3-Nitrophenol

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (89.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (87.5%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H373 (10.7%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 56 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P317, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Nitrophenols/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The effectiveness of various wastewater treatment processes (ie, use of activated sludge, powdered activated carbon added to activated sludge, a granular activated carbon column, and a resin column) in removing the major pollutants from wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry was studied on a field pilot plant scale. The addition of powdered activated carbon to activated sludge produced a better effluent than the extended aeration of activated sludge. However, the powdered activated carbon pilot plant did not always produce a better effluent than the granular activated carbon plant. In general, the granular activated carbon pilot plant produced a better effluent than the resin column.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 3-NITROPHENOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Clean work clothes should be supplied daily; showers should be taken prior to changing to street clothes. ... Appropriate type respirators with organic vapor canisters should be provided in areas of concn of dust or vapors. /Nitrophenols/

Separate from combustible, organic, or other readily oxidizable materials.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 3-NITROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

... KEEP ALL FLAMMABLES AWAY FROM AREA WHERE OXIDIZING AGENTS ARE STORED. ... AREA ... KEPT COOL & VENTILATED, & SHOULD BE FIREPROOFED.

1.0 [mg/m3]

11 [mg/m3]

69 [mg/m3]

Wear butyl rubber gloves, protective clothing and shoes, and self-contained breathing appartus. (USCG, 1999)

Self contained breathing apparatus for fumes; rubber gloves; goggles

M-nitrophenol is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline solid. Sinks in and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

Yellow solid; [Hawley] Yellow powder; [MSDSonline]

Monoclinic prisms from ether and dilute hydrochloric acid

Colorless to yellow crystals

381 °F at 70 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

BP: 194 °C at 70 mm Hg

205 to 208 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in hot and dilute acids, in caustic solutions; insoluble in petroleum ether

169.35 g/100 g in acetone at 0.2 °C; 1305.9 g/100 g in acetone at 84 °C; 116.9 g/100 g in alcohol at 1 °C; 1105.25 g/100 g in alcohol at 85 °C; 105.9 g/100 g in ether at 0.2 °C; 1065.8 g/100 g in acetone at 83 °C

Very soluble in ethanol, ether, and acetone

In water, 133,000 mg/L at 90 °C

In water, 13,550 mg/L at 25 °C

1.485 at 68 °F 1.2797 at 100 °C (Liquid) (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.485 at 20 °C/4 °C; 1.2797 at 100 °C/4 °C

1.485 @ 20°C

70 mmHg at 381 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.1 [mmHg]

1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C /extrapolated from 0.09 mm Hg at 84 °C, 0.26 mm Hg at 96.1 °C/

0.1 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.00

Henry's Law constant = 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

Henry's Law constant = 6.25X10-8 atm-cu m/mole at 38 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/

Decomposes when distilled at ordinary pressure.

684.4 kg cal/g mol wt at 20 °C (solid)

Negative

Agilent XCT

Electrospray ionization

ammonia (10nM)

MeCN (80%)

DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00595

Odor threshold = 3.0 mg/m3 (in air)

3.0 mg/cu m in air

Detection in water: 0.6 mg/L

Ka at 18 °C = 4.6X10-9

pKa = 8.360

Heat of fusion: 19.20 kJ/mol

Decomposes when distilled at ordinary pressure

Aromatic to sweetish odor /Nitrophenols/

Water insoluble.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Phenols and Cresols

M-NITROPHENOL is a light-yellow, crystalline material, toxic and irritant. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 941]. Phenols do not behave as organic alcohols, as one might guess from the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group in their structure. Instead, they react as weak organic acids. Phenols and cresols are much weaker as acids than common carboxylic acids (phenol has pKa = 9.88). These materials are incompatible with strong reducing substances such as hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides. Flammable gas (H2) is often generated, and the heat of the reaction may ignite the gas. Heat is also generated by the acid-base reaction between phenols and bases.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

LD50 Rat oral 930 (640-1,350) mg/kg.

