terpinolene

H226 (77.8%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (98%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (59.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (76.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H400 (18.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (18.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H411 (81.3%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2251 reports by companies from 44 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (100%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P331, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 31 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P261, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P321, P331, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P273, P280, P370+P378, P391, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary. Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Control of environmental exposure: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Body Protection: impervious clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Terpinolene appears as a water-white to light amber colored liquid. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Used to make plastics and resins.

Liquid; CBI

Colorless to pale-yellow, oily liquid with a pine-like odor; [HSDB]

Colourless or very pale straw-coloured oily liquid; sweet-piney, oily, pleasant aroma

Water-white to pale amber liquid

Colorless liquid or oil

SWEET, PINE ODOR

PINE-LIKE AROMA

SOMEWHAT SWEET, CITRUS FLAVOR

TERPENE TASTE

183.00 to 185.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

183-185 °C

64 °C (147 °F) - closed cup

99 °F (37.2 °C) (Closed cup)

In water, 9.5 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with ethanol, diethyl ether; soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride

Soluble in alcohol, ether, glycol

0.0095 mg/mL at 23 °C

Insoluble in water; soluble in oils

Soluble (in ethanol)

0.8632 g/cu cm at 15 °C

Bulk density: wt/gal 7.2 lb at 15.5 °C

0.872-0.882

0.74 [mmHg]

0.74 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 4.47

Henry's Law constant = 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Polymerizes readily

Index of refraction: 1.4883 at 20 °C/D

1.474-1.484

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.25X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Ozone radical reaction rate constant = 7.3X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C; 1.0X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C

Nitrate radical reaction rate constant = 5.20X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Boiling point

Dielectric constant

Heat of sublimation

Optical coefficient

Refractive index

Thermal expansion coefficient

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

TERPINOLENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas. In the presence of various catalysts (such as acids) or initiators, may undergo exothermic addition polymerization reactions.

Can react with oxidizing materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Terpinolene is a colorless liquid or oil used as a solvent for resins and essential oils, and in the manufacture of synthetic resins and synthetic flavors. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Tested at 20% in petrolatum it produced no irritation after a 48 hr closed-patch test on human subjects in a maximization test carried out on 24 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 20% in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions. Terpinolene was found not to be a sensitizer for human skin. ANIMAL STUDIES: Terpinolene applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion was not irritating. A single 24 hour application of terpinolene (5 g/kg) was applied to the clipped abraded abdominal skin of 10 rabbits weighing from 1.9 to 2.4 kg. Observations for mortality and toxic effects were made for seven days following exposure. Gross necropsies were performed on all animals at study termination. No deaths during the course of the study. No evidence of toxicity from percutaneous absorption of the test substance. Erythema and edema were reported during the first few days of observation, but cleared by the study termination. Terpinolene promoted only slightly or did not affect deer rumen microbial activity, however it inhibited rumen microbial activity in sheep.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LD50 Rat oral 4390 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral > 4000 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit dermal > 5000 mg/kg/24 hr

