Carbon tetrabromide

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (95.5%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (95.5%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 111 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Carbon tetrabromide:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH PROMPTLY - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Collect on paper and evaporate on a glass dish in a hood. Burn the paper.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. ... Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with bromoform should be removed promptly and not reworn until the bromoform is removed from the clothing. /Bromoform/

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Well closed.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.1 ppm (1.4 mg/m³)

0.3 ppm (4 mg/m³)

TWA 0.1 ppm (1.4 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (4 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.1 [ppm]

0.3 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.3 ppm.

0.1 ppm as TWA; 0.3 ppm as STEL

0.1 ppm [1972]

0.3 ppm [1972]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Australia: 0.1 ppm TWA, 0.3 ppm STEL (1990); United Kingdom: 0.1 ppm, 10-min STEL 0.3 ppm (1991).

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Lachrymation. The substance is corrosive to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the lungs, liver and kidneys. Exposure to high concentrations could cause unconsciousness.

The substance may have effects on the liver.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Carbon tetrabromide:

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear rubber gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus, work clothing.

Carbon tetrabromide appears as a colorless crystalline solid. Much more dense than water and insoluble in water. Toxic by ingestion. Vapors are narcotic in high concentration. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless to yellow-brown crystals with a slight odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

Colorless to yellow-brown crystals with a slight odor.

Colorless, monoclinic tablets

Colorless crystals

Colorless to yellow-brown crystals.

Slight odor.

Lacrymator

374 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

189.5 °C

194 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.02 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Sol in alcohol, ether, chloroform

Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl ether.

In water, 0.024 g/100 ml @ 30 °C

Solubility in water: none

3.42 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

2.9608 @ 100 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 3.42

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 11.4

40 mmHg at 205 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.72 [mmHg]

0.72 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 96 °C: 5.33

40 mmHg at 205 °F

(205 °F): 40 mmHg

log Kow= 3.42

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen bromide/.

10,771.4 gcal/gmole

10.31 eV

Index of refraction: 1.5942 @ 100 °C/D (alpha)

Schoenflies notation

Acentric factor

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Critical point

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

CARBON TETRABROMIDE is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers, hexacyclohexyldilead, lithium (NIOSH, 2024).

Lithium mixed with the following compounds can explode on impact: ... carbon tetrabromide.

Strong oxidizers, hexacyclohexyldilead, lithium.

Mixture with lithium particles is an impact-sensitive explosive. Explodes on contact with hexacyclohexyldilead.

Strong oxidizers, hexacyclohexyldilead, lithium

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cough. Drowsiness. Lethargy. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Dullness. Sore throat. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); lung, liver, kidney injury; In Animals: corneal damage

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

LD50: 298 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 56 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Mouse sc 298 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse iv 56 mg/kg

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 l/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... Cover skin bumps with sterile dressings after decontamination ... /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the unconscious patient. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of cardiac irritability and fluid overload ... Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

ACUTE EXPOSURES TO HIGH CONCN CAUSE UPPER RESP IRRITATION & INJURY TO LUNGS, LIVER & KIDNEYS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE EFFECTS @ VERY LOW LEVELS WILL BE ALMOST ENTIRELY LIMITED TO LIVER INJURY. THE MATERIAL IS A POTENT LACHRIMATOR EVEN @ LOW EXPOSURE CONCENTRATIONS.

CNS DEPRESSANT IN HIGH CONCN.

HIGHER CONCN THAN /0.3-0.5 PPM IN AIR/ ... CAUSED POOR GROWTH, & FATTY & DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN LIVER /IN RATS/.

IN THE EYE OF RABBITS, UNDILUTED MATERIAL CAUSES SEVERE IRRITATION & PERMANENT CORNEAL DAMAGE. WHEN MATERIAL WAS PROMPTLY WASHED FROM THE EYES, PAIN & IRRITATION WERE NOTED BUT THE CORNEAL DAMAGE WAS TEMPORARY. SKIN CONTACT CAUSES RELATIVELY SLIGHT IRRITATION IN RABBITS. IF MATERIAL IS CONFINED TIGHTLY TO THE SKIN, IT MAY CAUSE HYPEREMIA & MODERATE EDEMA. ... EXPOSURE OF RATS TO CARBON TETRABROMIDE "FUME" (0.01 TO 1 MG/L) (0.07 TO 74 PPM), 4 HR/DAY FOR 4 MO WAS REPORTED TO CAUSE METABOLIC CHANGES IN THE LIVERS. EVEN THE LOWEST CONCN CAUSED IRRITATION OF THE EYES AND RESP TRACT.

Carbon tetrabromide (CAS # 558-13-4) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity in 5 groups of fasted Sprague-Dawley rats (3 male, 2 female rats/group) administered single doses (unspecified) anticipated to produce partial mortality (based on initial range-finding study) in at least 2 groups. Mortality occurred from 24 to 96 hours post-dosing and, according to a method of Berkson, an oral LD50 for carbontetrabromide 60TC (20% in corn oil) was 4,471 mg/kg (fiducial limits: 2,875-6,953 mg/kg). Symptoms included diarrhea, chromodacryorrhea, and lethargy. No further information regarding methods or results was provided.

Carbon tetrabromide (CAS # 558-13-4) was evaluated for acute dermal toxicity in 6 rabbits (strain unspecified) administered single occluded applications of 2 g/kg (volume unspecified) upon clipped, intact skin for 24 hours. All rabbits (6/6) died within 2 to 48 hours and signs of toxicity included expression of pain and inability to stand. No further information regarding methods or results was provided.

Tetrabromomethane's production and use in organic syntheses may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg indicates tetrabromomethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrabromomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals could not be estimate but is expected to be very slow since there are no abstractable hydrogens. If released to soil, tetrabromomethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 49. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Tetrabromomethane's volatilization from dry soil surfaces is expected to be slow based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, tetrabromomethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.0 hrs and 8.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 86 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow. If hydrolysis occurs, it is not expected to be an important degradation process. Occupational exposure to tetrabromomethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrabromomethane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to tetrabromomethane via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

Carbon tetrabromide has been isolated from red algae, Asparagopsis toxiformis, found in the ocean near Hawaii.

Tetrabromomethane's production and use in organic syntheses(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 49(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tetrabromomethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetrabromomethane from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its vapor pressure, 0.72 mm Hg(3) and water solubility, 240 mg/l(4). Tetrabromomethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg(4). Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 49(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tetrabromomethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces may occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its vapor pressure, 0.72 mm Hg(4) and water solubility, 240 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.0 hrs and 8.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 86(SRC), from its log Kow value of 3.42(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetrabromomethane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg at 30 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrabromomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals could not be estimated but is expected to be very slow since there are no abstractable hydrogens(3).

Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrabromomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals could not be estimated(SRC). Although there is no literature supporting the hydrolysis of tetrabromomethane, there is evidence of tribromomethane undergoing hydrolysis with a half-life of 686 years(2). Due to its similarity in structure to carbon tetrachloride, tetrabromomethane may undergo hydrolysis in the environment but probably not at an environmentally important rate(SRC). Tetrabromomethane is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of adsorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 86 was calculated for tetrabromomethane(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.42(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for tetrabromomethane can be estimated to be about 49(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that tetrabromomethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for tetrabromomethane is estimated as 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 0.72 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 240 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tetrabromomethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.0 hrs(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 8.2 days(SRC). Tetrabromomethane's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Tetrabromomethane's volatilization is expected to be slow from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg(1).

Tetrabromomethane's production and use in organic syntheses may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg indicates tetrabromomethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrabromomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals could not be estimate but is expected to be very slow since there are no abstractable hydrogens. If released to soil, tetrabromomethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 49. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Tetrabromomethane's volatilization from dry soil surfaces is expected to be slow based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, tetrabromomethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.0 hrs and 8.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 86 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow. If hydrolysis occurs, it is not expected to be an important degradation process. Occupational exposure to tetrabromomethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrabromomethane is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to tetrabromomethane via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

Carbon tetrabromide has been isolated from red algae, Asparagopsis toxiformis, found in the ocean near Hawaii.

Tetrabromomethane's production and use in organic syntheses(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 49(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tetrabromomethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetrabromomethane from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its vapor pressure, 0.72 mm Hg(3) and water solubility, 240 mg/l(4). Tetrabromomethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg(4). Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 49(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that tetrabromomethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces may occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its vapor pressure, 0.72 mm Hg(4) and water solubility, 240 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.0 hrs and 8.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 86(SRC), from its log Kow value of 3.42(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetrabromomethane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg at 30 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrabromomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals could not be estimated but is expected to be very slow since there are no abstractable hydrogens(3).

Based upon the highly halogenated structure of tetrabromomethane, biodegradation is expected to be slow(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetrabromomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals could not be estimated(SRC). Although there is no literature supporting the hydrolysis of tetrabromomethane, there is evidence of tribromomethane undergoing hydrolysis with a half-life of 686 years(2). Due to its similarity in structure to carbon tetrachloride, tetrabromomethane may undergo hydrolysis in the environment but probably not at an environmentally important rate(SRC). Tetrabromomethane is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of adsorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 86 was calculated for tetrabromomethane(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.42(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for tetrabromomethane can be estimated to be about 49(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that tetrabromomethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for tetrabromomethane is estimated as 4.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 0.72 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 240 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tetrabromomethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.0 hrs(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 8.2 days(SRC). Tetrabromomethane's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Tetrabromomethane's volatilization is expected to be slow from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.72 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: Tetrabromomethane was detected (concentration not specified) in water from treated chlorinated seawater used for drinking at 2 oil platforms(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,703 workers (460 of these are female) are potentially exposed to tetrabromomethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to tetrabromomethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetrabromomethane is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to tetrabromomethane via ingestion of drinking water(2).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TETRABROMOMETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2516; Carbon tetrabromide

IMO 6.1; Carbon tetrabromide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III