LD50 Rat oral 328 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1070 mg/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination. flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Rapid body cooling may be necessary in case of hyperthermia. Salicylates are contraindicated. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For dehydration and hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Liver and renal function and blood should be evaluated in placement or periodic examinations. /Nitrophenols/

/GENOTOXICITY/ 3-Nitrophenol was shown to be mutagenic in a rec-assay and gave inconsistent results in Salmonella/microsome assays. One study showed it to be non-mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains, whereas another study showed mutagenicity in both of these strains in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation. In view of the conflicting results from Salmonella/microsome assays and the absence of any data on clastogenicity, no conclusions can be made regarding the mutagenicity of 3-nitrophenol.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... /3-Nitrophenol possesses/ distinct cumulative effects. Chronic admin of any of the mononitrophenols to mammals caused alterations of neurohumoral regulation & pathological changes including colitis, enteritis, hepatitis, gastritis, hyperplasia of the spleen, & ... /neuropathy/. Limiting doses for the disruption of conditioned reflex activity were established as 0.003 mg/kg for ... 3-nitrophenol ... .

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ITS TOXICITY IS /SIMILAR/ /TO/ ... O-NITROPHENOL. /O-NITROPHENOL CAUSES CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL VAGUS STIMULATION, CNS DEPRESSION, METHEMOGLOBINEMIA, & DYSPNEA IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION./

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 11000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 3 cm, weight 0.3 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 1300 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxic effect: Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis: Chlorella pyrenoidosa 50,000 ug/L for 3 days

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Examined mitotic effect of mononitrophenol isomers in root tips of Allium cepa. All three compounds induced mitosis in root tips, but only 4-nitrophenol induced detectable chromosome fragmentations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 53% Mortality in Carassius auratus 24,000 ug/L for 8 hr

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxicity Threshold Scenedesmus quadricauda 7,600 ug/L for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-NITROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3-Nitrophenol's production and use as an intermediate in synthesizing dyestuffs and drugs and its use as an indicator may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-nitrophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. At temperatures below 20 °C, 3-nitrophenol can exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 3-nitrophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days. Particulate-phase 3-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition. 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment. If released to soil, 3-nitrophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon one measured Koc value of 48 and an estimated Koc of 290. The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36, indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Experimental Koc data for other nitrophenol isomers indicates 3-nitrophenol may be more mobile in anionic form than neutral form. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur based on a Henry's Law constant of 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C. 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 3-Nitrophenol was completely biodegraded within 3 to 5 days in one soil inoculum study, but required more than 64 days to biodegrade in another soil study; acclimation may be an important consideration for biodegradation rates in soil and water. 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 72% and 67% in 2 flooded soils over a 10 day incubation period and was readily biodegradable (theoretical BODs of 48-64%) in 2-week Japanaese MITI tests. If released into water, 3-nitrophenol may have little to moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 90% using an activated sludge in 16 days including a 10 day lag period. 3-Nitrophenol was readily biodegradable in river water die-way tests, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. An estimated BCF value of 10 and reported BCF of 25 in fish suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 3-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-nitrophenol is produced or used. (SRC)

3-Nitrophenol's production and use as an intermediate in synthesizing dyestuffs and drugs, and as an indicator(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc of 48 in one study(2) and an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that 3-nitrophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Experimental Koc data for other nitrophenol isomers(6-9) indicate 3-nitrophenol may be more mobile in the anionic form than in the neutral form(SRC). Volatilization of 3-nitrophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(10). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(11). 3-Nitrophenol was completely biodegraded in a soil inoculum obtained from a waste facility within 3-5 days(12), but it took more than 64 days to biodegrade 3-nitrophenol in a soil inoculum study(13); acclimation may be an important fate consideration with respect to biodegradation rates(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 72% and 67% in 2 flooded soils over a 10 day incubation period(14) and 3-nitrophenol was readily biodegradable (theoretical BODs of 48-64%) in 2-week Japanaese MITI tests(15).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc of 48 in one study(2) and an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that 3-nitrophenol is expected to have low to moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon the Henry's Law constant of 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF value of 10(SRC) from a log Kow of 2.00(7) and a regression-derived equation(3), and a reported experimental BCF of 25 in fish(8) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will be low(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4). 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(9) which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in water(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 90% using an activated sludge in 16 days including a 10 day lag period(10). 3-Nitrophenol was readily biodegradable (theoretical BODs of 48-64%) in 2-week Japanaese MITI tests(11) and river water die-way tests(12,13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-nitrophenol, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. At temperatures below 20 °C, the gas/particle partitioning model predicts that 3-nitrophenol will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 3-nitrophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxy radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 3-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(4) which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC).

