Ethion

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (45.5%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (54.5%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (45.5%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (54.5%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (36.4%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370 (36.4%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372 (36.4%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 77 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 12 hours. Caution is advised.

Note: Ethion is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Ethion Exposure: Acute exposure to ethion may produce the following signs and symptoms: sweating, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, profound weakness, muscle spasms, seizures, and coma. Mental confusion and psychosis may occur. Excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Chest pain may be noted. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed, although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ethion exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ethion.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ethion.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of ethion is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of ethion may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Move containers from fire area if it can be done without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal, do not scatter the material. Fight fire from maximum distance. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and protective clothing.

For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog.Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Spillages of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with great care. Liquid formulations may be reduced to solid phase by evaporation. Dry sweeping of solids is always hazardous: These should be removed by vacuum cleaning or by dissolving them in water or other solvent in the factory environment. /Pesticides/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental consideration: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Emits toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and phosphorus when heated to decomposition. /Ethion/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

Peer-review: Large amt, incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

If material is not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. ...

CONTAINERS ... SHOULD BE CLEANED WITH A SUSPENSION OF BLEACHING POWDER IN WATER OR WITH OTHER ALKALINE SOLN AFTER SOAKING FOR 24 HR AND THEN BE RINSED WITH HOT WATER. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

THE STRICT OBSERVANCE OF HYGIENE RULES- NO SMOKING AND NO FOOD INTAKE DURING WORK, THOROUGH WASHING WITH SOAP AFTER WORK, CHANGING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BEFORE GOING HOME- IS OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ETHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

DO NOT STORE ETHION 4 EC AND 8 EC AT TEMP BELOW 0 °F AND 20 °F, RESPECTIVELY.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.15 [mg/m3]

0.43 [mg/m3]

2.6 [mg/m3]

0.4 mg/m³

TWA 0.4 mg/m3 [skin]

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 0.05 mg/cu m, skin, inhalable fraction and vapor

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: Cholinesterase activity in red blood cells; Sampling Time: discretionary ; BEI: 70% of individual's baseline. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Acetylcholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides/

0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2000]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory failure. Cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure could cause unconsciousness and death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

Tolerances are established for residues of insecticide ethion (O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S,S'-methylene bisphosphorodithioate) including its oxygen analog (S-[[(diethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]methyl]O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: cattle, fat 2.5 ppm; cattle, meat-by-products 1.0 ppm; cattle, meat (fat basis) 2.5 ppm; citrus fruits 2.0 ppm; citrus pulp, dehydrated 10 ppm; goats, fat 0.2 ppm; goats, meat-by-products 0.2 ppm; goats, meat 0.2 ppm; hogs, fat 0.2 ppm; hogs, meat-by-products 0.2 ppm; hogs, meat 0.2 ppm; horses, fat 0.2 ppm; horses, meat-by-products 0.2 ppm; horses, meat 0.2 ppm; milk fat (reflecting (N) residues in milk 0.5 ppm; raisins 4 ppm; sheep, fat 0.2 ppm; sheep, meat-by-products 0.2 ppm; sheep, meat 0.2 ppm; and tea, dried 10 ppm.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Ethion:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Personnel protection: Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. ...

WORKERS HANDLING AND APPLYING ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES ... MUST BE GIVEN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT COMPRISING OVERALLS MADE OF A TIGHT FABRIC OR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, GLOVES AND RUBBER BOOTS. THEY MUST WEAR A RESPIRATOR WITH AN ACTIVATED-CARBON GAS FILTER CARTRIDGE AFFORDING PROTECTION FOR A DETERMINED NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS. THE EYES SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY GOGGLES. ... /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for ETHION (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Ethion is a colorless or amber colored liquid with a disagreeable odor. It is a wettable emulsifiable liquid. It is toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and/or ingestion. It burns, but is not easily ignited. Fire may produce toxic and irritating fumes. It is used as a pesticide. May be found in the form of a dry mixture where the liquid is absorbed onto a dry carrier.

Colorless to amber-colored, odorless liquid. [insecticide] [Note: A solid below 10 degrees F. The technical product has a very disagreeable odor.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID.

