1,3-dichlorobenzene

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (45.4%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (44.2%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H336 (41.8%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411 (99.6%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 249 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, carbon dioxide or dry or dry chemical. (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

WATER, FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEM ...

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /o-Dichlorobenzene/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /o-Dichlorobenzene/ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /p-Dichlorobenzene/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /o-Dichlorobenzene; p-Dichlorobenzene/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment for the area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand,earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U071, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U071, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Halogenated compounds may be disposed of by incineration provided they are blended with other compatible wastes or fuels so that the composite contains less than 30% halogens and the heating value is from 7000 to 9000 BTU/lb. Liquid injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed incinerators are typically used to destroy liquid halogenated wastes. ... Temperatures of at least 2000-2200 °F and residence times /of more than 2 sec/ ... are required for the destruction of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. /Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons/

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C, and a residence time of seconds. Also a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /o-Dichlorobenzene/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /o-Dichlorobenzene/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants, aluminium and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

2.0 [ppm]

4.0 [ppm]

44 [ppm]

260 [ppm]

MAC to skin USSR, 20 mg/cu m of air

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The vapour is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys and liver.

Goggles, rubber gloves and self-contained breathing apparatus. (USCG, 1999)

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) cell was utilized to study permeation of chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and m-dichlorobenzene, and o- and p-chlorotoluenes through viton (unsupported) and nitrile (supported and unsupported) glove materials using isopropanol as collecting solvent, and FID (flame ionization detector)/gas chromatography for quantitation. Adequate mixing in the collection chamber was accomplished by externally agitating the ASTM cell at the required speed in a moving-tray water bath at 25 °C. The Viton glove did not show permeation even after 4 hr. The nitrile gloves showed breakthrough times of < 1 hr. The steady state molar flux rates for unsupported or supported nitrile gloves, or for the different challenge solvents were not statistically different. Breakthrough times were better indicators of permeation than steady state molar flux rates. A mixed permeation mechanism was proposed, depending on swelling of the glove material.

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. /o-Dichlorobenzene; p-Dichlorobenzene/

NO open flames. Above 63 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

M-dichlorobenzene is a colorless liquid. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid; [Hawley]

COLOURLESS LIQUID.

Colorless liquid

343 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

173 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-12.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

-24.8 °C

146 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in ethanol, ether; very soluble in acetone

In water, 125 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

1.2884 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2884 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.288

1.2884 @ 20°C

5.08 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.1

1 mmHg at 53.8 °F ; 5 mmHg at 102 °F; 40 mmHg at 180 °F (NTP, 1992)

2.15 [mmHg]

2.15 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.286

0.75 [mm Hg] @8 °C

log Kow = 3.53

Henry's Law constant = 2.83X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

1198 °F (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic /hydrogen chloride/ fumes.

1.044 mPa.s at 25 °C

296.8 J/g

36.20 dynes/cm

Index of refraction: 1.5515 at 20 °C/D

Conversion factors: 1 mg/l= 166.3 ppm, 1 ppm= 6.01 mg/cu m at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg

Partition coefficients at 37 °C for 1,3-dichlorobenzene into blood= 201; into oil= 27,100.

Dielectric constant = 5.02 at 293.2 K

Dipole moment: 1.72 D

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Coriolis coupling

Schoenflies notation

This compound is sensitive to moisture. Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

M-DICHLOROBENZENE is incompatible with oxidizing agents and aluminum and its alloys. Above the flash point, explosive vapor-air mixtures may be formed. (NTP, 1992)

CAN REACT VIOLENTLY WITH ALUMINUM ...

It is incompatible with acid fumes, chlorides, strong oxidizers, hot aluminum or aluminum alloys.

The liver damage caused in rats by 1,3-dichlorobenzene is accompanied by induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of the phenobarbital type. In rats, a disturbance in thyroid homoeostasis can develop by hepatic enzyme induction: 1,3-dichlorobenzene induces glucuronosyl transferases. The conjugation of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is increased by the induction of glucuronosyl transferases. This leads to an increased release of T4 and T3 in the thyroid follicles.