AEROBIC: More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 3-nitrophenol in a soil inoculum study(1) and 3-nitrophenol was completely degraded in 3-5 days in another soil inoculum study(2). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 90% using an activated sludge in 16 days including a 10 day lag period(3). 3-Nitrophenol, present at 30 mg/L, reached 48-64% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4), suggesting that the compound may be readily biodegradable(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: 3-Nitrophenol was completely mineralized in 1 week in an anaerobic sewage sludge(1). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 72% and 67% in 2 flooded soils over a 10 day incubation period(2). No biodegradation of 3-nitrophenol was observed under denitrifying conditions during a 30 day incubation period(3). 3-Nitrophenol was not degraded in a primary digesting sludge under methanogenic conditions during a 90 day incubation period(4). In an anaerobic biofilter implementation, 3-nitrophenol was largely converted (65-92% removal efficiency) to aminophenol(5). Using river water from the Songhua River in China and a sealed-bottle biodegradation method, 3-nitrophenol had a 5-day theoretical BOD of 37%(6). In another sealed-bottle test using bacteria from the Songhua River in China, 3-nitrophenol was found to be readily biodegradable with a first-order degradation rate of 0.54/day(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-nitrophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(3) which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction between singlet oxygen and 3-nitrophenol in surface waters was measured as 2.7X10+6 L/mol-s at 27 °C(4); this corresponds to a half-life of about 74 days at a singlet oxygen concn of 4X10-14 mol/L(4).

3-Nitrophenol has a reported experimental BCF of 25 in fish(1). An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 3-nitrophenol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.00(2) and a regression-derived equation(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

A single measured Koc of 48 has been reported for 3-nitrophenol(1). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc of 3-nitrophenol can be estimated to be 290(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 3-nitrophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Experimental Koc data for other nitrophenol isomers(6-9) indicate 3-nitrophenol may be more mobile in the anionic form than in the neutral form(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 3-nitrophenol is 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-nitrophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the ionized form in water and moist soils and the anionic form of 3-nitrophenol will not volatilize(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

GROUNDWATER: 3-Nitrophenol was detected in groundwater at an abandoned creosote facility in Conroe, TX at 0-43 ppb(1). 3-Nitrophenol was detected at concentrations of 1.2-54 ug/L in groundwater at a former munitions plant in Saxony, Germany(2).

Occupational exposure to 3-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-nitrophenol is produced or used. (SRC)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 11000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 3 cm, weight 0.3 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 1300 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxic effect: Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis: Chlorella pyrenoidosa 50,000 ug/L for 3 days

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Examined mitotic effect of mononitrophenol isomers in root tips of Allium cepa. All three compounds induced mitosis in root tips, but only 4-nitrophenol induced detectable chromosome fragmentations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 53% Mortality in Carassius auratus 24,000 ug/L for 8 hr

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxicity Threshold Scenedesmus quadricauda 7,600 ug/L for 8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-NITROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3-Nitrophenol's production and use as an intermediate in synthesizing dyestuffs and drugs and its use as an indicator may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-nitrophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. At temperatures below 20 °C, 3-nitrophenol can exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 3-nitrophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days. Particulate-phase 3-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition. 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment. If released to soil, 3-nitrophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon one measured Koc value of 48 and an estimated Koc of 290. The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36, indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Experimental Koc data for other nitrophenol isomers indicates 3-nitrophenol may be more mobile in anionic form than neutral form. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur based on a Henry's Law constant of 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C. 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 3-Nitrophenol was completely biodegraded within 3 to 5 days in one soil inoculum study, but required more than 64 days to biodegrade in another soil study; acclimation may be an important consideration for biodegradation rates in soil and water. 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 72% and 67% in 2 flooded soils over a 10 day incubation period and was readily biodegradable (theoretical BODs of 48-64%) in 2-week Japanaese MITI tests. If released into water, 3-nitrophenol may have little to moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 90% using an activated sludge in 16 days including a 10 day lag period. 3-Nitrophenol was readily biodegradable in river water die-way tests, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. An estimated BCF value of 10 and reported BCF of 25 in fish suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 3-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-nitrophenol is produced or used. (SRC)

3-Nitrophenol's production and use as an intermediate in synthesizing dyestuffs and drugs, and as an indicator(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc of 48 in one study(2) and an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that 3-nitrophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Experimental Koc data for other nitrophenol isomers(6-9) indicate 3-nitrophenol may be more mobile in the anionic form than in the neutral form(SRC). Volatilization of 3-nitrophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(10). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(11). 3-Nitrophenol was completely biodegraded in a soil inoculum obtained from a waste facility within 3-5 days(12), but it took more than 64 days to biodegrade 3-nitrophenol in a soil inoculum study(13); acclimation may be an important fate consideration with respect to biodegradation rates(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 72% and 67% in 2 flooded soils over a 10 day incubation period(14) and 3-nitrophenol was readily biodegradable (theoretical BODs of 48-64%) in 2-week Japanaese MITI tests(15).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc of 48 in one study(2) and an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(3), indicates that 3-nitrophenol is expected to have low to moderate adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon the Henry's Law constant of 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF value of 10(SRC) from a log Kow of 2.00(7) and a regression-derived equation(3), and a reported experimental BCF of 25 in fish(8) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will be low(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(4). 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(9) which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in water(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 90% using an activated sludge in 16 days including a 10 day lag period(10). 3-Nitrophenol was readily biodegradable (theoretical BODs of 48-64%) in 2-week Japanaese MITI tests(11) and river water die-way tests(12,13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-nitrophenol, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. At temperatures below 20 °C, the gas/particle partitioning model predicts that 3-nitrophenol will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase 3-nitrophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxy radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 3-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(4) which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC).

AEROBIC: More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 3-nitrophenol in a soil inoculum study(1) and 3-nitrophenol was completely degraded in 3-5 days in another soil inoculum study(2). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 90% using an activated sludge in 16 days including a 10 day lag period(3). 3-Nitrophenol, present at 30 mg/L, reached 48-64% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(4), suggesting that the compound may be readily biodegradable(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: 3-Nitrophenol was completely mineralized in 1 week in an anaerobic sewage sludge(1). 3-Nitrophenol was degraded 72% and 67% in 2 flooded soils over a 10 day incubation period(2). No biodegradation of 3-nitrophenol was observed under denitrifying conditions during a 30 day incubation period(3). 3-Nitrophenol was not degraded in a primary digesting sludge under methanogenic conditions during a 90 day incubation period(4). In an anaerobic biofilter implementation, 3-nitrophenol was largely converted (65-92% removal efficiency) to aminophenol(5). Using river water from the Songhua River in China and a sealed-bottle biodegradation method, 3-nitrophenol had a 5-day theoretical BOD of 37%(6). In another sealed-bottle test using bacteria from the Songhua River in China, 3-nitrophenol was found to be readily biodegradable with a first-order degradation rate of 0.54/day(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-nitrophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 3-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(3) which suggests that 3-nitrophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction between singlet oxygen and 3-nitrophenol in surface waters was measured as 2.7X10+6 L/mol-s at 27 °C(4); this corresponds to a half-life of about 74 days at a singlet oxygen concn of 4X10-14 mol/L(4).

3-Nitrophenol has a reported experimental BCF of 25 in fish(1). An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 3-nitrophenol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.00(2) and a regression-derived equation(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

A single measured Koc of 48 has been reported for 3-nitrophenol(1). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc of 3-nitrophenol can be estimated to be 290(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 3-nitrophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Experimental Koc data for other nitrophenol isomers(6-9) indicate 3-nitrophenol may be more mobile in the anionic form than in the neutral form(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 3-nitrophenol is 2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-nitrophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). The pKa of 3-nitrophenol is 8.36(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the ionized form in water and moist soils and the anionic form of 3-nitrophenol will not volatilize(SRC). 3-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

GROUNDWATER: 3-Nitrophenol was detected in groundwater at an abandoned creosote facility in Conroe, TX at 0-43 ppb(1). 3-Nitrophenol was detected at concentrations of 1.2-54 ug/L in groundwater at a former munitions plant in Saxony, Germany(2).

Occupational exposure to 3-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-nitrophenol is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The effectiveness of various wastewater treatment processes (ie, use of activated sludge, powdered activated carbon added to activated sludge, a granular activated carbon column, and a resin column) in removing the major pollutants from wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry was studied on a field pilot plant scale. The addition of powdered activated carbon to activated sludge produced a better effluent than the extended aeration of activated sludge. However, the powdered activated carbon pilot plant did not always produce a better effluent than the granular activated carbon plant. In general, the granular activated carbon pilot plant produced a better effluent than the resin column.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 3-NITROPHENOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Nitrophenols/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 3-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1663; Nitrophenols

IMO 6.1; Nitrophenols

49 633 94; Nitrophenol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.