Strychnine

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310 (36.7%): Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 79 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P301+P316, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . Avoid unnecessary stimulation of the victim.

Warning: Strychnine may induce convulsions within 15 to 60 minutes following exposure. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Strychnine Exposure: Respiratory paralysis and arrest are likely to occur following severe exposure to strychnine. Signs and symptoms of acute exposure generally involve excitation of all portions of the central nervous system. Convulsions, bilateral horizontal nystagmus (rapid, synchronous, horizontal oscillations of the eyeballs), agitation, restlessness, apprehension, and abrupt, jerking movements of the extremities may occur. Victims may also experience stiffness, painful muscle cramping (especially in the legs), and opisthotonos (spasm in which the spine and extremities are bent with convexity forward, the body resting on the head and heels). Vomiting and renal failure, as well as cyanosis (blue tint to skin and mucous membranes) and rhabdomyolysis (destruction of skeletal muscle), may be found.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to strychnine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to strychnine.Warning: Any unnecessary sensory input may induce seizures. Isolate the victims from any avoidable distractions.

2. RUSH to a health care facility!

3. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to strychnine.Warning: Any unnecessary sensory input may induce seizures. Isolate the victims from any avoidable distractions.

4. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

5. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

6. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.Warning: Any unnecessary sensory input may induce seizures. Isolate the victims from any avoidable distractions.

3. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administereing a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire; material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

- Strychnine is combustible.

- Strychnine is difficult to ignite.

- Strychnine decomposes on heating, producing toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides.

- For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

- For large fires, use water spray, fog, or regular foam.

- Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

- Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire; material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn, or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Wear positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent materials and place into containers for later disposal. Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning materials. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing strychnine should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

Environmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P108, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Careful incineration has been recommended for disposal. Two procedures are suggested. Pour or sift onto a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture (90:10). Mix and shovel into a heavy paper box with much paper packing. Burn in incinerator. Fire may be augmented by adding excelsior and scrap wood. Stay on the upwind side. Waste may be dissolved in flammable solvent (alcohols, benzene, etc.) and sprayed into fire box of an incinerator with afterburner and scrubber.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Strychnine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Strychnine (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal.

Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning materials. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. (EPA, 1998)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. ... Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1B: Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 / very toxic hazardous materials.

Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from strong oxidizers and heat. Where possible, automatically transfer material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.15 [mg/m3]

0.30 [mg/m3]

3.0 [mg/m3]

0.15 mg/m³

TWA 0.15 mg/m3

3 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that the probable lethal oral dose is 1.5 to 2 mg/kg [Gosselin et al. 1984]. [Note: An oral dose of 1.5 to 2 mg/kg is equivalent to a 70­kg worker being exposed to 70 to 93 mg/m3 for 30 minutes assuming a 50 liter per minute breathing rate and 100% absorption.]

3 mg/cu m

See: 57249

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.15 mg/cu m.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

0.15 mg/m

0.15 mg/m³ [1992]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in convulsions, muscle contractions and respiratory failure. Exposure could cause death.

Information is unavailable about the carcinogenicity, developmental toxicity, or reproductive toxicity from chronic or repeated exposure to strychnine.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Strychnine:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Strychnine appears as colorless, transparent crystals or white crystalline powder. Has no odor. Used for destroying rodents and predatory animals and for trapping fur-bearing animals. (EPA, 1998)

Colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid. [pesticide] [NIOSH]

ODOURLESS AND COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH BITTER TASTE.

Colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid.

Colorless to white, odorless, crystalline solid. [pesticide]

Colorless, transparent crystals or white, crystalline powder.

Brilliant, colorless cubes from chloroform-ether

Colorless crystals

Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals or white crystalline powder

Colorless to white, crystalline solid.