LD50 Rat dermal > 5 mL/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharingeal or nasopharingeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Turpentine, Terpenes, and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Tested at 20% in petrolatum it produced no irritation after a 48 hr closed-patch test on human subjects. ... a maximization test was carried out on 24 volunteers. The material was tested at a concn of 20% in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions. Terpinolene was found not to be a sensitizer for human skin.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Terpinolene applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion was not irritating. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Terpinolene /was admin orally to/ 10 rats per sex per dose. LD50 /was/ 4.39 mL/kg /with/ 95% confidence limits (3.75 to 5.14 mL/kg). Number of deaths at each dose level /were/ 3.0 mL/kg 0 death, 3.5 mL/kg 1 death, 4.0 mL/kg 5 deaths, /and/ 5.0 mL/kg 6 deaths ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single 24 hour application of terpinolene (5 g/kg) was applied to the clipped abraded abdominal skin of 10 rabbits weighing from 1.9 to 2.4 kg. Observations for mortality and toxic effects were made for seven days following exposure. Gross necropsies were performed on all animals at study termination ... No deaths during the course of the study. No evidence of toxicity from percutaneous absorption of the test substance. Erythema and edema were reported during the first few days of observation, but cleared by the study termination ... The dermal LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bw.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The resins and leaves of species of Protium are commonly used by folk medicine. In the present study, we analyse the pharmacological effects of essential oils obtained by steam distillation (leaves and resin) from Protium species. Analysis by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry and retention indices calculations demonstrate that the resin oil is constituted mainly of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids: alpha-terpinolene (22%), p-cymene (11%), p-cimen-8-ol (11%), limonene (5%) and dillapiol (16%), whereas sesquiterpenes predominate as the volatile constituents of the leaves. The resin of Protium heptaphyllum (PHP) and leaves of P. strumosum (PS), P. grandifolium (PG), P. lewellyni (PL) and P. hebetatum (PHT) were screened for anti-inflammatory activity by the use of mouse pleurisy model induced by zymosan (500 microg/cavity) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (250 ng/cavity), for antinociceptive effect (by means of preventing mice abdominal writhings), as well as NO production from stimulated macrophages and proliferation of neoplasic cell lines: Neuro-2a (mouse neuroblastoma), SP2/0 (mouse plasmocytoma) and J774 (mouse monocytic cell line). The oils from PHP, PS and PL were able to inhibit protein extravasation but no sample inhibited total or differential leucocyte counts after administrating p.o. (100 mg/kg) 1 h before stimulation with zymosan. The oils from PG, PL and PHT inhibited neutrophil accumulation whereas PHP and specially PL inhibited LPS-induced eosinophil accumulation in mouse pleural cavity. PHT was also able to inhibit mononuclear cells accumulation. Antinociceptive effect was not observed, when animals received oral administration of the essential oils (100 mg/kg). In vitro treatment with essential oils (100 microg/well) changed the NO production from stimulated mouse macrophages. PHP inhibited in 74% and PS in 46% the LPS-induced NO production. In contrast, treatment with PL was able to increase in 49% the NO production. Cell lines proliferation was affected by the oils assayed in the range of 60-100% for Neuro-2a, 65-95% for SP2/0 and 70-90% for J774. ... /Mixture/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The effects of essential oils isolated from Douglas fir needles on sheep and deer rumen microbial activity were tested by use of an anaerobic manometric technique. Terpinolene promoted only slightly or did not affect deer rumen microbial activity, however it inhibited rumen microbial activity in sheep.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 22, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Conditions: flow-through; Concentration: 0.612 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Conditions: flow-through; Concentration: 2.55 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through; Concentration: 0.720 mg/L for 96 hr

Terpinolene's production and use as a solvent for resins and essential oils and in the manufacture of synthetic resins and synthetic flavors may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Terpinolene is naturally emitted from various tissues and essential oils of a variety of plant species, especially trees. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates terpinolene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase terpinolene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours. Terpinolene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals. The half-lives for the reaction with ozone and nitrate are estimated to be 23 minutes and 41 seconds, respectively. Terpinolene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, terpinolene is expected to be immobile based upon an estimated Koc of 7,600. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. However, volatilization is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to soil. Terpinolene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 72% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, terpinolene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 48 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 400 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to terpinolene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where terpinolene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to terpinolene via ingestion of food and dermal contact with consumer products containing terpinolene. (SRC)

Terpinolene is naturally emitted from various tissues and essential oils of a variety of plant species(1), especially trees(2). Terpinolene is a component of citrus fruit oils from orange species such as navel, bergamot, mandarin, sweet orange and tangerine(3). Terpinolene is a component of pine silvestris oil (Pinus silvestris) and tea tree oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca linariifolia, Melaleuca dissitiflora, other species)(4). It has been found in pine gum terpentines(5).