Colorless to amber-colored, odorless liquid.

Colorless to amber-colored, odorless liquid. [insecticide] [Note: A solid below 10 °F. The technical product has a very disagreeable odor.]

Water-white to amber-colored liquid

Colorless to amber-colored liquid [Note: A solid below 10 degrees F].

Odorless [Note: The technical product has a very disagreeable odor].

Decomposes above 302.0 °F (USCG, 1999)

165 °C @ 0.3 mm Hg

BP: decomposes >150 °C

>302 °F (decomposes)

>302 °F (Decomposes)

9 to 10 °F (EPA, 1998)

-12 to -13 °C

-12 - -13 °C

349 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.0001 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Soluble in xylene, chloroform, acetone, kerosene, and 1% methyl ethyl ketone or benzene, and methylated naphthalene.

Sol in petroleum oils, most organic solvents

Sol in methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol

MISCIBLE WITH AROMATICS

In water, 2.0 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.0001

1.215 to 1.23 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

1.220 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.215-1.23

1.31 @ 20°C

1.5e-06 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.0000015 [mmHg]

1.5X10-6 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 0.0002

0.0000015 mmHg

log Kow = 5.073

SLOWLY OXIDIZED IN AIR

PRACTICALLY NON-VOLATILE @ ORDINARY TEMPERATURES

Shelf-life is 2 years

Unstable at elevated temperatures

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Organothiophosphates, such as ETHION, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Incompatible with alkaline preparations and formulating materials.

Acids, alkalis.

Acids, alkalis

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Ethion is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

5 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group E Evidence of Non-carcinogenicity for Humans

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L1191) ; inhalation (L1191) ; dermal (L1191)

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Vomiting. Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), chest tightness; blurred vision, miosis; cardiac irreg; muscle fasciculation; dyspnea (breathing difficulty)

Exposure to high levels of ethion can cause nausea, sweating, diarrhea, loss of bladder control, blurring or dimness of vision, muscle tremors, and labored breathing. Severe poisoning may result in coma, inability to breathe, and death. (L1191)

Neurological (Nervous System)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Chemical: ETHION

Other Poison - Organophosphate

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.006 mg/kg

ATSDR Final

IRIS Current

LD50 Rat oral 47 mg/kg, acute /Technical/

LD50 Rat oral 208 mg/kg, acute /Pure/

LD50 Rat oral 208 mg/kg, acute /Technical/

LD50 Rat (female) oral 24.4 mg/kg, acute /Technical/

LD50 Rabbit percutaneous 915 mg/kg, acute /Technical/

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway control may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Administer atropine. Correct hypoxia before giving atropine ... . Administer pralidoxime chloride (2 PAM). USE UNDER DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDERS ONLY ... . Treat seizures with adequate atropinization and correction of hypoxia. Rarely is diazepam necessary ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously and consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

Airway protection. Insure that a clear airway exists. Intubate the patients and aspirate the secretions with a large-bore suction device if necessary. Administer oxygen by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation if respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation as much as possible before administering atropine, so as to minimize the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In severe poisonings, it may be necessary to support pulmonary ventilation mechanically for several days. /Organophosphate pesticides/

