Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (97.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 44 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer immediately for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Note: Chloromethyl ether is a recognized human carcinogen.

Signs and Symptoms of Chloromethyl Ether Exposure: Acute exposure to chloromethyl ether may produce the following signs and symptoms: severe irritation and burning of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Sore throat, fever, chills, dypsnea (difficulty breathing), chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary edema with productive cough may be noted.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chloromethyl ether may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloromethyl ether.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloromethyl ether.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces are are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evacuate area. Seek professional environmental engineering assistance from the US EPA Environmental Response Team ... . Full body protective clothing and gloves should be used on entering areas of potential exposure. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: Absorb with sand or other noncombustible material and place into containers for later disposal. Large spills: Dike far ahead of spills for later disposal. Do not let this chemical enter the environment (extra personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus). Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms. ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly. ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P016, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Bis(chloromethyl) ether (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

Wash thoroughly immediately following exposure to this chemical. On exit from a regulated area, employees should remove and leave protective clothing and equipment at the point of exit, to be placed in impervious containers at the end of the work shift for decontamination or disposal. Showers should be taken before dressing in street clothes.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Bis(chloromethyl) ether (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Dry. Cool. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store only in original packaging.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. ... Store in a secure poison location. ... Store separately in a corrosive-resistant location. ... . Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data.

AEGLs Status: Final

0.0040 [ppm]

0.044 [ppm]

0.18 [ppm]

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers bis-chloromethyl ether to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

0.001 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.001 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

0.001 ppm as TWA; A1 (confirmed human carcinogen).

carcinogen category: 1

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: Insufficient data - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 0.1 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 0.5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for bis(chloromethyl) ether:[Table#1371]

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)

Table: AEGLs for Bis(chloromethyl) ether (ppm) [Table#1372]

Dichlorodimethyl ether, symmetrical appears as a colorless volatile liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Toxic by inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion. Dangerous fire risk - flash point below 0 °F. Vapors much denser than air. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Used to make paints and varnish, and as a solvent.

Colorless liquid with a suffocating odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a suffocating odor.

Colorless liquid

Suffocating odor

223 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

104-106 °C

106 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-42.7 °F (EPA, 1998)

-41.5 °C

Less than 66.2F (EPA, 1998)

Flash point < 19 °C

<19 °C (closed cup)

Reacts with water (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 1,020 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 2.20X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether

Miscible with many organic solvents

Solubility in water: reaction

1.315 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.323 g/cu cm at 15 °C

Density: 1.315 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.3

1.323 @ 15°C

4 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.0 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.0

30 mmHg at 71.6 °F (EPA, 1998)

29.4 [mmHg]

29.4 mm Hg at 25 °C /from experimentally derived coefficients/

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 3.9

30 mmHg at 72 °F

29.4 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.04

Henry's Law constant = 4.36X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Unstable in moist air.

Forms explosive mixture with air.

Decomposed by water to /hydrochloric acid/ and formaldehyde.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /chloride/.

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water. Reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid & formaldehyde.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

Water-Reactive

DICHLORODIMETHYL ETHER is incompatible with the following: Acids, water [Note: Reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid & formaldehyde.] (NIOSH, 2024).

Incompatible with strong acids. ... May form shock-sensitive compounds on contact with oxidizers, peroxides, and sunlight. Attacks many plastics.