Terpinolene's production and use as a solvent for resins and essential oils and in the manufacture of synthetic resins and flavors(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7,600(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.47(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that terpinolene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of terpinolene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Terpinolene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2). A 72% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7,600(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.47(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that terpinolene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 48 days if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 400(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). A 72% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), terpinolene, which has a vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase terpinolene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.25X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terpinolene with ozone has been estimated as 7.3X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4) and 1.0X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(4). This corresponds to atmospheric half-lives of about 23 and 1.7 minutes, respectively(SRC). The overall daylight half-life for these two photooxidation reactions can be calculated to range between 1.7 and 19 min(4,5). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of terpinolene with nitrate radicals present in nighttime air has been estimated to be 7.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(5) which corresponds to a nighttime atmospheric half-life of 41 sec(SRC). Terpinolene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Terpinolene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 72% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Batch experiments of terpinolene in liquid and soil slurry inoculum showed biodegradation with half-lives ranging from 1-3 days(2). These studies suggest that biodegradation is an important fate process(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terpinolene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.25X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terpinolene with ozone has been estimated as 7.3X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2) and 1.0X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(2). This corresponds to atmospheric half-lives of about 23 and 1.7 minutes, respectively, at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(SRC). The overall daylight half-life for these two photooxidation reactions can be calculated to range between 1.7 and 19 min, based upon the measured rate constants and the assumed concentration of the oxidants(2,3). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of terpinolene with nitrate radicals present in nighttime air has been estimated to be 7.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) which corresponds to a nighttime atmospheric half-life of 41 sec at an atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(SRC). Terpinolene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Terpinolene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4,5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Terpinolene is highly reactive in a number of photooxidation reactions which occur in the atmosphere and as a result will have a short residence time in the atmosphere(1-5). Terpinolene has been found to be highly reactive in smog chamber studies in which the compound is irradiated in the presence of NOx(1-4). In one such study, terpinolene was determined to be 10 times more reactive than beta-pinene and 13 times more reactive than isobutene at 28 °C and a terpinolene to NOx ratio of 10 ppb to 7 ppb(1). The compound is not, however, efficient in the overall production of ozone in these smog chamber studies due in part to its own rapid reaction with ozone(2-5) and the consumption of large amounts of carbon in the formation of large amounts of aerosols(2-4). In another smog chamber study using a terpinolene/NOx ratio of 8 ppm to 1.3 ppm, 95% of the compound was consumed in one hour and the products observed by infrared spectroscopy were formaldehyde (most abundant product observed), formic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and acetone; these observed products accounted for only 5% of the total carbon contained in the starting amount of terpinolene(3-5).

An estimated BCF of 400 was calculated in fish for terpinolene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.47(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of terpinolene is estimated as 7,600(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.47(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that terpinolene is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for terpinolene is 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that terpinolene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 48 days if adsorption is considered(3). Terpinolene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg(4).

Terpinolene was detected in 1 out of >4000 samples of effluent from 1 of 46 categorized industrial waste water sources, monitored between November 1, 1979 through November 1, 1981; terpinolene was present in pulp and paper mill wastewater at a concentration of 28 ng/uL(1). The compound was detected in 1973 in kraft mill wastewater from both a bleached and an unbleached kraft mill at concentration ranging from trace levels to 40 ppb before secondary treatment in aerated lagoons and ranging from not detected to 10 ppb after treatment in the aerated lagoons (volumetric retention time of 7 days); detection limit and trace level concentration not specified(2).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Terpinolene was 0.9-2.5% of the monoterpines emitted during the industrial barking and related processes of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood(1).

Terpinolene was detected in the mixture of volatile components of mangoes grown in Florida at a concentration of 2.0 ug/g in fruit stored in a deep freeze at -15 °C for 14 months and at a concentration of 1.1 ug/g in fresh fruit(1). Terpinolene was detected in the mixture of volatile components of 3 of 4 varieties of California nectarines (detection limit not reported)(2). The concentration detected in Sunfre nectarines was 10 ppb and the concentration detected in 2 experimental varieties of nectarines were below the quantification limit of 10 ppb(2). The compound was not detected in Flavortop nectarines(2). In another study, the compound was detected in the mixture of volatile components of unspecified nectarines (detection limit not reported)(3). Terpinolene was detected but not quantified in Korean edible Chamchwi(4), detected below quantitative limits (<0.1 mg/kg) in paprika(5) and in 0.8% of the relative volatile compounds from chickpea seed(6).

Terpinolene was detected in emissions from 9 to 17 species of arboreous plants studied and 1 of 5 plants species that grow under the canopy of coniferous forests (detection limit not specified)(1). It was qualitatively detected in emissions from the following arboreous plants (detection limit not specified): Scots pine, Siberian pine, Silver fir, Common juniper, Zeravshan vitae; it was also found in emissions from Marsh tea which grows under the canopy of coniferous forests(1). It was not detected (detection limit not specified) in emissions from the following arboreous plants: Bay-leave willow, Aspen, Balsam poplar, European oak, European birch, Sorb, European larch and European fir; nor was it found in emissions from the following plants which grow under the canopy of coniferous forests: Red billberry shrub, Billberry shrub, Fern and Deciduous moss(1). Terpinolene was released from 3 out of 15 Eucalyptus trees at rates ranging from 0.13-0.3 ug/g (leaf mass) per hour(2). Terpinolene was detected in the leaves of Eucalyptus saligna, but not in the leaves of E. citiodora or E. dunni(3). Terpinolene was emitted from sweet gum, cypress and hickory tress at 170, 80, 470 ug/kg foliage, respectively, growing north of Baton Rouge, LA(4).