For more Color/Form (Complete) data for Strychnine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Odorless

Very bitter metallic taste

Bitterness threshold: 1:130,000

518 °F at 5 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

BP: 270 °C at 5 mm Hg

518 °F at 5 mmHg

Decomposes

514 to 554 °F (EPA, 1998)

MP: 300 °C, decomposes. Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol; insoluble in ethyl ether; slightly soluble in chloroform /Strchnine sulfate/

MP: >199 °C; 30 g/L water at 15 °C /Strychnine sulfate/

275-285 °C

0.02 % (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 160 mg/L at 25 °C

6.7 g/L ethanol

One gram dissolves in 182 mL ethanol, 6.5 mL chloroform, 150 mL benzene, 250 mL methanol, 83 mL pyridine

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Strychnine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water: none

1.36 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.36 g/cu cm at 20 °C

1.36 g/cm³

1.36 @ 20°C

Low (NIOSH, 2024)

VP: 0 torr at 20 °C

log Kow = 1.93

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Under abiotic conditions, strychnine is a relatively stable compound. It is photostable and does not hydrolize at pH 5-9.

Specific optical rotation: -139 deg at 18 °C/D (c = 0.4 in chloroform); -104.3 deg at 20 °C/D (c = 0.254 in alcohol)

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Amides and Imides

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

STRYCHNINE is an alkaloid derivative. It is a base and forms water soluble salts with acids.

Strychnine salts are incompatible with alkalis, alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, benzoates, dichromates, bromides, iodides, tannic and picric acids, salicylates, borax, gold chloride and other alkaloid precipitants, piperazine, potassium-mercuric iodide. Protect from light. [EPA, 1998].

Strychnine is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers (NIOSH, 2024).

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers. Dangerous when heated; forms toxic fumes, including nitrogen oxides.

Strong oxidizers.

Strong oxidizers

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Strychnine is a solid. It is used chiefly in poison baits set for squirrels, gophers, rabbits, and some lesser rodents. Baits are usually colored grains containing 0.5-1% of the sulfate. It has been used as Has been used as a tonic and central stimulant in veterinary medicine. HUMAN STUDIES: The clinical syndrome of strychnine poisoning is very characteristic. The initial symptoms are stiffness and twitching of face and neck muscles and movements may be abrupt. Reflex excitability is heightened and sudden tactile, visual, or acoustic stimuli induce violent motor responses. Within 30 min after ingestion, full tetanic convulsion and opisthotonos develop. Death is due to brain damage secondary to apnea from uncontrolled seizures or cardiac arrest. In most severe cases of strychnine poisoning, the patient dies before reaching the hospital. The lethal dose to man 30-60 mg/kg. ANIMAL STUDIES: Intravitreal injection of strychnine (0.0012 M) in rabbits has had little or no effect on the ERG or light-induced optic nerve potential, but IV injection in cats has been reported to increase the spontaneous electrical activity of the optic nerve neurons. An effect on frog retina has also been observed. The toxicity of strychnine in rats was sex-dependent with the male being more tolerant to strychnine than the female. At doses of about 8 mg/kg in males and 2.5 mg/kg in females no histopathological or hematological changes were observed following administration of strychnine for 28 days. Administering strychnine, a potent antagonist of glycine receptors, to pregnant rats caused marked toxic effects on the embryos. The embryotoxic effects of strychnine were compared with those induced by retinal palmitate during rat neurulation, and it was found that strychnine was stronger than retinal palmitate in a number of abnormalities such as anencephaly, general aplasy and abnormal cerebral vesicles. The dog and cat are the more susceptible of the domestic animals, pigs are believed to be as susceptible as dogs, and horses are able to tolerate relatively larger amounts of strychnine. Cattle are much more resistant to the ingestion of strychnine or nux vomica, presumably because of its partial destruction in the rumen. The lethal dose of strychnine in most species is somewhere between 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Signs of intoxication following acute oral intake in fowls: feathers fluffed or held tightly against the body, low or high carriage, ataxia or asynergy, fasciculation, salivation, tremors, hyperacusis, muscle tenseness, recurring convulsions, anorexia, tachycardia, immobility, violent convulsions or opisthotonos.

Strychnine acts as an antagonist at the inhibitory or strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, a ligand-gated chloride channel in the spinal cord and the brain. (L1230)

Strychnine

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Death may result from asphyxia or sheer exhaustion. (L1230)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Strychnine can be absorbed into the body by inhalation or ingestion. It can also be injected into the body when mixed with a liquid.

Oral (ingestion) (L1817) ; dermal (L1817)

See Ingestion.