Atropine sulfate. Administer atropine sulfate intravenously, or intramuscularly if intravenous injection is not possible. Remember that atropine can be administered through an endotracheal tube if initial IV access if difficult to obtain. Depending on the severity of poisoning, doses of atropine ranging from very low to as high as 300 mg/day may be required, or even continuous infusion. The objective of atropine antidotal therapy is to antagonize the effects of excessive concentrations of acetylcholine at end-organs having muscarinic receptors. Atropine does not reactivate the cholinesterase enzyme or accelerate disposition of organophosphate. Recrudescence of poisoning may occur if tissue concentrations of organophosphate remain high when the effect of atropine wears off. Atropine is effective against muscarinic manifestations, but it is ineffective against nicotinic actions, specifically muscle weakness and twitching, and respiratory depression. Despite the limitations, atropine is often a life-saving agent in organophosphate poisonings. Favorable response to a test dose of atropine (1 mg in adults, 0.01 mg/kg in children under 12 years) can help differentiate poisoning by anticholinesterase agents from other conditions. However, lack of response, with no evidence of atropinization (atropine refractoriness) is typical of more severe poisonings. The adjunctive use of nebulized atropine has been reported to improve respiratory distress, decrease bronchial secretions, and increase oxygenation. /Organophosphate pesticides/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ETHION (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Recommended medical surveillance: The following procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to azinphosmethyl at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the respiratory system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, and attention to the cholinesterase levels in the blood should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. Cholinesterase determination: Azinphos-methyl causes depressed levels of activity of cholinesterase in the serum and erythrocytes. The cholinesterase activity in the serum and erythrocytes shuld be determined by using medically acceptable biochemical tests prior to any new period of exposure. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned medical examinations should be the cholinesterase determination which should be performed quarterly or at any time overexposure is suspected or signs and symptoms of toxicity occur. /Azinophosmethyl/

Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. /SRP: Protect from exposure those individuals with/ organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

In the present study, cytotoxic, cytostatic, and cytogenetic effects of a number of organophosphate pesticides on human lymphoid cells (LAZ-007) in culture were examined. Ethion was found to significantly increase the SCE (sister chromatid exchange) frequency.

1. Nausea is often the first symptom, followed by vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and excessive salivation (sialorrhea). Hypothermia has been reported in animals and at least once in man as an early sign. 2. Headache, giddiness, vertigo, and weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea and a sensation of tightness in the chest are common in inhalation exposures. 4. Blurring or dimness of vision, miosis (with fixed pinpoint pupils), tearing, ciliary muscle spasm, loss of accommodation, and ocular pain. None of these eye effects are diagnostically dependable except in primary ocular exposures. Indeed, mydriasis is sometimes seen, probably due to sympatho-adrenal discharge. /Parathion/

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 1.8 ug/l/96 hr @ 21 °C (95% confidence limit 1.3- 2.4 ug/l), mature /Technical material, 100% in a static bioassay/

LC50 Palaemonetes kadiakensis 5.6 ug/l/96 hr @ 15 °C (95% confidence limit 3.2-9.8 ug/l), mature /Technical material, 100% in a static bioassay/

LC50 Pteronarcys californica 2.8 ug/l/96 hr @ 15 °C (95% confidence limit 1.8-4.2 ug/l), second yr class /Technical material, 100% in a static bioassay/

LC50 Cutthroat trout 720 ug/l/96 hr @ 13 °C (95% confidence limit 580-900 ug/l), wt 1.2 g /Technical material, 100% in a static bioassay/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ETHION (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.20e+01

4.10e+02

4.30e+00

2.00e+00

8.50e-03

5.00e-04

Volatile

9.50e+01

1.20e+03

1.30e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Ethion's production and use as a non-systemic insecticide and acaricide on a wide variety of foods, fibers, and ornamental crops, and as a miticide is expected to result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.50X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates ethion will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethion will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 40 minutes. Particulate-phase ethion will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Ethion is susceptible to photolysis as demonstrated by a study where 50% of the original ethion concentration was degraded from river water in a sealed glass jar, exposed to sunlight and artificial fluorescent light.. If released to soil, ethion is expected to have no mobility based upon a Koc of 15,435. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Ethion will not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The half-life of ethion in sterile sandy loam and organic soil was found to be greater than 24 weeks while the half-life in the nonsterile soils was 7 to 8 weeks. The half-life in red, black, and laterite soil was 9.0 to 15.5 days in the laboratory. If released into water, ethion is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Biodegradation in canal and marsh waters occurs with half-lives ranging from 12 to 16 weeks. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 1600 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. The hydrolysis half-lives of ethion in distilled water ranged from 20.8 weeks to 1 day at pH's 4-10 at 30 °C, and 99 to 8.4 weeks at pH's 4.5-8 at 25 °C. Occupational exposure to ethion may occur through inhalation in the vicinity of insecticidal spraying of ethion and by dermal contact exposure due to workers involved in the mixing and loading of ethion for application and at workplaces where ethion is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to ethion via ingestion of contaminated foods and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing ethion. (SRC)