Terpinolene detections in various plants(1).[Table#5516]

Terpinolene was detected in the emissions of Newhall navel orange (Rutaceae) waste during decomposition under aerobic conditions throughout a 2 month monitoring period(1). Terpinolene is a component in the gas-phase emissions of a general purpose pine oil based cleaner(2). Terpinolene was detected in the volatile emissions in one out of five, three day and four week old waxed parquets at rates of 9 and 6 ug/sq m-hr, respectively(3).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 5 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of terpinolene in the United States may be as low as 25 workers and as high as 99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Conditions: flow-through; Concentration: 0.612 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Conditions: flow-through; Concentration: 2.55 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through; Concentration: 0.720 mg/L for 96 hr

Terpinolene's production and use as a solvent for resins and essential oils and in the manufacture of synthetic resins and synthetic flavors may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Terpinolene is naturally emitted from various tissues and essential oils of a variety of plant species, especially trees. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates terpinolene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase terpinolene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours. Terpinolene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals. The half-lives for the reaction with ozone and nitrate are estimated to be 23 minutes and 41 seconds, respectively. Terpinolene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, terpinolene is expected to be immobile based upon an estimated Koc of 7,600. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. However, volatilization is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to soil. Terpinolene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 72% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, terpinolene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 48 days if adsorption is considered. An estimated BCF of 400 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to terpinolene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where terpinolene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to terpinolene via ingestion of food and dermal contact with consumer products containing terpinolene. (SRC)

Terpinolene is naturally emitted from various tissues and essential oils of a variety of plant species(1), especially trees(2). Terpinolene is a component of citrus fruit oils from orange species such as navel, bergamot, mandarin, sweet orange and tangerine(3). Terpinolene is a component of pine silvestris oil (Pinus silvestris) and tea tree oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca linariifolia, Melaleuca dissitiflora, other species)(4). It has been found in pine gum terpentines(5).

Terpinolene's production and use as a solvent for resins and essential oils and in the manufacture of synthetic resins and flavors(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7,600(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.47(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that terpinolene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of terpinolene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Terpinolene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2). A 72% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7,600(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.47(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that terpinolene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 48 days if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 400(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). A 72% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), terpinolene, which has a vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase terpinolene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.25X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terpinolene with ozone has been estimated as 7.3X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4) and 1.0X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(4). This corresponds to atmospheric half-lives of about 23 and 1.7 minutes, respectively(SRC). The overall daylight half-life for these two photooxidation reactions can be calculated to range between 1.7 and 19 min(4,5). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of terpinolene with nitrate radicals present in nighttime air has been estimated to be 7.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(5) which corresponds to a nighttime atmospheric half-life of 41 sec(SRC). Terpinolene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Terpinolene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 72% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Batch experiments of terpinolene in liquid and soil slurry inoculum showed biodegradation with half-lives ranging from 1-3 days(2). These studies suggest that biodegradation is an important fate process(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terpinolene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.25X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terpinolene with ozone has been estimated as 7.3X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2) and 1.0X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(2). This corresponds to atmospheric half-lives of about 23 and 1.7 minutes, respectively, at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(SRC). The overall daylight half-life for these two photooxidation reactions can be calculated to range between 1.7 and 19 min, based upon the measured rate constants and the assumed concentration of the oxidants(2,3). The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of terpinolene with nitrate radicals present in nighttime air has been estimated to be 7.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) which corresponds to a nighttime atmospheric half-life of 41 sec at an atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(SRC). Terpinolene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Terpinolene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4,5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Terpinolene is highly reactive in a number of photooxidation reactions which occur in the atmosphere and as a result will have a short residence time in the atmosphere(1-5). Terpinolene has been found to be highly reactive in smog chamber studies in which the compound is irradiated in the presence of NOx(1-4). In one such study, terpinolene was determined to be 10 times more reactive than beta-pinene and 13 times more reactive than isobutene at 28 °C and a terpinolene to NOx ratio of 10 ppb to 7 ppb(1). The compound is not, however, efficient in the overall production of ozone in these smog chamber studies due in part to its own rapid reaction with ozone(2-5) and the consumption of large amounts of carbon in the formation of large amounts of aerosols(2-4). In another smog chamber study using a terpinolene/NOx ratio of 8 ppm to 1.3 ppm, 95% of the compound was consumed in one hour and the products observed by infrared spectroscopy were formaldehyde (most abundant product observed), formic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and acetone; these observed products accounted for only 5% of the total carbon contained in the starting amount of terpinolene(3-5).

