brodifacoum

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360D: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310+H330 (26.5%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (11.6%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330 (82.7%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360 (55.8%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360D (26.5%): May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 249 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Heating of containers will cause a pressure rise, with the risk of bursting and subsequent ignition. Fire-exposed containers should be kept cool by spraying with water.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Carbon dioxide or dry powders are recommended for extinguishing small fires, and foam or water fog for larger fires. A water jet should not be used. Run-off water from the fire should be prevented from entering surface-water drains or water sources.

Dry spillages should be collected at once, by suction, and disposed of as toxic waste, according to local legislation.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Do not place baits where domestic or farm animals and birds can reach them. Burn or bury any uneaten bait. Do not dump it in water. Look for dead rats and mice and burn or bury them.

...Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

After skin exposure, all areas should be thoroughly washed with soap and water. For respiratory exposure, removal from the source of the exposure is sufficient.

Care should be taken ... not to contaminate foodstuffs ... not to leave material within reach of children; to use prepared baits rather than scatter poison; to collect and destroy dead rodents; to bury baits and powder when operation is completed. /coumarin derivatives/

If swallowed never give anything by mouth to an unconsious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.

Wherever possible, toxic chemicals, concentrates and bait preparations should be handled in a fume cupboard. When bait mixing has been done in the field, operators should take care to remain sheltered from the wind. /Rodenticides/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep container closed to maintain bait freshness.

Technical brodifacoum and formulations should be stored in sealed containers in locked, well-ventilated, dry areas away from frost, direct sunlight, and sources of heat and ignition. Keep products out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel. Do not store near food and animal feed.

Keep away from children, domestic animals, wildlife, food, feed, or water supplies.

Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance wit applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Face shield and safety glasses. Ues equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standars such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).

...Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.

Adequate protective clothing should be worn at all times. In the lab this will consist of a lab coat, rubber or polyethylene gloves and a /NIOSH approved respirator/ or respirator of a type applicable to the specific chemical being handled. /Rodenticides/

Off-white, odorless powder; [INCHEM]

White powder

Off-white to fawn powder

Cream colored, fine powdery solid

Odorless

232 °C (Decomp) (98.7 % purity)

MP: 230 °C

Forms amine salts of limited solubility in water.

In water, 0.24 mg/L at 20 °C and pH 7.4

In acetone 23; dichloromethane 50; tolune 7.2 (all in g/L, 20 °C)

Slightly soluble in benzene

Moderately soluble in ethyl acetate.

Insoluble in petroleum ether. Soluble in ethanol.

1.4 g/cc at 25 °C (92.5% w/w)

Density: 1.42 at 25 °C /Technical/

VP: Less than 1.33X10-7 kPa (1X10-6 mm Hg) at 25 °C

log Kow: pH 5: 6.2-6.3 (10 °C), 6-6.1 (20 °C), 5.8-6.0 (30 °C); pH 7: 5.1 (10 °C), 4.9 (20 °C), 4.8 (30 °C); pH 9: 4.9 (10 °C), 4.8 (20 °C), 4.6 (30 °C)

Henry's Law constant = 2.2X10 Pa-cu m/mole /2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mol/ at pH 7

It is very stable in the environment with no loss after 30 days' exposure to direct sunlight

Thermally (up to 50 °C) and photolytically (30 days in direct sunlight) stable. Degraded by u.v. light when in soln.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Br-

High temperature decomposition or burning in air will lead to the formation of toxic gases, which may include carbon monoxide as well as fumes of unchanged rodenticide; ...

A very weak acid which is too lipophilic to form water-soluble salts.

Rodenticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Rodenticides, Anticoagulant