Ethion's production and use as a non-systemic insecticide and acaricide(1) on a wide variety of foods, fibers, and ornametals(2), and as a miticide(3) may result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Degradation of ethion in irrigation canal waters draining a citrus grove in South Florida occurred readily by hydrolysis with a half-life of 26 days. The reaction was pH independent from pH 4-7 with a pseudo-1st-order rate constant of 4.8/days. Adsorption to canal sediments was negligible and desorption was rapid. Ethion did not accumulate in the sediment and water sample levels, never exceeded 0.017 mg/l in the water or 0.03 mug/g (dry wt) in the sediments. Hydrolysis may have been a significant mechanism in the loss of ethion from irrigation canal waters.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Ethion, fonofos, fensulfothion, carbofuran, or chlorpyrifos were applied as a commercial granular formulations at rates equivalent to 2.24, 1.12, 1.12, 1.68, and 1.68 kg AI (active ingredient)/ha, respectively, to furrows in a greenhouse and subjected to 4 different watering schedules (normal, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml/sq cm). Persistence & movement were measured. Ethion moved slightly faster in the 2 wetter soils. Unretained water did not contain significant concn of pesticides. Plots were treated with insecticide & seeded with onions for 3 successive yr. Residue (ethion) in the soil after 3 yr was 7.6 ppm.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(6), an average Koc value of 15,435 measured in four different soils(1), indicates that ethion is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethion from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.50X10-6 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 2.0 mg/l(3). Ethion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.50X10-6 mm Hg(2). The half-life of ethion in sterile sandy loam and organic soil was found to be greater than 24 weeks while the half-life in the nonsterile soils was 7-8 weeks(4). The half-life in red, black, and laterite soil was 9.0-15.5 days in the laboratory(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(11), an average Koc value of 15,435 measured in four different soils(1), indicates that ethion is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(2) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.50X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 2.0 mg/l(3). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1600(SRC), from its log Kow of 5.073(10) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. The half-life of ethion in both sterilized and unsterilized FL canal water was found to be 24-26 days over a 12-week observation period(7). Biodegradation of ethion in surface waters may occur. The rate of degradation of ethion in a natural marsh water and in sterilized marsh water was found to be the same over a 16-week observation period(8). However, 25% of an initial concn of 10 ug/l was lost after 2 weeks in a river die-away test(12). The hydrolysis half-life of ethion in buffered distilled water at 30 °C was experimentally determined to be 20.8 weeks between pH 4 and pH 7, 8.9 weeks at pH 8, and 1 day at pH 10(7). The hydrolysis half-lives of ethion at 25 °C were experimentally determined to be 99, 63, 58, 25, and 8.4 weeks at pHs 4.5, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethion, which has a vapor pressure of 1.50X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethion is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 40 mins(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase ethion may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). In a hexane solvent, ethion does not absorb UV light above 260 nm(4) which suggests that direct photolysis will not occur(SRC). The photooxidation of a thin film of ethion exposed to artificial light of 300 nm has been observed(5).

WHEN SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM A SALINE LAGOON WERE INCUBATED WITH ETHION FOR 20 DAYS, ETHION DEGRADATION WAS SLOW. ANALYSES INDICATED THE FORMATION OF SULFIDE FROM ETHION. IN THESE STUDIES, ETHION WAS THE SOLE SULFUR SOURCE ... /BACTERIAL DEGRADATION/

The half-life of ethion in both sterilized and unsterilized FL canal water was found to be 24-26 days over a 12-week observation period(1). The rate of degradation of ethion in natural marsh water and in sterilized marsh water was found to be the same over a 16-week observation period(2). However, ethion may be biodegradable in surface waters; the compound at 10 ug/l in Miami, Ohio river water was 25% lost in two weeks in sealed glass jars under sunlight and artificial fluorescent light(5). The half-life of ethion in sterile sandy loam and organic soil was found to be greater than 24 weeks while the half-life in the nonsterile soils was 7-8 weeks(3). The half-life in red, black, and laterite soil was 9.0-15.5 days in the laboratory(4).