An estimated BCF of 400 was calculated in fish for terpinolene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.47(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of terpinolene is estimated as 7,600(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.47(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that terpinolene is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for terpinolene is 2.62X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that terpinolene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 48 days if adsorption is considered(3). Terpinolene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 7.43X10-1 mm Hg(4).

Terpinolene was detected in 1 out of >4000 samples of effluent from 1 of 46 categorized industrial waste water sources, monitored between November 1, 1979 through November 1, 1981; terpinolene was present in pulp and paper mill wastewater at a concentration of 28 ng/uL(1). The compound was detected in 1973 in kraft mill wastewater from both a bleached and an unbleached kraft mill at concentration ranging from trace levels to 40 ppb before secondary treatment in aerated lagoons and ranging from not detected to 10 ppb after treatment in the aerated lagoons (volumetric retention time of 7 days); detection limit and trace level concentration not specified(2).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Terpinolene was 0.9-2.5% of the monoterpines emitted during the industrial barking and related processes of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood(1).

Terpinolene was detected in the mixture of volatile components of mangoes grown in Florida at a concentration of 2.0 ug/g in fruit stored in a deep freeze at -15 °C for 14 months and at a concentration of 1.1 ug/g in fresh fruit(1). Terpinolene was detected in the mixture of volatile components of 3 of 4 varieties of California nectarines (detection limit not reported)(2). The concentration detected in Sunfre nectarines was 10 ppb and the concentration detected in 2 experimental varieties of nectarines were below the quantification limit of 10 ppb(2). The compound was not detected in Flavortop nectarines(2). In another study, the compound was detected in the mixture of volatile components of unspecified nectarines (detection limit not reported)(3). Terpinolene was detected but not quantified in Korean edible Chamchwi(4), detected below quantitative limits (<0.1 mg/kg) in paprika(5) and in 0.8% of the relative volatile compounds from chickpea seed(6).

Terpinolene was detected in emissions from 9 to 17 species of arboreous plants studied and 1 of 5 plants species that grow under the canopy of coniferous forests (detection limit not specified)(1). It was qualitatively detected in emissions from the following arboreous plants (detection limit not specified): Scots pine, Siberian pine, Silver fir, Common juniper, Zeravshan vitae; it was also found in emissions from Marsh tea which grows under the canopy of coniferous forests(1). It was not detected (detection limit not specified) in emissions from the following arboreous plants: Bay-leave willow, Aspen, Balsam poplar, European oak, European birch, Sorb, European larch and European fir; nor was it found in emissions from the following plants which grow under the canopy of coniferous forests: Red billberry shrub, Billberry shrub, Fern and Deciduous moss(1). Terpinolene was released from 3 out of 15 Eucalyptus trees at rates ranging from 0.13-0.3 ug/g (leaf mass) per hour(2). Terpinolene was detected in the leaves of Eucalyptus saligna, but not in the leaves of E. citiodora or E. dunni(3). Terpinolene was emitted from sweet gum, cypress and hickory tress at 170, 80, 470 ug/kg foliage, respectively, growing north of Baton Rouge, LA(4).

Terpinolene detections in various plants(1).[Table#5516]

Terpinolene was detected in the emissions of Newhall navel orange (Rutaceae) waste during decomposition under aerobic conditions throughout a 2 month monitoring period(1). Terpinolene is a component in the gas-phase emissions of a general purpose pine oil based cleaner(2). Terpinolene was detected in the volatile emissions in one out of five, three day and four week old waxed parquets at rates of 9 and 6 ug/sq m-hr, respectively(3).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 5 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of terpinolene in the United States may be as low as 25 workers and as high as 99 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 141,447 workers (40,571 of these are female) were potentially exposed to terpinolene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to terpinolene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where terpinolene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to terpinolene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with consumer products containing terpinolene(SRC).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For UN3166, if Lithium ion batteries are involved, also consult GUIDE 147. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TERPINOLENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2541; Terpinolene

IMO 3; Terpinolene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid