Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands. Full contact Material: Fluorinated rubber (Minimum layer thickness: 0.7 mm Break through time: 480 min). Splash contact Material: Fluorinated rubber (Minimum layer thickness: 0.7 mm Break through time: 480 min). Eye protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). Skin and body protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

1-chloropropane appears as a clear colorless liquid. Boiling point 46.6 °C. Flash point below 0 °F. Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Irritant and narcotic.

Colorless liquid; [Merck Index]

Colorless liquid

Chloroform-like odor

115 to 117 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

46.60 °C

-189 °F (USCG, 1999)

-122.8 °C

Liquid Molar Volume = 0.088777 cu m/kmol; Ideal Gas Heat of Formation = -1.3318X10+8 J/kmol; Heat of Fusion at melting point = 5.5440X10+6 J/kmol

0 °F (USCG, 1999)

-17.7 °C

< 0 °F (< -18 °C) (CLOSED CUP)

In water, 2720 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with ethanol, ether; soluble in benzene, chloroform

0.892 (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8899 g/cu cm

2.7 (Air = 1)

345.0 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 1 mm Hg at 68.3 °C

344.4 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 2.04

968 °F (USCG, 1999)

968 °F (520 °C)

Standard state = -483.0 kcal/mol at 25 °C, as a liquid

6.812 kcal/mol at 25 °C

21.78 dyne/cm at 20 °C

Index of refraction: 1.3879 at 20 °C/D

Percent in saturated air: 44.5

Henry's Law constant = 0.013 atm-cu m/mol at 20 °C /derived from vapor pressure and water solubility/

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Coriolis coupling

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Centrifugal distortion

Chemical bond

Chemical diffusion

Composition

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Diffusion

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

1-CHLOROPROPANE presents a dangerous fire risk. May be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Rats /were exposed/ to 1.7 mmol/liter (40,000 ppm) 1 hr/day for 4 days and ... the livers and lungs /were examined/. Slight alveolar hemorrhage and "significant" focal necrosis of the liver were observed. This concentration was reported to be anesthetic in mice.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 1-Chloropropane rated 2 on rabbit eyes. The compound was tested externally on the eyes of rabbits, and, according to the degree of injury observed after 24 hours, rated on a scale of 1 to 10. The most severely injurious substances have been rated 10.

1-Chloropropane (CAS# 540-54-5) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity. The test substance was administered to guinea pigs (sex and number not provided) at a dose level of 1.0 g/kg or 3.0 g/kg, which caused 100% survival and mortality, respectively. No further information was provided.

1-Chloropropane (CAS# 540-54-5) was evaluated for dermal irritation. The test substance was applied repeatedly to the ear and belly of a rabbit (sex and number not provided) which resulted in slight irritation at both sites. No further information was provided.

1-Chloropropane's production and use as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Chloropropane is an impurity in commercial allyl chloride, therefore, production and use of allyl chloride may result in release of 1-chloropropane to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Chloropropane has been detected in volcanic emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloropropane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloropropane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days. If released to soil, 1-chloropropane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 40. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.013 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Chloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Based on limited data, 1-chloropropane may be resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil and water; using a sewage inoculum, 1.9% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours. Anaerobic dehalogenation has been shown to occur in anaerobic sediment studies. If released into water, 1-chloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1-Chloropropane has a measured hydrolysis half-life of 0.8 years in water at 25 °C. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where 1-chloropropane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-chloropropane via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

1-Chloropropane has been detected in lava gas and fumaroles from volcanoes in Japan and Italy(1).

1-Chloropropane's production and use as a chemical intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Commercial allyl chloride is at least 97.5 wt% pure and contains 1-chloropropane as an impurity(2); therefore, production and use of allyl chloride may result in release of 1-chloropropane to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1-Chloropropane is formed through anaerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane(3) which may be an environmental source of 1-chloropropane(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloropropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloropropane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.013 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from a vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg(3) and water solubility of 2720 mg/L(4). 1-Chloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). Based on limited data, 1-chloropropane may be resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil; using a sewage inoculum, 1.9% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours(5). Anaerobic dehalogenation has been shown to occur in anaerobic sediment studies(6). Some abiotic hydrolysis may occur in wet soils based on a measured hydrolysis half-life of 0.8 years in water at 25 °C(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.013 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from a vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 2720 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.04(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on limited data, 1-chloropropane may be resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil; using a sewage inoculum, 1.9% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours(8). Anaerobic dehalogenation has been shown to occur in anaerobic sediment studies(9). 1-Chloropropane has a measured hydrolysis half-life of 0.8 years in water at 25 °C(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloropropane, which has a measured vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloropropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: 1-Chloropropane, incubated in sewage from the Hilliard treatment plant, reached 0.7, 0.8, and 1.9% of the theoretical oxygen demand in 6, 12, and 24 hours(1).

ANAEROBIC: 1-Chloropropane was observed to undergo reductive dehalogenation in anaerobic sediment studies(1). 1-Chloropropane was identified as a reductive dehalogenation product from the anaerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane(2).