Persistence in river water in a sealed glass jar under sunlight and artificial fluorescent light-initial concn = 10 ug/l. After 1 hr 100% of original compound found; after 1 wk 90% of original compound found; after 2 weeks 75% of original compound left; 4 weeks 50% or original compound left; 8 weeks 50% of original compound left.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethion with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(5). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 40 mins(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(5). The hydrolysis half-life of ethion in buffered distilled water at 30 °C was experimentally determined to be 20.8 weeks between pH 4 and pH 7, 8.9 weeks at pH 8, and 1 day at pH 10(1). The hydrolysis half-lives of ethion at 25 °C were experimentally determined to be 99, 63, 58, 25, and 8.4 weeks at pHs 4.5, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively(2). In a hexane solvent, ethion does not absorb UV light above 260 nm(3) which suggests that direct photolysis will not occur(SRC). The photooxidation of a thin film of ethion exposed to artificial light of 300 nm has been observed(4). After 8 weeks in river water in sealed glass jars exposed to sunlight and fluorescent light, 50% of an initial concn of 10 ug/l was still present(5).

Bioconcentration factor predicted from water solubility = 418 (calculated); predicted from soil adsorption coefficient = 1,300 (calculated)./From table/

An estimated BCF of 1600 was calculated for ethion(SRC), using a log Kow of 5.07(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

Koc = 15,400 (experimental value); 3,000 (calculated value) /From table/

An average Koc value of 15,435 was measured for ethion in four different soils(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggests that ethion is expected to be immobile in soil. Adsorption of ethion to sandy sediments of canal waters draining a citrus grove in FL was not significant due to rapid desorption in the absence of significant amounts of organic matter(3). Ethion did not leach significantly in an organic soil used to grow onions after 10 weeks of observation(4).

The Henry's Law constant for ethion is estimated as 3.8X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.50X10-6 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.0 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethion is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Ethion's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). Ethion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.50X10-6 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: Ethion has reportedly been identified in German drinking water(1).

SURFACE WATER: Ethion was detected in 0.1% of 2823 water samples collected at 174 stations of the US Geological Survey-USEPA Pesticide Monitoring Network between 1975 and 1980(1). Ethion has been qualitatively identified in tributaries feeding Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair(2). Ethion was detected in 0.4% of all water samples collected from 11 agricultural watersheds in Ontario in 1975-1976 monitoring and had a maximum concn of 0.04 ppb; it was not detected in 1976-1977 monitoring(3). Ethion was detected 9 times in the surface waters of South Florida with a highest concentration of 0.83 ug/l(4).

SOIL: Ethion was detected in 2 of 1486 soil samples (concentrations of 0.06 and 0.24 ppm) collected from 37 states during fiscal year 1972 as part of the National Soils Monitoring Program(1). It has been detected in marsh soils of the Holland Marsh in southern Ontario (1972-1975 monitoring) which serves as part of the drainage system from agricultural lands(3). Ethion was detected in 23 of 28 organic soils of 28 widely separated farms in southwestern Ontario in 1976 with positive concns ranging from a trace to 4.28 ppm(4). 10 soil samples from 8 agrichemical facilities sites were found positive for ethion with concns ranging from 18-6300 ug/kg, with a mean concn of 283 ug/kg and a median of 237 ug/kg(5). Ethion was not detected in loamy sand farms and silt loam farms in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, but was detected in 2 out of 4 muck farms at concns ranging 14-256 ppb dry weight, and a mean of 135 ppb dry weight(7). SEDIMENT: Ethion was detected in 0.4% of 928 bed sediment samples collected at 174 US Geological Survey-USEPA Pesticide Monitoring Network stations between 1975-1980(2). Ethion was detected 7 times in sediment from South Florida with a highest concentration of 77 ug/kg(6).

... ETHION ... /HAS BEEN RECOVERED/ IN THE LOW-NANOGRAM RANGE FROM ... LETTUCE, MILK ... CHICKENS ...