IDENTIFICATION: Brodifacoum is a coumarin derived rodenticide. It was first introduced in 1975 to deal with the public health problem of warfarin resistant rodents. Brodifacoum exists as cis and trans isomers that may be separated by chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The commercially available preparation contains variable proportions of cis/trans isomers as 50:50 and 70:30. There is no significant difference in activity between the two isomers. Brodifacoum is an off white powder. It is a weak acid which does not readily form water soluble salts. It does not lose activity after 30 days in direct sunlight. This rodenticide is effective against warfarin resistant rats. It is usually sold as a ready to use bait in pellets, mini-pellets and water proof bait containing 0.005% brodifacoum (loose or in bait packs). Indicated for the control of Norwegian rats, roof rats and house mice in public, industrial and commercial buildings, in residences and outdoor urban areas. The application may be carried out by professional pest control personnel or by the general public. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The target system is the hematological system, with impairment of clotting. The main risks are associated with potentially fatal gastrointestinal and intracerebral hemorrhage. If toxic amounts have been ingested, coagulation will be impaired, with gum bleeding, epistaxis, ecchymosis, hematomata, hematesis, melena and hematuria. Oral exposure is the commonest route of entry. Brodifacoum is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The ingestion of a large amount of brodifacoum over a two day period by a 31yr old psychotic woman produced generalized ecchymosis and abortion. A 17 yr old male ingested brodifacoum had flank pain and hematuria followed by epistaxis and gum bleeding. In an adult ingestion of brodifacoum produced bleeding for more than two months.In a longitudinal analysis of alterations in specific coagulation factors in a poisoning case demonstrated a profound decrease in factors II, VII, IX and X. The prognosis is poor in cases with internal bleeding or intracerebral hemorrhage and in patients with previous hematological illnesses or renal insufficiency. Muscular hematoma may result, especially on the elbows, knees and buttocks. Although the liver is the site of metabolism of brodifacoum, no observable clinical effects are apparent except coagulopathy. ANIMAL STUDIES: Brodifacoum and related compounds bind more strongly to a lipophilic site in the liver than does warfarin. In the poisoned rat, hepatic concentrations of the substance are 20 times higher than the serum concentrations. Brodifacoum has a very long plasma half life. Metabolic studies in animals have shown a half life of approximately 24 days, 120 days in the dog and 156 hours in the rat. Brodifacoum is hydroxylated to inactive compounds by mixed function oxidase enzymes in hepatic microsomes. Phenobarbital is known to increase the activity of hepatocellular microsomal enzymes and would increase the anticoagulant's metabolism as it does with warfarin. In the animal, it has been demonstrated that pretreatment with phenobarbital decreases the effect of brodifacoum. This compound acts by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide reductase in the vitamin K1-epoxide cycle. Impeding the cyclic regeneration of vitamin K1, resulting in hypoprothrombinemia. The superwarfarins produce a diminution of the vitamin K dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin factor precursors. The effect is 100 times greater on a molar basis than that of warfarin. With its very long plasma half life, results in a potent anticoagulant effect. Brodifacoum is slightly irritating when applied to the skin or rabbits and to the eye. No effect has been demonstrated with technical brodifacoum in long term carcinogenicity tests. Studies in rats and rabbits have demonstrated no fetotoxic, embryotoxic or teratogenic effects.[

Brodifacoum inhibits the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. This enzyme is needed for the reconstitution of the vitamin K in its cycle from vitamin K-epoxide, and so brodifacoum steadily decreases the level of active vitamin K in the blood. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of important substances including prothrombin, which is involved in blood clotting. This disruption becomes increasingly severe until the blood effectively loses any ability to clot. In addition, brodifacoum increases permeability of blood capillaries. The blood plasma and blood itself begins to leak from the blood vessels, causing internal bleeding leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. (L1257)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Brodifacoum is an anticoagulant and causes internal bleeding, leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. (L1257)

Oral (ingestion) (L1817) ; dermal (L1817)

Brodifacoum initially causes dehydration before progressing to bleeding complications. (L1257)

LC50 (rat) = 0.5 mg/m3/4H

LD50: 0.4 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T58)

LD50 Hamsters oral 0.33 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit (male) oral 0.3 mg/kg

LD50 Hares oral 0.15 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse (male) oral 0.4 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The primary antidote to brodifacoum poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K1 (initially slow intravenous injections of 10-25 mg repeated all 3-6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose"). It is an extremely effective antidote, provided the poisoning is caught before too much damage has been done to the victim's circulatory system. At high doses brodifacoum can affect the body for many months, and the antidote must be administered regularly for a long period of time. (L1257)

The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and phenylbutazone potentiated the anticoagulant effects of brodifacoum and bromadiolone in rats.

Warfarin-sensitive rats were admin doses of brodifacoum ranging from 0.1 to 0.33 mg/kg. Phenobarbital pretreatment decreased the anticoagulant effect, whereas SKF525A increased it, suggesting that a substantial portion of brodifacoum-induced hypoprothrombinemia is mediated by brodifacoum itself rather than by metabolites.

Syrup of ipecac has been reported to cause severe retching and fatal intracranial hemorrhage in a patient with brodifacoum toxicity.