Bis(chloromethyl) ether

D: Other compounds that may form peroxides

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) is a colorless liquid. Historical uses of BCME include crosslinking of cellulose, preparation of styrene and other polymers, surface treatment of vulcanized rubber to increase adhesion, and manufacture of flame-retardant fabrics. It is used in the manufacture of plastics and ion exchange resins, and as a laboratory reagent. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and respiratory system, as well as pulmonary congestion, edema, corneal damage, necrosis, decreased pulmonary function, coughing, dyspnea and wheezing, blood stained sputum, and bronchial secretions. A retrospective investigation of a small group of workers exposed to the compound between 1956 and 1962 revealed 6 cases of lung cancer among 18 men employed in a testing laboratory. Five of the 6 men were moderate smokers and 1 was a non-smoker. Two further cases were found among a group of 50 production workers. Five of the total 8 reported cases are stated to have been oat cell carcinomas. The exposure period ranged from 6-9 years and the latent period from first exposure to diagnosis was from 8-16 years. BCME induced unscheduled DNA synthesis and cell transformation in cultured human fibroblasts. A slight increase in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations was observed in blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to BCME during the preparation of ion-exchange resins. ANIMAL STUDIES: Exposure of rabbits for 3 min to atmosphere saturated with BCME caused milky corneal opacity and CNS depression. During inhalation of BCME in laboratory animal studies, irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract were noted as well as necrotizing bronchitis. Skin application resulted in erythema and necrosis. Increased mortality and tracheal hyperplasia were observed in rats and hamsters following multiple inhalation exposure. Carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals (mice and rats) exposed to BCME showed significantly elevated incidence of pulmonary adenomas and respiratory tumors. In mice, inhalation exposure also showed evidence of an elevated incidence of lung tumors. Incidence of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas and esthesioneuroepitheliomas of the nose was described in a small series of rats exposed to inhalation of BCME in a concentration of 0.1 ppm. BCME was mutagenic in bacteria, but it did not cause chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of rats exposed to vapors for six months. BCME is among the most potent animal and human carcinogens known. Sufficient information is available to support a genotoxic mode of action.

Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)

Respiratory

CLASSIFICATION: A; human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Statistically significant increases in lung tumors (oat cell carcinomas) observed in six studies of exposed workers and bioassay data from rats and mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of bis(chloromethyl)ether. Bis(chloromethyl)ether cause/s/ cancer of the lung. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of bis(chloromethyl)ether. Overall evaluation: Bis(chloromethyl) ether is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

Bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Burning sensation. Wheezing. Shortness of breath. Headache. Vomiting. Laboured breathing.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Burning sensation. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Burning sensation behind the breastbone. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

Cancer, Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

IRIS Current

ATSDR Final

LC50 (rat) = 7 ppm/7h

LC50 Hamster inhalation 7 ppm/7 hr

LD50 Rabbit dermal 280 mg/kg

LC50 Mouse inhalation 25 mg/cu m/6 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 7 ppm/7 hr

LD50 Rat oral 210 mg/kg

... /Administration/ to skin of single dose of 1 mg ... dissolved in 0.1 mL benzene, followed by thrice weekly applications of acetone solution of 0.025 mg in 0.1 mL mixed phorbol esters from croton oil 14 days after initiation treatment ... 2 mice had squamous cell carcinomas, 1 with metastases to lung. Median survival time ... 474 days. /Controls for this experiment not discussed in this review./

... /Skin administration/ of ... a single dose of 1 mg bis(chloromethyl) ether dissolved in 0.1 mL benzene, followed by thrice weekly applications of acetone solution of 0.025 mg in 0.1 mL mixed phorbol esters from croton oil 14 days after initiation treatment, yielded papillomas in 5/20 female mice, first papilloma ... at 76 days. No tumors were seen in a control group /of mice/ which received /1 mg bis(chlormethyl) ether dissolved in 0.1 mL benzene/ as initiator and no promoting treatment.

... Pre-treatment /of mouse skin/ with 0.15 mg benzo(a)pyrene in 0.1 mL benzene solution, followed 2 wk later by thrice weekly applications of bis(chloromethyl) ether (2 mg in 0.1 mL phorbol esters) ... papillomas ... in 13/20 mice, 12 ... progressed to carcinomas. Latent period ... 98 days ... /Controls for this experiment not discussed in this review./