This report presents the residues found in 12 infant and toddler market baskets collected in 12 major cities in 4 geographical areas from August 1976 through September 1977. The market baskets were also analyzed for 6 heavy metals: arsenic, lead, selenium, zinc, cadmium, and mercury. Results of recovery studies conducted with residue compounds of various types are also included in this report. Out of 117 infant composites tested, 2 were found to contain ethion. Out of 132 toddler food composites tested 2 were found to contain ethion at 0.001 ppm. Residues were found in fruit & fruit juices.

This report presents residues of pesticides and other chemicals found in the diet of the United States' young adult male. This report includes results of analyses for 25 market basket samples collected from August 1976 through September 1977 in 20 different cities throughout 4 geographical areas. In 300 food composites tested, ethion was found in 8 at a range of 0.002-0.260 ppm.

As part of the US FDA Total Diet Study (Market Basket Survey), ethion was detected in 19 of 324 adult food composites collected between Oct 1980 and March 1982 with positive detections in root vegetables (2 detections; concn trace to 0.001 ppm), garden fruits (3 detections; concn trace to 0.012 ppm), and fruits (14 detections; concn trace to 0.021 ppm)(1). As part of the US FDA Total Diet Study, ethion was detected in 4 of 240 adult food composites collected between Oct 1979 and Sept 1980 with positive detections in root vegetables (1 detection; 0.016 ppm) and fruits (3 detections; concn 0.001 to 0.003 ppm)(2) and in 5 of 240 adult food composites collected between Oct 1978 and Sept 1979 with positive detections in fruits and garden fruits (concn trace to 0.020 ppm)(3). Ethion was detected in fruit samples (concn of 2 ppb) collected between 1976 and 1978 as part of the pesticide residue monitoring of the total diet study in Canada(4). In 1991-1993, a study conducted in Belgium found 3.6 and 5.4% samples of oranges and lemons, respectively, to contain maximum ethion residues of 0.04 and 0.06 ppm, respectively(5). In Northwest Spain, 23 of 69 honey samples contained 1-8 ug/kg ethion with a mean of 3.0 ug/kg(6). In 1992-1993, a study conducted by the US FDA found 4 occurrences with a maximum of 0.03 ppm ethion in domestic pears and none in imported, and 2 and 10 occurrences with a maximum of 0.21 and 0.09 ppm ethion in domestic and imported tomatoes, respectively(7). In 1994-1995, ethion was found in 5 out of 22 satsuma oranges, 18 of 62 clementines, 2 of 5 white grapefruits, and 12 of 26 primofiori lemons with residues ranging 0-0.5, 0.3-0.6, 5.30-5.60, and 0.3-0.5 mg/kg in Valencian, Spain(8). A study was conducted in Canada in 1992-1994 using 5784 domestic and 15,184 agricultural commodities; ethion was found in domestic and imported agricultural commodities with 11, 6, 3, 0, 0, and 0, and 28, 44, 66, 12, 5, and 0 occurrences, respectively, at concns of <0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, and >2.0 ppm for both commodity groups(9). Ethion concns in mature valencia oranges from Florida ranged in concns from 0.7-7.0 ppm in the peel and 0.02-0.16 ppm in the pulp(10).

As part of the monitoring for the National Pesticides Monitoring Program for estuarine fish 1972-1976, ethion was detected in 19 of 140 juvenile fish collected in MD (mean concn of 0.169 mg/kg) and in 1 of 51 juvenile fish collected in TX (concn of 0.083 mg/kg) (1). Ethion concentrations of 0.01 to 0.05 ppm were detected in fish (carp, catfish, silver bass, whitefish) taken from Holland Marsh and Lake Ontario in 1974(2).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

Peer-review: Large amt, incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ETHION (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Organophosphorous pesticides, liquid, toxic; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid,toxic,flammable, flashpoint not less than23 °C; Organophosphorous pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2783; Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, flashpoint less than 23 °C

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticides,liquid, toxic, flammable, flashpoint not less than 23 °C

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for ETHION (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 215 65; Ethion (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

49 215 66; Ethion (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)

49 215 67; Ethion (insecticides, other than agricultural, not elsewhere classified)

49 215 68; Ethion mixture, dry (agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere classified, other than liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 21-25-50/53; S: (1/2)-25-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II