PURE CULTURE: Pure cultures of Ancylobacter aquaticus(1), Corynebacterium sp.(2), Alcaligenes faecalis(3), and Xanthobacter autotrophicus(4) have been shown to degrade 1-chloropropane; degradation is believed to proceed initially by dehalogenation(1,4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloropropane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The neutral aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 1-chloropropane at 25 °C was experimentally determined to be 0.8 years(2); the base-catalyzed half-life at 25 °C was too slow to be measured(3).

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 1-chloropropane(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 2.04(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloropropane can be estimated to be 40(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloropropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloropropane is estimated as 0.013 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 344 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2720 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloropropane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 days(SRC). 1-Chloropropane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is likely to occur(SRC). 1-Chloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC).

GROUNDWATER: Chloropropane, isomer not specified, was detected in groundwater samples collected from a contaminated aquifer in Switzerland at unreported concentrations(1).

Landfill leachate which had been treated with chlorine contained 1-chloropropane at unreported concentrations(1).

Chloropropane has been detected in lava gas and fumaroles from volcanoes in Japan and Italy(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 173 workers (3 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1-chloropropane in the USA(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact at workplaces where 1-chloropropane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-chloropropane via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with vapors and products containing 1-chloropropane(SRC).

1-Chloropropane's production and use as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Chloropropane is an impurity in commercial allyl chloride, therefore, production and use of allyl chloride may result in release of 1-chloropropane to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Chloropropane has been detected in volcanic emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloropropane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloropropane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days. If released to soil, 1-chloropropane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 40. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.013 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Chloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Based on limited data, 1-chloropropane may be resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil and water; using a sewage inoculum, 1.9% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours. Anaerobic dehalogenation has been shown to occur in anaerobic sediment studies. If released into water, 1-chloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1-Chloropropane has a measured hydrolysis half-life of 0.8 years in water at 25 °C. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where 1-chloropropane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-chloropropane via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

1-Chloropropane has been detected in lava gas and fumaroles from volcanoes in Japan and Italy(1).

1-Chloropropane's production and use as a chemical intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Commercial allyl chloride is at least 97.5 wt% pure and contains 1-chloropropane as an impurity(2); therefore, production and use of allyl chloride may result in release of 1-chloropropane to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1-Chloropropane is formed through anaerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane(3) which may be an environmental source of 1-chloropropane(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloropropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloropropane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.013 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from a vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg(3) and water solubility of 2720 mg/L(4). 1-Chloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). Based on limited data, 1-chloropropane may be resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil; using a sewage inoculum, 1.9% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours(5). Anaerobic dehalogenation has been shown to occur in anaerobic sediment studies(6). Some abiotic hydrolysis may occur in wet soils based on a measured hydrolysis half-life of 0.8 years in water at 25 °C(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.013 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from a vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 2720 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.04(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on limited data, 1-chloropropane may be resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil; using a sewage inoculum, 1.9% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 24 hours(8). Anaerobic dehalogenation has been shown to occur in anaerobic sediment studies(9). 1-Chloropropane has a measured hydrolysis half-life of 0.8 years in water at 25 °C(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloropropane, which has a measured vapor pressure of 344 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloropropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: 1-Chloropropane, incubated in sewage from the Hilliard treatment plant, reached 0.7, 0.8, and 1.9% of the theoretical oxygen demand in 6, 12, and 24 hours(1).

ANAEROBIC: 1-Chloropropane was observed to undergo reductive dehalogenation in anaerobic sediment studies(1). 1-Chloropropane was identified as a reductive dehalogenation product from the anaerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dichloropropane(2).

PURE CULTURE: Pure cultures of Ancylobacter aquaticus(1), Corynebacterium sp.(2), Alcaligenes faecalis(3), and Xanthobacter autotrophicus(4) have been shown to degrade 1-chloropropane; degradation is believed to proceed initially by dehalogenation(1,4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloropropane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The neutral aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 1-chloropropane at 25 °C was experimentally determined to be 0.8 years(2); the base-catalyzed half-life at 25 °C was too slow to be measured(3).

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 1-chloropropane(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 2.04(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloropropane can be estimated to be 40(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloropropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloropropane is estimated as 0.013 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 344 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2720 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloropropane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 days(SRC). 1-Chloropropane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is likely to occur(SRC). 1-Chloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC).

GROUNDWATER: Chloropropane, isomer not specified, was detected in groundwater samples collected from a contaminated aquifer in Switzerland at unreported concentrations(1).

Landfill leachate which had been treated with chlorine contained 1-chloropropane at unreported concentrations(1).

Chloropropane has been detected in lava gas and fumaroles from volcanoes in Japan and Italy(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 173 workers (3 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1-chloropropane in the USA(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact at workplaces where 1-chloropropane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-chloropropane via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with vapors and products containing 1-chloropropane(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-CHLOROPROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1278; 1-Chloropropane

IMO 3; 1-Chloropropane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid