1,3-dichloropropene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (98.4%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301+H311 (13.6%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H304 (88.5%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H311 (88.9%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (11.1%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (30.5%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (67.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (99.6%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (90.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 243 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use water, foam, /carbon dioxide/, dry chemical.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. /Dichloropropenes/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable plastic containers as far as possible. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. /Dichloropropenes/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Eliminate all ignition sources. Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U084, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formulation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/=100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. /Dichloropropenes/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from metals and oxidants. Well closed. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. ... Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. 1,3-Dichloropropene must be stored to avoid contact with aluminum or magnesium compounds, substances containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, and alkaline or corrosive materials, since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat. Separate outside storage is preferred. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where 1,3-dichloropropene is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of 1,3-dichloropropene should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of 1,3-dichloropropene. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045. /Dichloropropenes/

Keep container in a well-ventilated place. Keep away from sources of ignition, no smoking. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials and active metals.

3.0 [ppm]

5.8 [ppm]

35 [ppm]

1 ppm (5 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix A

none See Appendix G

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers 1,3-dichloropropene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

1.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm, skin

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

1 ppm [2003]

skin absorption (H); sensitization of skin (SH); carcinogen category: 2

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.008 ppm (Rabbit) (L893)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.007 ppm (Rabbit) (L893)

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene and its metabolites cis- and trans-3-chloroacrylic acid, and cis- and trans-3-chloroallyl alcohol in or on the following commodities: Grape, 0.018 ppm..

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,3-Dichloropropene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET (FLAMMABLE) - Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

1,3-dichloropropene appears as a clear colorless liquid. Flash point 95 °F. Denser (at 10.2 lb / gal) than water and insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used to make other chemicals and as soil fumigant.

Colorless to straw-colored liquid with a sharp, sweet, irritating, chloroform-like odor. [insecticide] [Note: Exists as mixture of cis- & trans-isomers.] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to straw-colored liquid with a sharp, sweet, irritating, chloroform-like odor.

Colorless to straw-colored liquid with a sharp, sweet, irritating, chloroform-like odor. [insecticide] [Note: Exists as mixture of cis- & trans-isomers.]

Colorless to straw-colored liquid

Amber liquid

Pungent odor

Sharp, sweet, irritating, chloroform-like odor

Sweet penetrating odor (technical product, 97-98% pure)

219 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

Colorless to straw-colored liquid, pungent, sweet, penetrating odor; boiling point 104 °C; specific gravity 1.211 (25 °C); vapor pressure 28 mm Hg (20 °C) /Technical 1,3-dichloropropene/

108 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-119 °F (NTP, 1992)

95 °F (NTP, 1992)

28 °C (82 °F) - closed cup

25 °C closed cup; 35 °C open cup

35 °C (open cup)

25 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 61.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 2 g/L at 20 °C

In water at 25 °C: 2,180 mg/L (cis isomer), 2,320 mg/L (trans isomer)

Miscible with hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, esters, and ketones

Soluble in toluene, acetone, octane

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.2

1.2 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.220 at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.22

1.22 @25 °C

3.83 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.8 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.8

27.9 mmHg at 68 °F ; 28 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

28.0 [mmHg]

34.3 mm Hg at 25 °C (cis isomer), 23.0 mm Hg at 25 °C (trans isomer)

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 3.7

28 mmHg at 77 °

34 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.06 (cis-isomer), 2.03 (trans-isomer) at 25 °C

Henry's Law constant = 3.55X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Highly Flammable

1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials. Reacts with aluminum, active metals, and halogenated compounds. Also reacts with acids and thiocyanates. Corrosive to magnesium, magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys. Incompatible with some metal salts (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Metals, strong oxidizing agents

Aluminum, magnesium, halogens, oxidizers [Note: Epichlorohydrin may be added as a stabilizer].

Reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Aluminum, magnesium, halogens, oxidizers [Note: Epichlorohydrin may be added as a stabilizer.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,3-Dichloropropene is a colorless to amber colored liquid with a penetrating, irritating, chloroform-like odor. It has been widely used in agriculture as a pre-plant soil fumigant for the control of nematodes in vegetables, potatoes, and tobacco. It often appears as part of a mixture also including 1,2-dichloropropane. Application is primarily by soil injection. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Irritation of the eyes and the upper respiratory mucosa appears promptly after exposure. Dermal exposure caused severe skin irritations. Inhalation may result in serious signs and symptoms of poisoning with lower exposures resulting in depression of the central nervous system and irritation of the respiratory system. Some poisoning incidents have occurred in which persons were hospitalized with signs and symptoms of irritation of the mucous membrane, chest discomfort, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and, occasionally, loss of consciousness and decreased libido. The fertility status of workers employed in the production of chlorinated three-carbon compounds was compared with a control group. There was no indication of an association between decreased fertility and exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: The acute oral toxicity of 1,3-dichloropropene in animals is moderate to high. Acute dermal exposure is moderately toxic. Acute intoxication showed central nervous and respiratory system involvement. Severe reactions were seen in rabbit skin and eye irritation tests. Degeneration of the olfactory epithelium and hyperplasia were seen in inhalation studies with mice and rats. Cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene and mixtures were mutagenic in bacteria with, and without, metabolic activation. In mice, increased incidences of hyperplasia of the urinary bladder, the forestomach, and the nasal mucosa were observed. There was an increase in the incidence of benign lung tumors. Some toxic changes in the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity were also seen in rats, but no increase in tumor incidence. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The acute toxicity of 1,3-dichloropropene to saltwater aquatic life occurs at concn as low as 790 mg/L. In a test conducted on a mixed assemblage of emerald shiners and fathead minnows exposed to 1,3-dichloropropene, 100% of the fish survived 3 days at 1,000 ug/L, and none survived at 10,000 ug/L. 1,3-Dichloropropene at 20 ug/mL of air, killed 100% of microsclerotia after incubation for 30 hr, and at 100 ug/g of soil moisture after incubation for 3 days. Higher temperatures increased the toxicity.

The primary toxic effects of cis-1,3-dichloropropene are portal-of-entry effects resulting from the chemical reactivity of the compound and its physicochemical properties. Repeated irritation results in a hyperplastic response in the target tissues. The mutagenicity of cis-1,3-dichloropropene is attributed to its biotransformation by cytochrome P-450 to stereospecific epoxides and the hydrolysis product, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanal. It is likely that depletion of glutathione would block the major detoxification pathway for cis-1,3- dichloropropene, resulting in increased toxicity of organs such as the liver and kidney because of binding of reactive intermediates to macromolecules in cells. There is some evidence that cytotoxicity of hepatic cells exposed to cis-1,3-dichloropropene is preceded by increased levels of phospholipid hydroperoxides (L893).

The primary toxic effects of trans-1,3-dichloropropene are portal-of-entry effects resulting from the chemical reactivity of the compound and its physicochemical properties. Repeated irritation results in a hyperplastic response in the target tissues. The mutagenicity of trans-1,3-dichloropropene is attributed to its biotransformation by cytochrome P-450 to stereospecific epoxides and the hydrolysis product, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanal. It is likely that depletion of glutathione would block the major detoxification pathway for trans-1,3dichloropropene, resulting in increased toxicity of organs such as the liver and kidney because of binding of reactive intermediates to macromolecules in cells. There is some evidence that cytotoxicity of hepatic cells exposed to trans-1,3-dichloropropene is preceded by increased levels of phospholipid hydroperoxides (L893).

1,3-Dichloropropene

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

3 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Uses non-linear approach (RfD) that adequately accounts for all chronic toxicity including carcinogenicity; synonym Telone; also see CASRN 10061015 and CASRN 10061026.