The relationship between pharmacological response and disposition of a dose of vitamin K1 (10 mg/kg iv) in normal rabbits and in rabbits treated with the coumarin anticoagulant brodifacoum has been studied. After iv admin of vitamin K1, plasma concentrations of the vitamin declined in a tri-exponential fashion. There were no differences between the two groups over the first 24 hr of the experiment. However between 24 hr and the end of the study plasma concentrations of vitamin K1 in the presence of brodifacoum were significantly below those of vehicle treated rabbits. ... Three hours after admin of vitamin K1 the concentrations of the vitamin in whole liver were 46.6 +/- 4.3 ug/g in the presence of brodifacoum, and 32.8 +/- 6.4 ug/g in the absence of brodifacoum; and were significantly greater than normal (1127.7 +/- 44.3 ng/g). Likewise microsomal concentrations of vitamin K1 (4.00 +/- 2.38 ug/mg protein and 2.65 +/- 1.01 ug/ng protein in the presence and absence of brodifacoum, respectively) were significantly ... greater than normal (16.0 +/- 3.5 ng/mg) protein).

For more Interactions (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

VETERINARY: Injured capillaries cannot be mended, but other measures may save the animal. Restraint and handling should be minimized. A sedative or tranquilizer may be of assistance in restraint, calming ...and reducing locomotion, thus decr tissue oxygen demand. Oxygen may be given, but manual pumping of chest is not advisable. Dyspnea may be relieved by thoracentesis. Clotting factors should be provided in form of blood transfusion... . Warfarin should be antagonized with slow iv injection of vitamin K1. Dogs and cats are /dosed/ ...for 2 or more days, using im route. Larger animals are given... oral vitamin K1 ...administered daily for 4-6 days. The vitamin will not evoke a sudden dramatic cure; but bleeding tendency will gradually abate as clotting factors begin to be synthesized ... Menadione (vitamin K3) is not as effective as vitamin K1 ... Residual defects such as lameness or CNS signs from localized hemorrhages may disappear with gradual resorption of extravasated blood. Liver damage may be compensated by regeneration of hepatic cells. /Warfarin/

... In a case of an intentional ingestion of brodifacoum, an analysis of the specific coagulation factor derangements was carried out in an attempt to guide a future treatment strategy for this type of toxicity. ... This analysis demonstrated a profound decr in levels of factors II, VII, IX, X, lasting at least 43 days post ingestion. Treatment with sc vitamin K1... was without complication and was effective in reversing the coagulopathy produced by brodifacoum.

Vitamin K1. ... For suicidal ingestions with large amounts taken, if there is uncertainty about the amount of bait ingested or the general health of the patient, phytonadione (vitamin K1) given orally protects against the anticoagulant effect of these rodenticides, with essentially no risk to the patient. In accidental ingestions with healthy children involving only a taste or single swallow, no medical treatment is required, but children should be observed for bleeding and bruising. If a larger amount may have been ingested, prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored at 24 and 48 hours, with phytonadione therapy initiated for elevated PT or clinical signs of bleeding. CAUTION: Phytonadione, specificaly, is required. Neither vitamin K3 (menadione, Hykinone) nor vitamin K4 (menadiol) is an antidote for these anticoagulants. /Coumarins and Indandiones/

Gastrointestinal decontamination. If large amounts of anticoagulant have been ingested within several hours prior to treatment, consider gastric decontamination procedures ... . /Coumarins and Indandiones/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect preexisting conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Persons with a history of blood disorders with bleeding tendencies would be expected to be at increased risk from exposure. Examination of the blood should be stressed. /Warfarin/

A PT (Prothrombin Time) 24 to 48 hr after exposure in asymptomatic children with accidental ingestions of large or unknown amounts should be obtained. In adults with deliberate ingestions and children with clinical evidence of bleeding, an initial PT and PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) should be obtained and then repeated at 24 and 48 hr. /Superwarfarin/

A serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide level may provide a more sensitive biomarker of industrial coumarin (brodifiacoum, difenacoum, and warfarin) exposure or acccumulation than the PT (Prothrombin Time). ... In patients chronically exposed to coumarin anticoagulants, serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide levels are significantly elevated, whereas the clotting factor activities and antigen levels remain in the normal range. This apparant dissociation between the coumarin anticoagulant effects on vitamin K metabolism and clotting factor activity may persist for years after termination of the occupational exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute clinical effects depend on the site of hemorrhage and include hemoptysis, hematuria, GI bleeding, abdominal or back pain (retroperitoneal hemorrhage), hemarthrosis, epistaxis, cerebrovascular accidents, and multiple ecchymotic lesions. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Typical features of poisoning result from increased bleeding tendency and include: minor poisoning: coagulation disturbance detected only by laboratory analyses; moderate poisoning: coagulation disturbance resulting in hematomata, hematuria, blood in feces or excessive bleeding from minor cuts or abrasions, gum bleeding; severe poisoning: retroperitoneal hemorrhage, severe GI bleeding, cerebrovascular accidents, massive hemorrhage (internal bleeding) resulting in shock. If anemia or liver disease is present then the above features may be more severe and persistent and the poisoning may be more difficult to control. The onset of the signs of poisoning may not be evident until a few days after ingestion. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hematuria, ecchymoses, gingival bleeding, epistaxis, abdominal pain, bleeding wounds, oral mucosa bleeding, melena, flank pain, heme positive stool, hematomas, anemia, decreasing hemoglobin concns, intracranial bleeding, vaginal bleeding, back pain, hematochezia, menorrhagia, hemoperitoneum, compartment syndrome, coma, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, hemoptysis, urethral bleeding, fatigue, headache, seizures (from table). /Adult-long acting rodenticide anticoagulants/

/CASE REPORTS/ The case histories of 2 patients exposed to the novel anticoagulants brodifacoum and difenacoum are reported. Abnormal vitamin K1 metab, as indicated by elevated vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide plasma concns after iv admin of vitamin K1, could be detected for more than 18 months after exposure to the anticoagulants. There was a marked prolongation of prothrombin time (>50 sec) in both cases, at the time of exposure. However, subsequent hematological investigations (prothrombin time and vitamin K-dependent clotting factor activity) have been shown to be normal in both cases for at least 18 months. These cases confirm the long-acting nature of brodifacoum and difenacoum and present an apparent dissociation between the effect of coumarin anticoagulants on vitamin K1 metabolism and clotting factor activity.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Single oral doses of 0.22-1.60 mg/kg brodifacoum to common voles produced hemorrhages (lung, submaxillary glands, thymus) and various cytoplasmic changes in the parenchymal organs (liver, submaxillary glands, myocardium).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Short lab feeding tests were carried out with anticoagulants on a number of european rodent species: Clethrionomyl glareolus, Microtus agrestis, M arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis, A sylvaticus, Mus musculus, Rattus rattus, and R norvegicus. Only 0.005% brodifacoum gave a complete mortality in most species after 1 day's feeding.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In lab toxicity tests using individually-caged rice field rats, complete mortality occurred when the rats were fed 0.002 and 0.005% brodifacoum /in diet/ for 1 day.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...Brodifacoum ... was fed to 4 dogs for 3 consecutive days producing a cumulative dose of 1.1 mg BDF/kg bw. Monitored laboratory parameters included: one stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and activated coagulation time (ACT). ... Inappetence and hemorrhagic tendencies were exhibited by day 5 post-rodenticide exposure. One stage prothrombin time, APTT and ACT were 25% greater than time zero values at 24, 24 and 72 hours post-dosing, respectively. ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If anemia or liver disease is present then the above features may be more severe and persistent and the poisoning may be more difficult to control. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

SRP: Persons with bleeding disorders or who are taking anticoagulants should be protected from exposure.

LD50; Species: pheasants oral 0.33 mg/kg

LD50; Species: pheasants oral 0.33 mg/kg

LC50; Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout); Conditions: flow through system; Concentration: 0.051 mg/L /from table/

LD50; Species: Larus dominicans (Black-backed gull) oral <0.75 mg/kg /from table/

LD50; Species: Larus bulleri (Black-billed gull) oral <5.0 mg/kg /from table/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Owls (Bubo virginianus, Aegolius acadicus, Tyto alba) died of hemorrhaging after feeding on rats killed with brodifacoum.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mice (weighing 35 g) were fed for 1 day (no choice) on a mixture containing ...0.002% brodifacoum. The mean mass of residue on the day of death in a whole mouse was estimated to be... 15.36 g for brodifacoum. ...Brodifacoum poisoned mice were fed to captive barn owls for successive periods of 1, 3 and 6 days. ...4 of the 6 owls fed brodifacoum-poisoned mice died within 6-17 days after a 1-day dose. The estimated lethal dose of brodifacoum was 0.15-0.18 mg/kg. After death these owls had 0.63-1.25 mg brodifacoum/kg in their livers.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Hedgehogs have been observed to die from direct exposure to brodifacoum... when cereal pellets coated with this compound were applied on the surface of land.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ...In a preliminary field survey, 11 of 21 wild pigs sampled from areas where possum control had been undertaken were contaminated with brodifacoum concentrations in the liver ranging from 0.007 to 1.7 mg/kg... .