A possible prophylactic effect of ascorbic acid was studied in a group of 77 workers occupationally exposed to bis(chloromethyl) ether. ... The effect of prophylactic treatment was assessed by cytogenetic analysis of chromosome aberrations, of blastic transformation and mitotic index in peripheral lymphocytes. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of 5 mo ascorbic acid prophylaxis. ... Administration of ascorbic acid in daily doses of 1 g, 5 days/wk, decreased the frequency of aberrant cells from 3.73% to 2.13% and increased the percent of blastic transformation from 59.15 to 67.26 and mitotic index from 1.04 to 1.42. ... Smoking habits had no clear-cut effect on detected changes. Thus, the risk of genetic injury, if assessed by the frequency of chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes, was considerably reduced after ascorbic acid prophylaxis in workers occupationally exposed to halogenated ethers.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ethers and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Provide a low-stimulus environment. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Treat frostbite by rapid rewarming ... . /Ethers and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ethers and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ... Medical observation is recommended for 24-48 hr after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor or authorized paramedic may consider administering a corticosteroid spray.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Whole Blood: The literature search did not reveal reports of monitoring tests for assessment of bis(chloromethyl) ether absorption. Reference Ranges: Normal - not established; Exposed - not established; Toxic - not established.

Serum or Plasma: The literature search did not reveal reports of monitoring tests for assessment of bis(chloromethyl) ether absorption. Reference Ranges: Normal - not established; Exposed - not established; Toxic - not established.

Urine: The literature search did not reveal reports of monitoring tests for assessment of bis(chloromethyl) ether absorption. Reference Ranges: Normal - not established; Exposed - not established; Toxic - not established.

For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for Bis(chloromethyl) ether (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.60e-04

2.00e-04

4.00e+00

2.20e+02

6.20e-02

Volatile

4.22e+03

8.30e-03

3.60e-02

4.50e-03

2.00e-02

7.20e-03

Bis(chloromethyl) ether's limited production and use as a chemical intermediate and alkylating agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. However, bis(chloromethyl) ether is no longer produced or used in the US. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 29.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bis(chloromethyl) ether will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase bis(chloromethyl) ether will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days. Bis(chloromethyl) ether does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Bis(chloromethyl) ether is expected to hydrolyze in moist air. If released to soil, bis(chloromethyl) ether is expected to hydrolyze rapidly with soil moisture. As a result, adsorption, leaching, volatilization and biodegradation in moist soil are not expected to be important environmental fate processes. Bis(chloromethyl) ether may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, biodegradation, volatilization, and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes due to rapid hydrolization. Occupational exposure to bis(chloromethyl) ether is low because it is no longer produced or sold in the US and most industrial operations with bis(chloromethyl) ether is conducted in closed containers. Monitoring data indicate that the general population (non US) may be exposed to bis(chloromethyl) ether via inhalation of vapors or smoke generated from mosquito coils containing octachlorodipropyl ether. (SRC)

Bis(chloromethyl) ether does not occur in nature.

Bis(chloromethyl) ether's limited production and use as a chemical intermediate and laboratory reagent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Bis(chloromethyl) ether is no longer produced or used in the US(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Bis(chloromethyl) ether hydrolyzes rapidly in water(1-2). As a result, adsorption, leaching, volatilization and biodegradation in moist soil are not expected to be important environmental fate processes(SRC). Bis(chloromethyl) ether is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 29.4 mm g at 25 °C(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Bis(chloromethyl) ether hydrolyzes rapidly in water(1-2). As a result, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, biodegradation, volatilization, and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes in aquatic systems(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bis(chloromethyl) ether, which has a vapor pressure of 29.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bis(chloromethyl) ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Bis(chloromethyl) ether does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Bis(chloromethyl) ether is reported to hydrolyze in humid air with half-lives of at least 18 hours(5) and >25 hours(6). However, results suggest that the hydrolysis is surface catalyzed and, therefore, may not represent the true half-life in atmospheric room air or outside air(7).