Convulsions. Muscle stiffness. Shock or collapse.

Stiff neck, facial muscle; restlessness, anxiety, increased acuity of perception; increased reflex excitability; cyanosis; tetanic convulsions with opisthotonos

- Possible early adverse effects indicative of strychnine toxicity (prodrome): muscle cramps (especially of the neck and back), stiffness and tightness, agitation, heightened sensory awareness and responsiveness.

- Prominent characteristic adverse health effects of strychnine toxicity are painful generalized muscle spasms and seizure. Spasms and seizures are often precipitated by sensory stimulation (sound, touch, and vision). Patient/victims remain alert and lucid during seizures. Seizures may cause hyperthermia, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, destruction of skeletal muscle at the molecular level (rhabdomyolysis), and kidney failure due to the release of muscle protein (myoglobinuric renal failure). Convulsions may be accompanied by abnormal pupil dilation (mydriasis), eye protrusion (ocular proptosis), and rapid uncontrollable eye movements (nystagmus).

- Other adverse health effects include fast heart rate (tachycardia), high blood pressure (hypertension), rapid breathing (tachypnea), blood electrolyte and mineral disturbances, an increase of white blood cells (leukocytosis), perspiration (diaphoresis), blue discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen (cyanosis), jaw closure due to muscle spasms (trismus), facial muscle spasms (risus sardonicus), and spasm of the muscles of the back, causing the head and lower limbs to bend backward and the trunk to arch forward (opisthotonus). Vomiting and nausea occur rarely.

- Death may occur due to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, brain damage, or multi-organ failure.

- See Ingestion Exposure.

Strychnine causes muscular convulsions of increasing intensity and frequency and eventually death through asphyxia or sheer exhaustion. (L1230)

central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LD50: 2350 ug/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 1100 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 1200 ug/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 582 ug/kg (Intravenous, Rat) (T14)

Toxic strychnine blood concentration: 0.2 mg/dL; Lethal strychnine blood concentration: 0.9-1.2 mg/dL /From table/

Lethal dose to man: 30-60 mg/kg

LD50 Rat iv 0.96 mg/kg (slow infusion)

LD50 Rat oral 2350 ug/kg

LD50 Rat ip 1100 ug/kg

LD50 Rat sc 1200 ug/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Strychnine (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Treatment of strychnine poisoning involves an oral application of an activated charcoal infusion to absorb any poison within the digestive tract that has not yet been absorbed into the blood. Anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital or diazepam are administered to control convulsions, along with muscle relaxants such as dantrolene to combat muscle rigidity. (L1228)

Theanine, an additive, holds several effects on the central nervous system without toxicity and affects CNS drugs. Theanine bilaterally alters beta wave of the EEG with or without caffeine and pentobarbital-induced locomotor activity. Theanine also enhances hypnosis of pentobarbital sodium (PB) and antidepression of midazolam, suggesting there are complicated interactions between theanine and CNS drugs. On the other side, theanine induces glycine release. Glycine potentiates the strychnine toxicity via NMDA receptor activation. Moreover, PB facilitates GABAA receptor activation by GABA, and it is commonly prescribed for strychnine poison. However, what the role that theanine plays in the anticonvulsion of PB against strychnine poison is still unknown. Theanine, pentobarbital sodium or strychnine was injected intraperitoneally. EEG was monitored by BIOPAC 16 EEG amplifiers. LD50 of strychnine and hypnotic ED50 of pentobarbital sodium with or without theanine for mice were tested according to Bliss' case. (1) Theanine enhanced the strychnine toxicity. Both theanine and strychnine 1.0?mg/kg increased the power of the beta wave. Theanine aggravated that of strychnine 1.0?mg/kg. Theanine attenuated the LD50 of strychnine. (2) Theanine enhanced the anticonvulsion of PB. Theanine increased the power of alpha, beta wave and decreased hypnotic ED50 of PB; PB attenuated strychnine-induced EEG excitation and mortality with or without theanine, and theanine enhanced the effects of PB. Further, theanine enhanced the anticonvulsion of PB dose-dependently against the strychnine toxicity but not the lethal toxicity of strychnine. These results indicated theanine interacted with PB and strychnine. Theanine enhanced both the strychnine toxicity and anticonvulsion of PB against strychnine poison.

The difference in susceptibility among intact adult rats and the lack of difference between other comparable males and females corresponded with the ability of liver homogenates from these animals to metabolize strychnine in vitro. SKF 525A increased the toxicity of strychnine to intact animals and eliminated the sex difference both in vivo and in vitro.

... Pyrone compounds isolated from the rhizome of Piper methysticum were effective antagonists of poisoning when administered 30 minutes before strychnine. Methysticin was the most potent; its maximal effective ip dosage ... raised the sc LD50 of strychnine from 1.45 to 7.3 mg/kg. ... Phenobarbital ... raised the LD50 of strychnine to 43.0 mg/kg.

/EXPL ANTR/ Thirty min prior to ip injection of 1 mg/kg strychnine, male CD-1 mice were admin (ip) either saline, 0.5 mg/kg of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-8O1, 10 mg/kg of the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nimodipine, or both MK-801 and nimodipine. Strychnine produced clonic convulsive activity in 85% of the animals, with an onset of 276 +/- 20 sec and 54% mortality. MK-801 produced a significant decr in the onset time to strychnine convulsions (156 +/- 11 sec, p < 0.05) and an insignificant incr in the percent mortality (80%, p > 0.05). Nimodipine did not affect strychnine convulsions. Combinations of both drugs did not affect the convulsive profile of strychnine. However, nimodipine did prevent the MK-801 mediated decr in the onset time of strychnine convulsions.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water until medical treatment is obtained. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Strychnine and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate convulsions and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Administer activated charcoal ... . Use rapid cooling measures to treat hyperthermia. /Strychnine and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat convulsions with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Strychnine and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Strychnine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck) 6 month old males and females; oral 2.27 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 1.26-4.11 mg/kg) /98% Strychnine alkaloid, NF/

LD50; Species: /Phasianus colchicus/ (Pheasant) 12-24 month old males in breeding condition; oral 24.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 14.4-42.2 mg/kg) /98% Strychnine alkaloid, NF/

LD50; Species: /Phasianus colchicus/ (Pheasant) 2 month old males; oral (admin into esophagus by ball-tipped intubation needles) 8.48 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 4.41-16.3 mg/kg) /Strychnine sulfate, USP/

LD50; Species: Chukar, 5-7 month old females and males; oral 16.0 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 8.0-32.0 mg/kg) /98% Strychnine alkaloid, NF/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Strychnine (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Separate subchronic reproductive toxicity studies were conducted using mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Three groups (32/group; 16 male-female pairs) of 17-week-old ducks (F0 generation) were fed Purina Game Bird Breeder Layena diets containing mean (+/-SD) 33.2 (+/-2.7), 68.9 (+/-1.8), and 140.9 (+/-5.1) ug/g strychnine for 20 weeks, with some pairs in each group fed control diet during a subsequent 3-week recovery period. Three groups (32/group; 16 male-female pairs) of 19-week-old quail (F0 generation) were fed similar diets containing mean (+/-SD) 279.2 (+/-10.1), 557.4 (+/-43.5), and 1,113.6 (+/-46.6) microg/g strychnine for 22 weeks without a recovery period. Separate groups of ducks and quail (32/group; 16 male-female pairs) were also fed control diets (0.0 microg/g strychnine) in each study. There were 16 weekly collections of eggs for the mallard study (13 for the diet-exposure period and 3 for the recovery period), and 11 collections for the quail study. Eggs laid during the last 13 and 10 weeks of the diet-exposure periods for ducks (plus 3 weeks of the recovery period) and quail, respectively, were incubated. Each hatch of F1 generation ducklings and chicks was observed for 14 days. Key results were: (1) the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for F0 ducks and quail were 33.2 and 1,113.6 ug/g strychnine, respectively - quail showed no reproductive effects at the current doses; (2) decreased egg production and hatching success occurred for mallard hens fed mean 140.9 ug/g strychnine diets; and (3) "normal-hatching" ducklings from eggs of F0 mallards fed mean 140.9 ug/g strychnine diets suffered greater mortality than ducklings from the other diet groups. Possible mechanisms of strychnine action on avian reproduction are discussed.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /following acute oral intake in fowls/: feathers fluffed or held tightly against the body, low or high carriage, ataxia or asynergy, fasciculation ... salivation, tremors, hyperacusis, muscle tenseness, recurring convulsions ... anorexia, tachycardia, immobility, violent convulsions or opisthotonos. ... Signs appeared as soon as 10 min and mortalities usually occurred between 1 to 5 hr after treatment ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Five chemicals with different modes of action were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine their acute toxicity (48-hr median lethal concentration [LC50]) and behavioral effects on 30-day-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The order of toxicity for these xenobiotics was permethrin > chlorpyrifos > 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) > strychnine > phenol. The 48-hr LC50s were significantly different and ranged from 0.011 to 24.1 mg/L. In addition, chlorpyrifos and permethrin accumulated in the tissues of juvenile O. latipes. Observations of five behavioral/morphological responses, including changes in equilibrium, general activity, startle response, and morphology (e.g., hemorrhage and deformities) were used as indicators of sublethal toxicity. Each chemical, with the exception of 2,4-DNP, elicited a distinct behavior or set of behavioral responses. The behavioral toxicology bioassay may be valuable in comparing and predicting the mode of action of new or unknown toxicants in this species of fish.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Strychnine is a neurotoxin and an active ingredient in some rodenticides which are placed in burrows to suppress pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) populations in range and crop land in western North America. The population level impact was modelled of the use of strychnine-based rodenticides on a non-target snake species, the Great Basin Gophersnake (Pituophis catenifer deserticola), which is a predator of pocket gopher and a Species at Risk in Canada. Using information on population density, demographics, and movement and habitat suitability for the Gophersnake living in an agricultural valley in BC, Canada, ...the impact of the poisoning of adult snakes on the long-term population size /was estimated/. To determine the area where Gophersnakes could be exposed to strychnine, ...vendor records of a rodenticide /were used/, and quantified the landcover areas of orchards and vineyards where the compound was most commonly applied. GIS analysis determined the areas of overlap between those agricultural lands and suitable habitats used by Gophersnakes. Stage-based population matrix models revealed that in a low density (0.1/ha) population scenario, a diet of one pocket gopher per year wherein 10% of them carried enough strychnine to kill an adult snake could cause the loss of 2 females annually from the population and this would reduce the population by 35.3% in 25 years. Under the same dietary exposure, up to 35 females could die per year in a high density (0.4/ha) population which would result in a loss of 50% of adults in 25 years.

1.90e+01

2.50e+02

5.90e+00

4.00e+03

6.50e-02

3.00e-04

Volatile

5.70e+01

7.40e+02

1.80e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Strychnine's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide and avicide will result in its direct release to the environment. Strychnine is an alkaloid found in seeds of Strychnos nux vomica Loganiaceae. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates strychnine will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase strychnine will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. The UV absorption spectrum for strychnine in methanol reveals that strychnine has a UV absorption maxima at 289 nm, rapidly decreasing absorption between 290 and 300 nm and relatively weak absorption >300 nm; therefore, strychnine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, strychnine is expected to be immobile based upon a mean Koc of 13,823. The pKa of strychnine is 8.26, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Strychnine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. After 98 days in an acidic soil (pH5) little or no biodegradation was observed, while >95% degradation was observed in soils with pHs of 6.72 and 7.32, indicating that biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process in soil unless under certain conditions. If released into water, strychnine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the Koc. A biodegradation of 97% from soil in 56 days after an initial lag of 21 days, indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water under certain conditions. A pKa of 8.26 indicates strychnine will exist almost entirely in the ionized form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 9 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Strychnine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to strychnine may occur through inhalation of dust particles and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where strychnine is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general public may be exposed via accidental poisoning or improper handling of consumer products containing this compound.(SRC)

Strychnine is an alkaloid found in seeds of Strychnos nux vomica Loganiaceae(1-3) and beans of Strychnos ignatii(1).

Strychnine's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a rodenticide and avicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a mean Koc value of 13,823(2) indicates that strychnine is immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of strychnine is 8.26(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The potential for volatilization of strychnine from dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). After 98 days in an acidic soil (pH=5) little or no biodegradation was observed, while >95% degradation was observed in soils with pHs of 6.72 and 7.32(6), indicating that biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process in soil unless under certain conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a mean Koc value of 13,823(2) indicates that strychnine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). A pKa of 8.26(3) indicates strychnine will exist almost entirely in the ionized form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.93(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. A biodegradation of 97% from soil in 56 days after an initial lag of 21 days(7), indicates that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water under certain conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), strychnine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a boiling point estimation method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase strychnine may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). The UV absorption spectrum for strychnine in methanol reveals that strychnine has a UV absorption maximum at 289 nm, rapidly decreasing absorption between 290 and 300 nm and relatively weak absorption >300 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Ascolan series sandy loam (pH=7.6, %OM= 1.7) and sandy clay loam (pH=7.9, %OM= 2.3) from Larimaer County, CO were used in a soil biodegradation study. Moisture content was at 75% field capacity. Strychnine was added at 10 ppm and incubated at 25 °C in the dark for 56 days(1,3). After a lag of approximately 21 days, biodegradation proceeded rapidly with 97.6% and 92.3% removal after 56 days, respectively(1,3). The lag phase was attributed to combined microbial adaption and soil adsorption(1,3). Little or no degradation of strychnine at a concentration of 50 mg/kg was observed after 98 days in an acidic (pH= 5.9) Mintaro soil from South Australia(2). In contrast, >95% degradation was observed in Booleroo and Bute soils, pH of 6.72 and 7.32, respectively, from the same region(2).

Strychnine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(1). Strychnine has a UV absorption maximum at 289 nm, rapidly decreasing absorption between 290 and 300 nm, and relatively weak absorption >300 nm(2) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). In a soil photolysis test of strychnine alkaloid under controlled environmental conditions, <10% loss occurred with no degradation products detected during a 30-day experimental period(3).

An estimated BCF of 9 was calculated for strychnine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.93(1) and a regression derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A BCF of 2 based on a calculated water solubility by regression equations was reported for strychnine sulfate(4).

A mean Koc of 13,823 was reported for strychnine(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that strychnine is expected to be immobile soil. The pKa of strychnine is 8.26(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the cation form and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). It has been suggested that strychnine is absorbed to such an extent, that no measurable amount remains in solution(5). It was concluded that strychnine soil adsorption may involve a combination of mechanisms, including surface adsorption and partitioning into the organic matter fraction, which may be pH dependent(6).

Strychnine sorption in four Colorado soils. The mean Freundlich and Koc values were 106 and 13,823, respectively(1).[Table#3756]

A pKa of 8.26(1) indicates strychnine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Strychnine is is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

Strychnine is an alkaloid found in seeds of Strychnos nux vomica Loganiaceae, beans of Strychnos ignatii(1), Strychnos toxifera(4), and other species of Strychnos, Loganiaceae(2,3). The most important Strychnos species are S. nux vomica L. and S. ignatii Berg. Seeds from these species contain 2-3% of total alkaloids, of which approximately one-half of the first and two-thirds of the second is strychnine(3,4).

Strychnine occurrence in nux-vomica(1).[Table#3758]

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 511 workers (325 of these are female) are potentially exposed to strychnine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to strychnine may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where strychnine is produced or used(SRC). Use data indicate that the general public may be exposed via accidental poisoning or improper handling of consumer products containing this compound(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P108, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Careful incineration has been recommended for disposal. Two procedures are suggested. Pour or sift onto a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture (90:10). Mix and shovel into a heavy paper box with much paper packing. Burn in incinerator. Fire may be augmented by adding excelsior and scrap wood. Stay on the upwind side. Waste may be dissolved in flammable solvent (alcohols, benzene, etc.) and sprayed into fire box of an incinerator with afterburner and scrubber.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Strychnine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Strychnine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1692; Strychnine or strychnine salts

IMO 6.1; Strychnine or strychnine salts

49 214 78; Strychnine salt, solid

49 214 77; Strychnine, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Strychnine is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Strychnine is included on the dangerous goods list.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 27/28-50/53; S: (1/2)-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I