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC))

Based on data for 1,2-Dichlorobenzene CASRN 95501

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data, no animal data and limited genetic data. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

meta-Dichlorobenzene

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 73: (1999) Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Acute (short-term) exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene, via inhalation in humans, results in irritation of the skin, throat, and eyes. Chronic (long-term) 1,4-dichlorobenzene inhalation exposure in humans results in effects on the liver, skin, and central nervous system (CNS). No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in humans. A National Toxicology Program (NTP) study reported that 1,4-dichlorobenzene caused kidney tumors in male rats and liver tumors in both sexes of mice by gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in their stomachs).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Inhalation

Cough. Drowsiness. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ATSDR Final

LC50 (rat) = 2,965 ppm/6h

LD50 Rat (Sprague-Dawley male) oral (gavage) 1,200 mg/kg

LD50 Rat (Sprague-Dawley female) oral (gavage) 1,000 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 1062 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral about 580 mg/kg bw

LC50 Rat inhalation >17.6 mg/L/4 hr

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lindane and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lindane and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR)to maintain hydration and adequate urine flow. Watch for signs of fluid overload and pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lindane and related compounds/

Recommended medical surveillance: ... A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the liver, respiratory tract, eyes, and kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. /1,4-Dichlorobenzene/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In 2 subjects with chronic lymphoid leukemia, 1 had been exposed to glue containing 2% ortho-dichlorobenzene from 1945-1961, and other had been exposed from 1940-1950 to solvent containing ortho- (80%), meta- (2%) and para- (15%) dichlorobenzene ... /SRP- actual carcinogenic agent in these exposures has not been identified/ (Girard et al, 1969).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Vapors and sprays are irritating to eyes, nose and throat but effect seems to disappear quickly. When swallowed ... /they/ cause burning pain in stomach, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Hemoglobin may change to methemoglobin with resulting dusty color of skin; liver and kidney may be damaged. /Dichlorobenzenes/

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Seventeen chemicals (solvents, insecticides and intermediates used in the production of textiles and resins) were tested in a short-term, in vitro system with human lymphocytes to determine their action. The parameters studied were the tritiated thymidine uptake and cell viability in cultures grown with or without a rat liver metabolizing system (S-9 mix). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, hexane, 1,2-diidoethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, 2,3-dibromopropanol, chloromethyl methyl ether, 1,2- and 1,3-dibromopropane, in order, exerted the more toxic effects. ... The chemicals lost their toxic /potency/ in the presence of the metabolizing system with the exception of 1,2- and 1,3-dichlorobenzene which maintained in some degree their toxicity even in the presence of the S-9 mix.

/BIOMONITORING/ Because the basic steps in the metabolism of the three DCB isomers are similar, likely biomarkers of exposure to 1,3-DCB include 2,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenols.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rats were treated with each isomer of dichlorobenzene (DCB) in an oral dose of 250 mg/kg once daily for 3 days. Activities of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were enhanced markedly by treatment with m-dichlorobenzene, whereas cytochrome content was not altered significantly by treatment with any isomers of dichlorobenzene. Delta-amino levulinic acid synthetase activity was enhanced 63, 32 and 42% by treatment with o-, m-, p-DCB respectively, but these enhancements were not paralleled by cytochrome p450 change.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Dosing rats with 1,3-dichlorobenzene at 1000 mg/kg was porphyrogenic, and at an 800 mg/kg dosage, a biphasic influence on hepatic metabolic activity was noted. /This was accompanied by/ ... an initial stimulation of delta-amino levulinic acid synthetase activity, and an increased urinary excretion of coproporphyrin, which peaked at one and three days respectively, and then declined.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The acute hepatotoxicity of the three isomers of dichlorobenzene was evaluated in male Fischer 344 rats at various times after intraperitoneal administration. Plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, measured 24 hr after treatment with 1.8-5.4 mmol/kg bw ortho-dichlorobenzene, was dramatically elevated. In contrast, equimolar doses of para-dichlorobenzene had no effect, and meta-dichlorobenzene had a clearly weaker effect on enzyme activity at doses > or =2.7 mmol/kg bw. Histopathological changes in the livers of treated animals correlated with the alterations in enzyme activities. Phenobarbital pretreatment potentiated the acute hepatotoxicity of ortho- and meta-dichlorobenzene but did not affect the toxicity of para-dichlorobenzene. Similarly, SKF-525A pretreatment inhibited the hepatotoxicity of ortho-dichlorobenzene. Equimolar doses of ortho- and meta-dichlorobenzene produced approximately equivalent depletion of intrahepatic glutathione, while para-dichlorobenzene had no effect on this parameter. Prior depletion of hepatic glutathione by pretreatment with phorone markedly potentiated the hepatotoxicity of ortho- and meta-dichlorobenzene but only slightly increased the toxicity of para-dichlorobenzene. These quantitative and qualitative differences could not be explained by differences in hepatic distribution or covalent binding to hepatic proteins.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male Fischer 344 rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2, 3 or 4 mmol/kg bw ortho-, meta- or para-dichlorobenzene, and pair-fed control animals were injected intraperitoneally with corn oil (1 mL/kg bw). After 24 hr, plasma alanine aminotransferase activity was found to be increased by ortho-dichlorobenzene in a dose-dependent manner. Centrilobular necrosis was observed in rats treated with ortho-dichlorobenzene, while the morphological appearance was relatively normal in rats treated with meta- or para-dichlorobenzene. Kidney weights and blood urea nitrogen concentration were not altered by treatment with meta- or para-dichlorobenzene. Accumulation of para-aminohippurate in renal cortical slices was decreased by meta- (2 and 4 mmol/kg bw) and ortho-dichlorobenzene (3 and 4 mmol/kg bw), while accumulation of the cation tetraethylammonium was decreased by 4 mmol/kg bw para-dichlorobenzene ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Persons with existing pathology (hepatic, renal, central nervous system, blood), or metabolic disorders, who are taking certain drugs (hormones, or otherwise metabolically active) or who are otherwise exposed to dichlorobenzenes or to related (chemically or biologically) chemicals, by such means as occupation or domestic use or abuse ... might well be considered at increased risk from exposure to dichlorobenzenes. /Dichlorobenzenes/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae, log growth phase); Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 19000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population biomass

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae, log growth phase); Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 30000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: general population changes

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 25 °C, pH >7; Concentration: 7 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: behavior, equilibrium

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH > or =7.0, dissolved oxygen > or = 58%; Concentration: 7000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... For fathead minnows, chronic toxicities were estimated from 32-33 day embryo through early juvenile development exposures. The ranges between the highest no observable effect concentrations and lowest observed effect concentrations were 1000-2300, 570-1000, and 240-410 ug/L for 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, respectively. The tissue concentrations associated with the no observable effect concentration and lowest observed effect concentration for 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene were 120-160, 70-100, and 640-1000 ug/g, respectively. Mean bioconcentration factors obtained in these tests were 97, 10, 2400, 8400, and 22,000 for 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene, respectively. 96 hr median lethal concentration values, obtained for juvenile fish, for 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene were 7800, 4200, and 1100 ug/L, respectively.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A test was developed using Tetrahymena pyriformis in order to determine the toxicity of various chemicals. Precultured Tetrahymena pyriformis was exposed for 24 hr at 30 °C to various concentrations of chemicals. The concentration of the chemical, at which the proliferation of Tetrahymena pyriformis was restricted to one-half of the blank test (EC50), was determined. The method, applied to 57 chemicals, demonstrated that it could be used to detect the chemicals at low concentrations rapidly and with ease. The EC50 values showed a good relationship with 48 hr LC50 values for Himedaka (Oryzias latipes), and could be explained on the basis of the partition coefficient between water and n-octanol. EC50 for m-dichlorobenzene was 130 mg/L (880 umol/L).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Developmental, genetic, and reproductive toxicities of benzene, chlorobenzene, and o-, m-, and p-dichlorobenzenes were investigated in sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Toxicity order depended on whether the target organ was embryo or sperm. Benzene was active in sea urchin sperm causing developmental and mitotic abnormalities in offspring. Benzene also showed a significant increase in developmental defects following embryo exposure. For chlorobenzene, developmental defects were seen when the concentration was increased to 10(-4). M-Dichlorobenzene caused a strong increase in developmental defects and also in mitotic abnormalities.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish.

1,3-Dichlorobenzene's production and use as an intermediate in the production of chlorophenols may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as fumigant and insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, 1,3-dichlorobenzene will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a vapor pressure of 2.15 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase 1,3-dichlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,3-dichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soils based upon a Koc value of 300. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based on the Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C. Volatilization of 1,3-dichlorobenzene from dry soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon the vapor pressure of this compound. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene exhibited 0% of its theoretical BOD using an activated sludge over a 4 week incubation period, suggesting that biodegradation is expected to be slow in soil and water. If released to water, 1,3-dichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important environmental fate process given this compounds Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 120 hours, respectively. BCF values in the range of 60 to 740 measured in fish, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-dichlorobenzene is produced or used. Monitoring data suggest the general population may be exposed to 1,3-dichlorobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

Dichlorobenzenes are not known to occur in nature. /Dichlorobenzenes/

1,3-Dichlorobenzene's production and use as an intermediate in the production of chlorophenols(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use as fumigant and insecticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 300(2) indicates 1,3-dichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,3-dichlorobenzene is expected from moist soil surfaces given its Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C(3). Volatilization of 1,3-dichlorobenzene from dry soil surfaces is expected based on a vapor pressure of 2.15 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 0% theoretical BOD in sludge over a 4 week incubation period(5) suggests that biodegradation is expected to be slow in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 300(2) indicates that 1,3-dichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3) given its Henry's Law constant of 2.8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 120 hours, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values in the range of 60 to 740, measured in carp(6) and trout(7), suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. A theoretical BOD of 0% in sludge over a 4 week incubation period(6) suggests that biodegradation is expected to be slow in water under aerobic conditions. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was slowly biodegraded by an acclimated anaerobic sediment slurry obtained from the Tsurumi River, Japan(8). The first-order biodegradation rate constant was 0.0016 days-1, corresponding to a half-life of about 433 days(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3-dichlorobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.15 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-dichlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

AEROBIC: 1,3-Dichlorobenzene at 100 mg/L exhibited 0% of its theoretical BOD using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L over a 4 week incubation period in the Japanese MITI test(1). Dichlorobenzene isomers were slowly biodegraded (6.3% of theoretical CO2 evolution in 10 weeks) in an alkaline soil sample(2).

ANAEROBIC: 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was slowly biodegraded by an acclimated anaerobic sediment slurry obtained from the Tsurumi River, Japan(1). The first-order biodegradation rate constant was 0.0016 days-1, corresponding to a half-life of about 433 days(1). No biotransformation of 1,3-dichlorobenzene was observed in an anaerobic Rhine River sediment column over a 12 month period(2). The first-order biodegradation rate of 1,3-dichlorobenzene in a biofilm system was 0.03-0.9X10-4 days-1, corresponding to half-lives on the order of several years(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3-dichlorobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 7.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight(2).

BCF values of 60 to 230 were measured in carp exposed to 100 ug/L of 1,3-dichlorobenzene during an 8 week incubation period and BCF values of 60 to 370 were measured in carp exposed to 10 ug/L of 1,3-dichlorobenzene during an 8 week incubation period(1). Mean 1,3-dichlorobenzene BCF values of 420 to 740 were experimentally determined for rainbow trout exposed up to 119 days in laboratory aquaria(2). A whole body BCF of 90 was determined for bluegill sunfish exposed to 1,3-dichlorobenzene over a 28-day period in a continuous flow system(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high.

An experimental Koc value of 300(1) was determined for 1,3-dichlorobenzene in silt loam soil. According to a recommended classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 1,3-dichlorobenzene has moderate to low mobility in soil. A log Koc value of 3.5 was reported for 1,3-dichlorobenzene in sediment obtained from the Ise Bay, Japan(2) and a log Koc value of 4.7 was measured from sediment of Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(4).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,3-dichlorobenzene is 2.8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C(1). This value indicates that 1,3-dichlorobenzene will volatilize from water(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 120 hours(SRC). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 2.15 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

DRINKING WATER: A mean 1,3-dichlorobenzene concn of 0.001 ppb was detected in drinking water samples from 3 cities near Lake Ontario in 1980(1). A concn of 0.5 ppb was detected in Miami, FL drinking water and qualitative detections were reported for Philadelphia, PA and Cincinnati, OH(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified in Cleveland, OH tap water(3) and two drinking water supply sources in the United Kingdom(4). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at an avg concn of below 1 ppb in 30 potable Canadian water sources(5). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at levels of 0.0005-0.0013 ug/L at two drinking water stations in the Jiangsu Province, China(6).

GROUNDWATER: 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was positively detected in 19 of 685 groundwaters analyzed in NJ during 1977-1979 with 237 ppb the highest concn found(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of less than 1 ng/L in groundwater from the Edwards Aquifer, TX(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in groundwater from the Lower Llobregat aquifer in Spain(3). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in groundwater from industrial sites in Taiwan(4).

SURFACE WATERS: 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in 19 of 463 surface waters analyzed in NJ during 1977-1979 with 242 ppb the highest concn found(1). A mean concn of 1 parts per trillion was detected in the Grand River during 1980 near Niagara Falls; concns of 0-18 parts per trillion were found in the Niagara River(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 2-110 parts per trillion (mean concn of 11 parts per trillion) in the Niagara River at Niagara-On-The-Lake between 1981 and 1983(3) and concns of 2-85 parts per trillion (mean concn of 8 parts per trillion) were detected in the Niagara River between 1981 and 1983(4). An avg concn of 15 parts per trillion was found in the Niagara River near Niagara-On-The-Lake between Sept and Oct 1982(5). Positive detection of 1,3-dichlorobenzene was reported by 0.3% of 986 USEPA STORET stations(6). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in the Delaware and Raritan Canal in NJ(7). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns below 0.5 ppb in the Rhine River between 1978-1982(8). An avg 1,3-dichlorobenzene concn of 0.05 ppb was found in the Rhine River near Dusseldorf in 1984(9). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of 0.49 ng/L (Edwards Point) and 0.15 ng/L (Port Lambton) in Ontario, Canada(10). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 0-0.2 ug/L in Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(11) and at concns of 0-542 ng/L in Ise Bay, Japan(12). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in rivers in Osaka, Japan at a mean concn of 0.18 ug/L(13). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the Elbe River, Germany at concns of 2-13 ng/L(14).

RAIN/SNOW: A mean 1,3-dichlorobenzene concn of 0.002 parts per trillion was detected in Portland, OR rainwater during March-April 1982(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in snow collected in an industrial area of Russia at 0.52 ug/kg, but was not detected at 9 other locations in Russia and Finland(2).

1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the ash of municipal waste incinerators in the US at concns of 5 and 20 ug/kg(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at a concn of 0.21 ug/cu m in the effluent of a hazardous waste incinerator in Germany(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of 0.01 to 0.17 mg/cu m in the air of municipal landfills in Finland(3). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the leachate of 23 percent of pesticide manufacturing sites in the US at a max concn of 120 ug/L(4). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in stormwater runoff in Birmingham, AL at mean concns of 20 ug/l (roof runoff), 13 ug/L (parking areas), 14 ug/L (storage areas), 3.3 ug/L (street runoff), 26 ug/L (vehicle service areas), 5.6 ug/L (landscaped areas), 93 ug/L (urban creeks) and 21 ug/L detention ponds(5).

According to the U.S. EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), in 2005 there were 362 pounds of 1,3-dichlorobenzene released in the US to air from fugitive emissions and 675 pounds released from point source emissions(1). In addition, 464 pounds were discharged directly to surface water(1). According to the U.S. EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), in 2006 there were 332 pounds of 1,3-dichlorobenzene released in the US to air from fugitive emissions and 293 pounds released from point source emissions(1). In addition, 464 pounds were discharged directly to surface water(1).

SEDIMENT: 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the sediment of Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands at concns of 280 and 110 ng/kg(1). Mean 1,3-dichlorobenzene concns of 2, 2, 4 and 74 ppb were detected in the superficial sediments from Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, respectively(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 0-51 ng/g in sediment from Ise Bay, Japan(3). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in the sediment of 7 rivers and ports in Niigata, Japan(4). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 16-19 ng/g in suspended sediment from Lake Ontario, at depths of 20-68 meters and an avg concn of 15 ng/g for the bottom sediment(5). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in sediment from Dokai Bay, Japan(6). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at median concns of 18, 15, 4 and 36 ng/g in sediment taken from the Scheldt estuary, Netherlands(7). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in sediment at concns of 150-300 ug/kg in Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(8). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in sediment off the coast of Taiwan at concns of 4-15 ng/kg(9).

RURAL/REMOTE: The mean 1,3-dichlorobenzene concentrations from 2 rural sources in the US was 6.7 parts per trillion(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the air of Bound Brook, NJ at concns of 0.15-0.82 ug/cu m(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The mean 1,3-dichlorobenzene concentrations from 138 source-dominant points and 652 urban/suburban points in the US have been reported to be 150 and 83 parts per trillion, respectively(1). Mean concns of 7.7, 8.7 and 6.5 parts per trillion were detected for 1,3-dichlorobenzene in the ambient air of Los Angeles, CA, Phoenix, AZ and Oakland, CA, respectively, during Apr-May 1979(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of 77 ppb (Los Angeles, CA), 65 ppb (Oakland, CA), 4 ppb (Riverside, CA), 1 ppb(Portland, OR) and 83 ppb (unspecified urban locations in the US)(3). Combined 1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene was detected in the air of Bayonne, NJ at concns of 1.2-1.7 ug/cu m, in Los Angeles, CA at concns of 9.4 and 24 ug/cu m and Contra Costa, CA at 2.2 ug/cu m(4). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in 3144 out of 3650 samples obtained in a statewide monitoring program in Minnesota at concns of 0.11 (median), 0.22 (mean), 8.51 (maximum) ug/cu m(5). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at levels <1 ppb at 13 sampling locations located in urban areas in the US(6).

INDOOR AIR: The mean 3-day concn of dichlorobenzene isomers was 0-7 ug/cu m in 7 buildings in the US(1). The combined isomers of dichlorobenzene were identified, not quantified, in 10 of 14 indoor air samples from 4 buildings in the US(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in the indoor air from 6 of 26 buildings in Finland(2). The mean concn of 1,3-dichlorobenzene measured in houses in Kuwait from Dec 1994 to Jan 1995 was 2,635 ug/cu m(3). The max concn of 1,3-dichlorobenzene in 300 Dutch homes was 9 ug/cu m(4).

1,3-Dichlorobenzene levels in ambient air. [Table#1488]

1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified in 6 of 234 table ready foods in the US at an avg concn of 7.36 ppb(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in fruits (0.0044 ug/g) and vegetables and potatoes (0.0011 ug/g)(2). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in potato core at a concn of 0.096 ug/kg and pea seeds at a concn of 0.087 ug/kg(3).

1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in plant material grown in an Illinois coal refuse reclamation site(1).

1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 0.6, 0.6, 0.3 and 2-3 ppb in trout taken from Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, respectively, during 1980(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in fish caught in the Great Lakes(2).

1,3-Dichlorobenzene combined with other chlorinated benzenes were identified in the blood of foxes from the Canadian Arctic(1).

Trace concn (less than 5 ug/kg) of 1,3-dichlorobenzene were detected in Yugoslavian human milk.

ENVIRONMENTAL: A survey of human milk from the general population of Canada found 1,3-dichlorobenzene residues in 17 percent of the samples at an avg concn of 2 ppb(1). 1,3-Dichlorobenzene was detected in human milk at less than 5 ug/kg(2).

1,3- and 1,4-DCB were detected together in whole human milk with mean and maximum concentrations of 6 and 75 ppb, respectively. These isomers were detected in milkfat samples at a mean concentration of 161 ppb and a maximum concentration of 4,180 ppb. 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-DCB measured separately in whole human milk samples had concentrations of 9, <5, and 25 ppb, respectively, while the milk fat of these samples contained 230 ppb of 1,2-DCB and 640 ppb of 1,4-DCB.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 418 workers (80 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,3-dichlorobenzene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,3-dichlorobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-dichlorobenzene is produced or used(SRC). The max observed concn of 1,3-dichlorobenzene in the breathing zones of 8 solid waste composting facilities in the US was 2 ug/cu m(2). The general population may be exposed to 1,3-dichlorobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC).

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U071, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U071, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Halogenated compounds may be disposed of by incineration provided they are blended with other compatible wastes or fuels so that the composite contains less than 30% halogens and the heating value is from 7000 to 9000 BTU/lb. Liquid injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed incinerators are typically used to destroy liquid halogenated wastes. ... Temperatures of at least 2000-2200 °F and residence times /of more than 2 sec/ ... are required for the destruction of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. /Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons/

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C, and a residence time of seconds. Also a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 22-51/53; S: (2)-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III