Rapid hydrolysis of bis(chloromethyl) ether occurs in pure water (half-life 10-38 sec)(1-2), and is slightly faster in basic and slower in acidic conditions(2). The hydrolysis half-life of bis(chloromethyl) ether in humid air was determined to be >25 hours in one study(2). Another report stated that bis(chloromethyl) ether was stable in air (70% relative humidity) for at least 18 hours(3). Results suggest that the reaction is surface catalyzed in humid air(2). The hydrolysis decomposition products include methanol, formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid and chloromethylformate(1,4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bis(chloromethyl) ether with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(5). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(5). Bis(chloromethyl) ether does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Bis(chloromethyl) ether hydrolyzes rapdily in water(1,2) and, therefore, is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC).

Bis(chloromethyl) ether hydrolyzes rapidly in water(1-2) and, therefore, adsorption to soil and leaching are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC).

Bis(chloromethyl) ether hydrolyzes rapidly in water(1-2). As a result, volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be important fate process(SRC). Bis(chloromethyl) ether is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 29.4 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Bis(chloromethyl) ether was identified, not quantified, in US drinking water(1) and in drinking water from New Orleans, LA (1972 data)(2).

SURFACE WATER: USEPA STORET DATABASE 317 surface water data points, 0% pos for bis(chloromethyl) ether(1).

USEPA STORET DATABASE, 977 effluent data points, 1.4% pos, median <1.0 ug/L(1). Municipal solid waste leachate, Wisconsin, 5 sites, 20% pos, 250 ppb bis(chloromethyl) ether(2). Bis(chloromethyl) ether was measured (results not reported) in a 1990 hazardous air pollutants study conducted in the US(3). Bis(chloromethyl) ether was not detected in any effluent streams (total waste, total release, fugitive air, stack air, surface water) generated from Dow's Midland, MI chemical manufacturing plant in 1996(4).

SEDIMENT: USEPA STORET DATABASE, 213 sediment data points, 0% pos for bis(chloromethyl) ether(1).

Bis(chloromethyl) ether is reported as a combustion product of octachlorodipropyl ether used in mosquito coils(1). Use of octachlorodipropyl ether in these products is illegal in the US(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 14 workers (5 of these are female) were potentially exposed to bis(chloromethyl) ether in the US(1). Data collected in the European Union (CAREX database 1990-1993) documented approximately 2250 workers were exposed to bis(chloromethyl) ether and chloromethyl methyl ether(1). Occupational exposure to bis(chloromethyl) ether is low because it is no longer produced or sold in the US and most industrial operations with bis(chloromethyl) ether is conducted in closed containers(SRC). Two textile mills using formaldehyde resins, magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate catalysts in the permanent press process detected a maximum bis(chloromethyl) ether of 2.7 ppb(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population (non US) may be exposed to bis(chloromethyl) ether via inhalation of vapors or smoke generated from mosquito coils containing octachlorodipropyl ether(SRC).

... the potential for exposure /to bis(chloromethyl) ether and chloromethyl methyl ether/ nowadays is low because these chemicals are no longer produced or sold in large quantities and most industrial operations with these chemicals are conducted in closed containers.

Potential environmental exposure through water pollution is small because both chemicals /BCME and CMME/ rapidly decompose in water. /Bis(chloromethyl) ether and chloromethyl methyl ether/

Largest potential source of human exposure ... appears to be in the use of a chloromethylating reaction mixture made from methanol, formaldehyde and /hydrogen chloride/ HCl bis(chloromethyl) ether can be a major component of these ... mixtures, which are used without isolation of individual products ... .

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P016, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Bis(chloromethyl) ether (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Bis(chloromethyl) ether (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2249; Dichlorodimethyl ether, symmetrical

IMO 6.1; Dichlorodimethyl ether, symmetrical

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Dichlorodimethyl ether, symmetrical is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Dichlorodimethyl ether, symmetrical is included on the dangerous goods list.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Poison Flammable Liquid

Airtight.

Symbol: T+; R: 45-10-22-24-26; S: 53-45; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; Carriage by some modes of transport is prohibited.