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloropropene were available. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of mixed isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene (technical grade). Overall evaluation: 1,3-Dichloropropene (technical grade) is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Human data are inadequate for assessment of the potential human carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloropropene because the only human data available are case studies. In chronic animal bioassays, 1,3-dichloropropene produced tumors in F344 rats (forestomach, liver) and B6C3F1 mice (forestomach, urinary bladder, and lung) at high gavage doses, liver tumor in F344 rats at lower dietary doses, and benign lung tumors in male mice exposed via inhalation. Although 1,3-dichloropropene elicited a positive response for mutagenicity in bacterial assays with the addition of S9, the most compelling evidence for mutagenicity is the isolation of mutagenic epoxide metabolites from mouse liver at high (~LD50) doses. Thus, under the current Risk Assessment Guidelines (USEPA, 1987), 1,3-dichloropropene is a B2, probable human carcinogen, because of the lack of data in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. Although the available human data are inadequate, 1,3-dichloropropene is characterized as "likely" to be a human carcinogen in accordance with the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (USEPA, 1996). This characterization is based on tumors observed in chronic animal bioassays for both inhalation and oral routes of exposure. Although the chronic dietary and inhalation bioassays suggest that tumors may not occur at low doses, a nonlinear mechanism of tumor formation is not supported by the available mechanistic data. In fact, the mutagenic properties of 1,3-dichloropropene suggest a genotoxic mechanism of action. The mutagenic properties and the absence of data to support a nonlinear mechanism of tumor formation require that the quantitative assessment default to a linear model. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1,3-Dichloropropene: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. /1,3-Dichloropropene, Technical Grade/

1,3-Dichloropropene (technical-grade)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 41: (1986) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Pesticide Exposures

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone II)

TR-269: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Telone® (Technical-Grade 1,3-Dichloropropane [CASRN 542-75-6] Containing 1.0 Epichlorohydrin as a Stabilizer) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1985 )

07/27/84

Clear Evidence

Some Evidence

Inadequate Experiment

Under the conditions of these gavage studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for male F344/N rats, as indicated by Telone II-related increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach, as well as an increased incidence of neoplastic nodules of the liver. In female F344/N rats, there was some evidence of carcinogenicity because Telone II caused an increased incidence of squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach. The experiment in male B6C3F1 mice was considered to be an inadequate study of carcinogenicity because of reduced survival in the vehicle control group. However, there was some indication in the male mice of Telone II-related increases of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder, squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach, and alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas of the lung. There was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for female B6C3F1 mice, since Telone II caused increased incidences of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder; Telone II also increased the incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas of the lung and of squamous cell papillomas or carcinomas of the forestomach in the female mice. Telone II-related nonneoplastic lesions included basal cell or epithelial cell hyperplasia in the forestomach of male and female rats and male and female mice and epithelial hyperplasia of the urinary bladder in male and female mice.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Ingestion of cis-1,3-D can lead to developed gastrointestinal distress, adult respiratory distress syndrome, hematological and hepatorenal functional impairment, acute gastrointestinal distress with pulmonary congestion and edema, central nervous depression, perhaps even in the absence of impaired oxygen uptake. Moreover, this can lead to death. Coma may occur rapidly after inhalation. Inhalation of cis-1,3-D at low concentration can cause central nervous depression and moderate irritation of respiratory system; headache is frequent. After inhalation exposures, malaise, headache, chest and abdominal discomfort and irritability have been reported to persist for several weeks, and perhaps for several years. Severe skin irritation with marked inflammatory response of epidermis can underlying tissues can follow dermal exposure. By any route, possible late injuries to liver, kidneys and heart (T48).

Ingestion of trans-1,3-D can lead to developed gastrointestinal distress, adult respiratory distress syndrome, hematological and hepatorenal functional impairment, acute gastrointestinal distress with pulmonary congestion and edema, central nervous depression, perhaps even in the absence of impaired oxygen uptake. Moreover, this can lead to death. Coma may occur rapidly after inhalation. Inhalation of trans-1,3-D at low concentration can cause central nervous depression and moderate irritation of respiratory system; headache is frequent. After inhalation exposures, malaise, headache, chest and abdominal discomfort and irritability have been reported to persist for several weeks, and perhaps for several years. Severe skin irritation with marked inflammatory response of epidermis can underlying tissues can follow dermal exposure. By any route, possible late injuries to liver, kidneys and heart (T48).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L893) ; oral (L893) ; dermal (L893) ; eye contact (L893).

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting.

Redness.

Abdominal pain.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; eye, skin burns; lacrimation (discharge of tears); headache, dizziness; in animals; liver, kidney damage; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Symptoms occuring after inhalation include gasping, refusal to breathe, coughing, substernal pain; lacrimation and headache are prominant. After inhalation exposures, malaise, headache, chest and abdominal discomfort and irritability can persist during weeks or years. Moreover, Irritation of eyes and upper respiratory mucosa appears promptly after exposure to concentrated vapors. Ingestion can cause cough, sore throat, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, and laboured breathing (T48, L893).

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) 1st instar; Conditions: static bioassay without aeration, 21 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L; Concentration: 90 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence limit: 63-129 ug/L) /Technical material, 100%/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) weight 0.9 g; Conditions: static bioassay without aeration, 18 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L; Concentration: 4100 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 3390-4970 ug/L) /Technical material, 100%/

LC50; Species: Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) weight 1.0 g; Conditions: static bioassay, without aeration, 18 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 272 ppm CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L; Concentration: 3650 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 3520-3780 ug/L) /Technical material, 100%/

LC50; Species: Stizostedion vitreum (Walleye) weight 1.3 g; Conditions: static bioassay without aeration, 18 °C, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 30-35 mg/L; Concentration: 1080 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 990-1180 ug/L) /Technical material, 100%/.

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... The acute toxicity /of 1,3-dichloropropene/ to saltwater aquatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 790 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a test conducted on a mixed assemblage of emerald shiners and fathead minnows exposed to 1,3-dichloropropene, 100% of the fish survived 3 days at 1,000 ug/L, and none survived at 10,000 ug/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The responses of 27 organic compounds, mainly chloromethanes, -ethanes, -ethenes, and -phenols, were investigated by exposing rainbow trout fingerlings to low microgram-per-liter concentrations in a darkened flow-through system for up to 1 hr. Responses by the fish were followed continuously by observing ventilation rates (frequency and amplitude), swimming patterns, and general activity using the low-voltage electric fields generated by the fishes' activity. The lowest level of response was found for trichloroethylene at 5 ug/L. Dichloromethane, 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropene, and allyl acetate were responded to at concentrations of 10 ug/L, carbon tetrachloride at 15 ug/L, and 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol at levels of 30 ug/L.

/PLANTS/ 1,3-Dichloropropene at 20 ug/mL of air, killed 100% of microsclerotia after incubation for 30 hr, and at 100 ug/g of soil moisture after incubation for 3 days. Higher temperatures increased the toxicity.

1.80e+00

8.20e+00

7.00e-01

3.10e+00

4.70e-01

5.00e+00

1.70e-04

1.00e-01

3.00e-02

2.00e-02

Volatile

1.57e+03

1.80e+02

8.20e+02

6.30e+01

2.60e+02

4.70e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

1,3-Dichloropropene's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a soil fumigant nematocide will result in its direct release to the environment. Its use in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, vapor pressures of 34.3 and 23.0 mm Hg at 25 °C for the cis- and trans-isomers, respectively, indicate 1,3-dichloropropene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-dichloropropene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 and 1.1 days for the cis and trans-isomers, respectively. 1,3-Dichloropropene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals. The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated to be 76 and 17 days for the cis- and trans-isomers, respectively. The half-life for the reaction with nitrate radicals is estimated to be 3.4 days for cis-1,3-dichloropropene. Direct photolysis is not an important fate process in comparison to reaction with hydroxyl, ozone and nitrate radicals. 1,3-Dichloropropene has been detected in rainwater indicating removal from air by wet deposition is possible. If released to soil, 1,3-dichloropropene is expected to have very high mobility based upon a Koc range of 20-42. 1,3-Dichloropropene can adsorb more strongly to soil when it is in the vapor phase than when it is dissolved in water. At low temperatures (2 °C), vapor-phase Koc values ranging from 450 to 750 have been measured which suggest moderate to low mobility in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 1,3-Dichloropropene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that volatilization is an important fate process in soil. 1,3-Dichloropropene can degrade in soil through abiotic hydrolysis to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and through biodegradation. Soil dissipation half-lives have been reported to vary from 2 to 54 days with mean half-lives of 15-19 days in sandy soils and 5.5-6.5 days in clay soils. If released into water, 1,3-dichloropropene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that 1,3-dichloropropene is not readily biodegradable. However, 1,3-dichloropropene has been shown to degrade more rapidly in media that has previously been exposed indicating microbial adaptation can occur. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 hrs and 4.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis half-lives measured in buffered solutions at pH 5, 7, and 9 were 13.5 days at 20 °C. Hydrolysis half-lives measured at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 2 days at 29 °C, 11-13 days at 15 °C, and 90-100 days at 2 °C. Occupational exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-dichloropropene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,3-dichloropropene via inhalation of vapor and dermal contact. People residing in farming regions may be exposed to 1,3-dichloropropene via inhalation of air in the immediate vicinity during application. (SRC)

1,3-Dichloropropene's production(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a soil fumigant nematocide(1,2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Its use in organic synthesis(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Emissions, due to its rapid diffusion in soil, can result in air releases in application areas(4). A field experiment conducted under typical agronomic practices found that 16-35% of applied 1,3-dichloropropene was lost through volatilization(5). Another field study estimated 18-23% of applied 1,3-dichloropropene resulted in atmospheric emissions(6). The California State Department of Agriculture reported that in 1971 approximately 1,285 metric tons of pesticide containing 1,3-dichloropropene were used in that state(7). It can be estimated that approximately 72 tons, or 8%, of 1,3-dichloropropene were lost to the atmosphere(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 20-42(2), indicate that 1,3-dichloropropene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). 1,3-Dichloropropene can adsorb more strongly to soil when it is in the vapor phase than when it is dissolved in water(3). At low temperatures (2 °C), vapor-phase Koc values ranging from 450 to 750 have been measured(3) which suggest moderate to low mobility in soil. Volatilization of 1,3-dichloropropene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,3-Dichloropropene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon vapor pressures of 34.3 and 23.0 mm Hg for the cis- and trans-isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene(2). Field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that volatilization is an important fate process in soil(3,5). 1,3-Dichloropropene can degrade in soil through abiotic hydrolysis and biodegradation(2,3,5). A 3% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests 1,3-dichloropropene is not readily biodegradable(6). However, 1,3-dichloropropene has been shown to degrade more rapidly in soil that has a history of treatment than in previously untreated soil indicating microbial adaptation(5). The hydrolysis rate is temperature dependent, with half-lives on the order of a few days to two weeks at temperatures of 15 to 29 °C and 90-100 days at 2 °C(2). Soil metabolism half-lives have been reported to vary from 2 to 54 days(2,7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Although field applications of 1,3-dichloropropene have shown between 15 and 80% decomposition, the large amount that can be adsorbed (80 to 90%) can result in considerable residues existing months after application is completed. ... Fumigant mixtures of ... 1,3-dichloropropene are applied to the soil in liquid form, usually by means of a chisel applicator. Small amounts of these mixtures escape into the atmosphere by natural diffusion up through the soil profile, and some may leak into the atmosphere from the soil surface through inadequately sealed chisel shank holes. An estimate of the total amount of cis-dichloropropene lost to the atmosphere after a typical application of Telone R to a 30.5 cm depth in a warm, moist, sandy loam soil would amount to approximately 5 to 10%(1).

FIELD: Eight months after D-D soil fumigant was applied to muck and sandy loam soils in August during field studies, residues of 1.8 and 4.8 ppm of the cis and trans isomers were found in the muck soil and 0.03 and 0.39 ppm were found in the sandy loam(2). Residues persisted >91 days in the sandy soil of a tree nursery and were also found in neighboring irrigation wells. 1,3-Dichloropropene was injected 0.2 m deep into the soil of three flower bulb fields during summer. Based on soil samples collected at depths of 0-0.6 m, half-lives, for the cis- and trans- isomers were determined to be about 4 days(3). Half-lives of both isomers in soil at 20 °C have been estimated to range between 3 and 25 days(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Kocs ranging from 20-42(2) indicate that 1,3-dichloropropene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.55X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 hrs and 4.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.04 (average for the cis- and trans-isomers)(6)and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 3% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests 1,3-dichloropropene is not readily biodegradable(8). However, 1,3-dichloropropene has been shown to degrade more rapidly in media that has previously been exposed indicating microbial adaptation(9). 1,3-Dichloropropene undergoes hydrolysis in aqueous solution producing 3-chloroallyl alcohol(2). 1,3-Dichloropropene hydrolysis half-lives measured in buffered solutions at pH 5, 7, and 9 were 13.5 days at 20 °C(2). Hydrolysis half-lives measured at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 2 days at 29 °C, 11-13 days at 15 °C, and 90-100 days at 2 °C(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3-dichloropropene, which has a vapor pressure of 34.3 and 23.0 mm Hg at 25 °C for the cis and trans-isomers respectively(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-dichloropropene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 and 1.1 days for the cis and trans-isomers(SRC), calculated from their respective rate constants of 1.43X10-11 and 8.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,3-Dichloropropene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals. The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated to be 76 and 17 days for the cis- and trans-isomers(SRC), calculated from their respective rate constants of 6.7X10-19 and 1.5X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(4). The half-life for the reaction with nitrate radicals is estimated to be 3.4 days for cis-1,3-dichloropropene(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.5X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at room temperature(5). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(6); therefore, night-time degradation appears to be an important fate process for 1,3-dichloropropene(SRC). Results of irradiation studies indicate direct photolysis is not an important fate process in comparison to hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrate radicals(2). 1,3-Dichloropropene has been detected in rainwater(7) indicating removal from air by wet deposition is possible(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1,3-Dichloropropene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 3% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as not readily biodegradable(1); additional degradation was observed yielding 3-chloro-2-propen-1-ol(1), possibly from hydrolysis and degradation of the hydrolysis products(SRC). A BOD dilution water study using settled domestic wastewater as the microbia1 inoculum found that 5-10 mg/L concentrations of 1,3-dichloropropene were degraded by 54-85% after 7 days of incubation with the faster rates achieved following weekly adaptations(1); however, the rate of biodegradation for 1,3-dichloropropene in natural waters cannot be inferred from this screening study data(3). Common soil bacteria were able to utilize 1,3-dichloropropene as a sole carbon source in pure culture studies(4). Twelve weeks after labeled cis- or trans-1,3-dichloropropene was added to soil and stored in sealed containers, 19% of the cis and 18% of the trans isomers remained in sandy loam and 10% of cis and 22% of trans isomer remained in medium loam(5). After 20 weeks, 5% and 4% of the cis and trans isomer, respectively, remained in sandy loam and 3% and 14%, respectively remained in the medium loam(5); the half-life of the applied dichloropropenes were 3-4 weeks; it was possible that some of the parent compound was lost by volatilization(5). 14C-1,3-Dichloropropene, added at 100 ug/g soil and incubated aerobically in the dark at 25 °C, displayed half-lives of 1.8, 12.3, and 61 days using Wahiawa silt clay, Catlin silt loam, and Fuquay loamy sand, respectively(6); degradation products were 3-chloroallyl alcohol, 3-chloroacrylic acid, numerous minor carboxylic acid metabolites, and carbon dioxide(6). Degradation of 1,3-dichloropropene was greatly enhanced in amended soils compared to the unamended soil, and the degree of acceleration varied with the type as well as the rate of amendment(7); compost manure was more effective in stimulating 1,3-dichloropropene degradation than a less decomposed biosolid-manure mix; the acceleration in compost manure-amended soils was a combined result of enhanced chemical and microbial degradation, since sterilization only partially reduced the enhanced degradation(7). Complete mineralization of 1,3-dichloropropene, based on chloride release, can be a matter of years(8). A 5 ug/mL test compound added to a sediment sample from a drainage ditch at an agricultural field station in Marcham, England was readily converted to 3-chloropropionic acid(9). 1,3-Dichloropropene is degraded more rapidly in soil that has a history of treatment with this pesticide than in previously untreated soil(3). While the degradation rates of the cis- and trans- isomers are similar in untreated soil, degradation in previously treated soil has been shown to be more rapid for trans-1,3-dichloropropene than for cis-1,3-dichloropropene(3).

ANAEROBIC: Using silty loam and sandy loam soils under anaerobic conditions at 15 and 25 °C, 1,3-dichloropropene had soil metabolism half-lives ranging from 2.4 to 9.1 days. Degradation products included 3-chloroallyl alcohol, propionic acid and an unknown compound(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3-dichloropropene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.43X10-11 and 8.4X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °For the trans- and cis-isomers respectively(1). This corresponds to respective atmospheric half-lives of about 1.1 and 1.9 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3-dichloropropene with ozone has been measured as 6.7X10-19 and 1.5X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C for the trans- and cis-isomers respectively(3). This corresponds to respective atmospheric half-lives of about 17 and 76 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Ozone reaction products include formyl chloride and chloroacetaldehyde, chloroacetic acid, HCl, CO, CO2, and formic acid(4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cis-1,3-dichloropropene with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 9.5X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at room temperature(5); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.4 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(6). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(7), therefore, night-time degradation appears to be an important fate process for 1,3-dichloropropene(SRC). Both cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene did not degrade in borosilicate glass vials irradiated continuously for 30 days with a xenon arc lamp at 25 °C and ambient humidity; therefore, direct photolysis is not expected to be an important fate process(4).

1,3-Dichloropropene hydrolysis half-lives measured in buffered solutions at pH 5, 7, and 9 were 13.5 days at 20 °C(1). Hydrolysis half-lives measured at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 2 days at 29 °C, 11-13 days at 15 °C, and 90-100 days at 2 °C(1). Chloroallyl alcohol is the main hydrolytic product, with the hydrolysis being pH independent and temperature dependent(1). Similar hydrolysis half-lives of 3.1, 11.3, and 51 days measured at 30, 20, and 10 °C, respectively, in sterile, buffered water(2). Some hydrolysis dependence on pH was observed in a study that measured half-lives of 8.7, 7.2, and 2.8 days at pH 4, 7, and 10, respectively, in buffer solutions at 20 °C(3). The primary hydrolysis product of 1,3-dichloropropene is 3-chloroallyl alcohol, which is broken down further to 3-chloroacrylic acid and eventually to CO2(3). The half-life of the cis-1,3-dichloropropene in aqueous solution was 20 days(4). The rate of hydrolysis is enhanced by the presence of soil by a factor of 1.4 when the soil/solution ratio is 0.5. Mixtures of higher soil content enhance the hydrolysis rate to about the same extent, and at best three-fold(4). Results of another laboratory study and a field study indicate a hydrolysis half-life in soil of greater than 69 days(5). It is additionally reported that disappearance is more rapid in clay soils than sandy ones, but no rates were given(6). The cis- and trans-isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene are hydrolyzed in wet soil to the corresponding 3-chloroallyl alcohol(7), with the 3-chloroallylacrylic acid as the hydrolytic end-product(7). The hydrolysis rate is temperature dependent, with half-lives of 1.5-20 and 91-100 days at 29 and 2 °C, respectively, reported for the cis-isomer(8).

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 1,3-dichloropropene(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.04 (average for the cis- and trans-isomers)(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Estimated weighted average BCF 1.91 for the edible portion of all freshwater and estuarine aquatic organisms consumed by Americans. (The estimation method was given). /1,3-Dichloropropene (cis and trans)/. ... Estimated steady state BCF 4.84 (from table). /1,3-Dichloropropene (cis and trans)/(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U084, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formulation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/=100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. /Dichloropropenes/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Dichloropropenes/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Dichloropropenes/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Dichloropropenes/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Dichloropropenes/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2047; Dichloropropenes

IMO 3; Dichloropropenes

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Dichloropropenes is included on the dangerous goods list. /Dichloropropenes/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Dichloropropenes is included on the dangerous goods list. /Dichloropropenes/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: T, N; R: 10-20-24/25-36/37/38-43-65-50/53; S: (1/2)-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C, D

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III