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Brodifacoum's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-18 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates brodifacoum will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase brodifacoum will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, brodifacoum is expected to have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.4X10+5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. In an aerobic soil, the half-life of brodifacoum is 157 days, suggesting that biodegradation may occur in soil or water. If released into water, brodifacoum is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 570 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Brodifacoum is stable to hydrolysis in the environment. Brodifacoum is degraded by UV light when in solution. Occupational exposure to brodifacoum may occur from dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where brodifacoum is produced or used. The greatest potential for dermal and inhalation exposure to brodicacoum is expected at the loading site and during activities at the application site. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to brodifacoum via dermal contact with consumer products containing brodifacoum. (SRC)

Brodifacoum's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide for commensal rats and house mice(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.4X10+5(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 8.5(2), and a regression-derived equation(3) indicates that brodifacoum is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Brodifacoum is a very weak acid which is too lipophilic to form water-soluble salts(2). Volatilization of brodifacoum from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4). Brodifacoum is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-18 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). In an aerobic soil, the half-life of brodifacoum is 157 days(5); therefore, biodegradation may be an important but slow environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.4X10+5(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 8.5(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that brodifacoum is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(5). Brodifacoum is degraded by UV light when in solution(2). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 570(SRC),from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Brodifacoum degraded with a half-life of 157 days in sandy clay loam soil(7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Contamination of a tidal environment by the spill of a large quantity of brodifacoum baits was localized to an approximately 100 square meter area near Kaikoura, South Island, New Zealand on May 23, 2001. Measurable concentrations were detected in water and sediment (0.06 ppm) within 36 hr but declined to concentrations below detectable levels (<0.02 ppm) within 3 and 9 days, respectively(1).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), brodifacoum, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-18 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase brodifacoum may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

AEROBIC: Brodifacoum degraded with a half-life of 157 days in sandy clay loam soil (75% of 0.33 bar moisture capacity) incubated in the dark at 21 °C. No other volatile degradates besides CO2 were identified, which comprised 36% of the applied (14)C at 52 weeks post treatment(1).

Brodifacoum is stable to hydrolysis in the environment(1). The compound is degraded by UV light when in solution(2).

An estimated BCF of 570 was calculated for brodifacoum(SRC), using a log Kow of 8.5(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for brodifacoum can be estimated to be 1.4X10+5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that brodifacoum is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for brodifacoum is estimated as 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that brodifacoum is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Brodifacoum's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may not occur(SRC). Brodifacoum is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.1X10-18 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Contamination of a tidal environment by the spill of a large quantity of brodifacoum baits was localized to an approximately 100 square meter area near Kaikoura, South Island, New Zealand on May 23, 2001. Residues in shellfish, including edible mussels and paua, took up to 31 months to decline to concentrations below the minimum level of detection and levels acceptable for human consumption(1).

Anticoagulant rodenticides were detected in 70% of 164 owl livers. Barn owls (Tyto alba), barred owls (Strix varia), and great horned owls (Bubo virgini anus) were collected from 1988 to 2003 in the province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, Canada. Brodifacoum was the most often detected, with liver concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.927 mg/kg. Six of the owls were diagnosed as having died from anticoagulant poisoning; all six owls had brodifacoum residues in the liver(1). At least one anticoagulant rodenticide was detected or quantified in the liver of 26 of 58 examined birds, which included 22 raptors (73%) and 4 waterbirds (14%) collected in Loire Atlantique (France) in 2003. Among the five anticoagulant rodenticides assayed, brodifacoum was detected in the liver of 4 raptors(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,722 workers (574 of these are female) are potentially exposed to brodifacoum in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to brodifacoum may occur from dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where brodifacoum is produced or used(SRC). The greatest potential for dermal and inhalation exposure to brodicacoum is expected at the loading site and during activities at the application site(2). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to brodifacoum via dermal contact with consumer products containing brodifacoum(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Do not place baits where domestic or farm animals and birds can reach them. Burn or bury any uneaten bait. Do not dump it in water. Look for dead rats and mice and burn or bury them.

...Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 3024; Coumarin derivative pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

UN 3025; Coumarin derivative pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C

UN 3026; Coumarin derivative pesticides, liquid, toxic

UN 3027; Coumarin derivative pesticides, solid, toxic

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for BRODIFACOUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint 23 °C or more; Coumarin derivative pesticide, solid, toxic/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic; Coumarin derivative pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C; Coumarin derivative pesticide, solid, toxic/