4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (95.4%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (18.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (17.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412 (17.9%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 906 reports by companies from 17 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Activated carbon is a good method for removing chlorophenols from water. Competitive adsorption occurs between chlorophenols and humic substances present in nearly all municipal water supplies. This competition decreases the capacity of carbon for chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U039, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A pilot plant study was conducted to evaluate the fate and behavior of 22 toxic organic compounds in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. The organic cmpd, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol, spiked at a nominal concn of 50 ug/L was about 95-98% removable. Results showed that biodegradability was variable & was a function of molecular structure.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution without delay. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be immediately removed and disposed of in an incinerator. /4-Chlorophenol/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Dry.

5.5 [mg/m3]

60 [mg/m3]

360 [mg/m3]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

/Wear/ face shield; Boots and apron; Respiratory protection /4-Chlorophenol/

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Chlorocresol appears as a pinkish to white crystalline solid with a phenolic odor. Melting point 64-66 °C. Shipped as a solid or in a liquid carrier. Soluble in aqueous base. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Used as an external germicide. Used as a preservative in paints and inks.

White to slightly pink crystals; Odorless or slightly phenolic odor; [CHEMINFO]

WHITE OR SLIGHTLY PINK HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS OR CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Dimorphous crystals ... aqueous solutions turn yellow on exposure to light and air

Crystals from petroleum ether

White or slightly pink crystals

Said to be odorless when very pure, but usually a phenolic odor persists

455 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

235 °C @760 [mm Hg]

151 °F (NTP, 1992)

MP: 55.5 °C and 66 °C (ligroin) ... Volatile with steam

230 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in alkalies, organic solvents, fats, and oils

One gram dissolves in 260 mL water at 20 °C

In water, 3,830 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.38

0.9 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

1.37 g/cu cm

Bulk density: 49.93 lbs/cu ft (800 g/kg/cu m)

1.4 g/cm³

1.37 @25 °C

0.05 [mmHg]

5.00X10-2 mm Hg at 20 °C

log Kow = 3.10

Aq solns turn yellow on exposure to light and air.

Stable at normal and elevated temperature over a period of 14-day period. Corrosive to metals and forms complex compounds with transition metal ions. Slow discoloration of the chemical occurs in the presence of sunlight. /In storage,/ stable for 12 months.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of phosgene /and hydrogen chloride/.

pH = 5.6 in saturated aqueous solution

detection: 0.1 mg/kg

pKa = 9.55

125.9 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID4021717]

123.36 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

Hexane/water partition coefficient 0.34 (log); Oleyl alcohol/water partition coefficient 2.46 (log); Dodecane/water partition coefficient 0.36 (log); Cell membrane/water partition coefficient 2.12 (log); Cyclohexane/water partition coefficient 0.15 (log); Chloroform/water partition coefficient 1.50 (log); Methyl decanoate/water partition coefficient 2.65 (log)

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Chemical shift

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Quadrupole coupling

Spin-spin coupling constant

Other Uses -> Biocides/Disinfectants

Hygroscopic. Soluble in aqueous base.

Phenols and Cresols

Aryl Halides

CHLOROCRESOLS are incompatible with bases, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, and oxidizing agents. Corrodes steel, brass, copper and copper alloys (NTP, 1992).

p-Chloro-m-cresol is corrosive to metals and forms complex compounds with transition metal ions. Slow discoloration of the chemical occurs in the presence of sunlight.

The CIR Expert panel concludes Sodium p-Chloro-m-Cresol, p-Chloro-m-Cresol, Chlorothymol, m-Cresol, o-Cresol, Isopropyl Cresols, Thymol, o-Cymen-5-ol, Cavacrol are safe at concentrations up to 0.5% in cosmetics; however, the available data are insufficient to support the safety of p-Cresol and Mixed Cresols for use in cosmetic products.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

p-Chloro-m-cresol

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Headache. Dizziness. Shortness of breath. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

ATSDR Final

PPRTV Current

LD50 Rat dermal > 2000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat dermal > 500 mg/kg bw

LC50 Rat > 0.583 mg/L 4 hr

LC50 Rat > 0.704 mg/L 4 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The toxicity of phenol to filamentous fungi was unaffected by pH or water hardness... . ...An antagonistic interaction in toxicity occurred between phenol and ...p-chloro-m-cresol.

Only PCMC, Thymol, and o-Cymen-5-ol are reported to be in current use, with the highest concentration of use at 0.5% for o-Cymen-5-ol in perfumes ...Several of these cresols increase the dermal penetration of other agents, including azidothymidine...The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel noted some of these ingredients may increase the penetration of other cosmetic ingredients and advised cosmetic formulators to take this into consideration...

To examine the effect on the leakage of low molecular weight cytoplasmic constituents from Staphylococcus aureus using phenolics singly and in combination, and to see if the observations could be modelled using a non-linear dose response. The rate of potassium, phosphate and adenosine triphosphate leakage was examined in the presence of chlorocresol and m-cresol. Individually, leakage was observed only at long contact times or high concentrations. Combined at these ineffective concentrations, the cytoplasmic pool of all constituents studied was released within minutes. Both chlorocresol and m-cresol were shown to have non-linear dose responses. A rate model for the combinations, which takes account of these non-linear responses, accurately predicted the observations. Antimicrobials, which when used alone exhibit a non-linear dose response, will also give a non-linear dose response in combination. The simple linear-additive model ignores the concept of the dilution coefficient and will always describe the phenomenon of synergy for combinations where one or more of the components has a dilution coefficient greater than one. This has been borne out by examination of the purported prime lesion of chlorocresol and m-cresol, alone and in combination. Studies aimed at producing synergistic mixtures of antimicrobials, which ignore the non-linear additive effect, may waste valuable research effort looking for a physiological explanation for an apparent synergy, where none, in-fact, exists. Patents granted on the basis of analyses using the linear-additive model for combinations of compounds with non-linear dose responses may no longer be supportable.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No skin reaction was observed in volunteers after intradermal injections of 0.3 mL 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol solution (= 1.5 mg) in the forearm (observation time: 4 hr). 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol solution (2 %) was incorporated in a lot of dressing and placed on the sacrificed arm of a volunteer of one week; dermal reactions were not observed.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Consecutive eczema patients were tested with the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) standard patch test series, which included PCMC-containing biocides. Reactions were scored according to the recommendations of the ICDRG. Of 1462 patients tested with 2% PCMC in petrolatum, only five had positive patch test results and six had irritant reactions; none of the positive results were clinically explainable.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A single occlusive patch of a below-irritation dose of PCMC (concentration not specified) was applied for 48 hr to 363 patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Upon scoring after 96 hr, three patients had positive reactions to PCMC.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a Draize test performed using male subjects, groups of 98, 88, and 66 subjects were induced with 5, 10, or 20% PCMC in petrolatum, respectively, for 3-5 week. Ten 48-72 hr applications of 0.5 g of the test material were made under an occlusive patch to the upper lateral portion of each subject's arm. Following an approximately 2 week non-treatment period, subjects of all three groups were challenged with a 72 hr patch containing 5% PCMC in petrolatum. None of the subjects in the three test groups responded to the challenge patch.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of male Wistar rats were given a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg PCMC in peanut oil; controls were dosed with an equivalent amount of peanut oil only. All animals were killed 60 hr after dosing, and hepatic tissue was removed from the center of the right lobe of the liver for examination by electron microscopy. After dosing, the animals' behavior changed; after 30 minutes, the animals were uneasy and had "ruffled-up" coats. These signs diminished after 1 hr, but they were replaced by long "apathetic motions". After 24 hr until study termination, the hair coats were again altered. At necropsy, the liver appeared slightly enlarged and was a pale red color with pale gray spots. Light microscopy findings included a distinct dilation of the sinusoids with an activation of the Kupffer cells. The intercellular spaces were enlarged, and there were numerous vacuoles found in the cytoplasm. In electron micrographs, outpouchings of cell membranes were observed. A greater than normal number of lysosomes were around the bile canaliculi after dosing. Also, there was an increase in the number of mitochondria, many membrane-surrounded vacuoles, alterations in the intercellular space and in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and an increase in the number and size of gap junctions. Additionally, the bile canaliculi were dilated and had irregularities and side branches which extended into the cytoplasm of adjacent hepatocytes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The trypan blue method of Hoppe was used to determine the dermal irritation potential of PCMC. Groups of rabbits, two per group (sex not specified), were given a single application of 0.2% PCMC in normal saline or 0.4 or 0.8% PCMC in 1% Tween in normal saline. The site of application was four areas on the abdominal region and the duration of contact was 0.4 mL injected intradermally within 10-15 min. Twenty minutes after dosing, 1 mL/kg of 1% trypan blue was injected intravenously and the color at the injection sites was observed for 3 hr. The maximal irritation score (scale not stated) was 4 for 0.2 and 0.4% and 8 for 0.8% PCMC.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Sixty Stamm Pirbright White guinea pigs, 30 per sex, were used in a sensitization study performed according to the method of Magnusson and Kligman. Induction consisted of intradermal injections, two with PCMC and one with Freund's adjuvant, followed 1 week later with a topical application of 0.1 mL of 1 and 25% PCMC in Lutrol (site of application not stated). The challenge, performed after 2 weeks, consisted of cutaneous application of 12.5, 22, and 50% PCMC in Lutrol and 100% PCMC to the flank of the animals. A 25% of PCMC was "strongly sensitizing" while a 1% solution was "weakly sensitizing".

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ An epicutaneous test using 35 female Stamm Pirbright White guinea pigs ... was used to determine the sensitization potential of PCMC. Induction consisted of two 0.1 mL open applications of 1, 3, 10, and 30% PCMC in Lutrol applied to the left flank with a negative control group being dosed with vehicle only; challenge consisted of 3, 10, and 30% PCMC in Lutrol and 100% PCMC applied to the right flank. (Length of time in between induction and challenge was not specified.) No sensitization reaction was observed.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL (46 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 31 day old; Conditions: flow through, pH 7.24, 25.2 °C, hardness 45.6 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 7.38 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 6.26-8.71 mg/L)

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 30 day old; Conditions: flow through, 24.6 °C, pH 7.74; Concentration: 4.05 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit 3.11-5.27 mg/L)

LD50; Species: Agelains phoeniceus (red-winged blackbird) oral 113 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) weight 106 mg; Conditions: flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/L, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/L as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/L CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C; Concentration: 13.3 (12.1-14.5) mg/L for 24 hr /Purity 99%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The relative toxic responses to 27 selected phenols /including 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol/ in 96 hr acute flow through Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and 48 to 60 hr chronic static Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliate protozoan) test systems were evaluated. Log Kow dependent linear regression analyses revealed that the data from each test system consisted of 2 linear equations. The less toxic chemicals form a relation which models polar CNS depression; these chemicals are slightly more active than the baseline toxicity of nonionic CNS depression chemicals. The more toxic chemicals form a relation which models uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Regression analysis of fathead minnow toxicity (log median lethal concn (mol/L) vs Tetrahymena pyriformis toxicity (log BR (mmol/L) showed good correlation between the two systems.

6.30e+03

8.20e+04

1.40e+03

1.30e+03

1.70e+00

1.00e-01

Volatile

1.90e+04

2.50e+05

4.30e+03

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish.

3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a disinfectant and a preservative will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours. 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 490. The pKa of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is 9.55, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Half-lives of 4.2 days in acidic sandy loam with a low organic content and 1.4 days in basic sandy silt loam with a higher organic carbon content suggest biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation test results are conflicting. 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was not degraded in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test perhaps due to microbial toxicity from the high concentration of the test chemical but reached 20-65% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand after 28 days in the Closed Bottle Test. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 134 days, respectively. A BCF range of 5.5 to 13 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because phenols are generally resistant to hydrolysis. Occupational exposure to 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol via ingestion of drinking water, where the chemical has been inadvertently formed during chlorination treatment, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol. (SRC)

3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use an external germicide and as a preservative for glues, gums, paints, inks, textile and leather goods(1), and pharmaceuticals(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Halogenated organic compounds (such as 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol) can be released to the environment from inadvertent formation in waters (potable water, waste water, cooling water) which have undergone chlorination procedures(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 490(2) indicates that 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is 9.55(3) indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-2 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 3,380 mg/L(6). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(5). Half-lives of 4.2 days in acidic sandy loam with a low organic content and 1.4 days in basic sandy silt loam with a higher organic carbon content(7) suggest biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 490(2) indicates that 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3,380 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 130, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 5.5 to 13(7) suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation test results are conflicting(SRC). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was not degraded in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI(7), test perhaps due to microbial toxicity from the high concentration of the test chemical(SRC). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol reached 20-65% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand after 28 days in the Closed Bottle Test(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Adapted mixed cultures, isolated by enrichment techniques from garden soil, compost, river mud, and the sediment of a petroleum refinery waste lagoon, were shown to be capable of partially degrading p-chloro-m-cresol. It is questionable, however, whether these studies can be extrapolated to the environment of ambient surface waters since the concn of the substrate chemical employed for enrichment of an organism and for obtaining a reasonable amount of cell growth is far above the concn generally found in nature.

AEROBIC: 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L, was completely degraded after 7-14 days and 28 days, respectively, in closed bottle tests using river water(1). A static flask screening procedure using settled domestic wastewater as the microbial inoculum found 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol to experience significant degradation with rapid adaptation as 100 percent of initial concentrations (5 and 10 ppm) biodegraded within 14 days(2). A 33.4% of the Theoretical BOD was determined with a Warburg respirometer, 210 minutes of incubation, and a mixed-culture inocula adapted to phenol(3). Using screening tests similar to detergent biodegradability studies, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol demonstrated 30-100 percent degradation after 3 weeks under aerobic conditions(4). Using Sapromat-apparatus procedures, 85-100 percent degradation of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol was observed after 24 hours with initial concentration up to 100 ppm(5). An activated sludge pilot plant was operated at 4, 6, and 9 day sludge ages with influent settled sewage from a full scale treatment works. High removal at all sludge ages in terms of the reduction in micropollutant concentration in influent sewage to final effluent was observed for 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol. The effluent for the 9 day sludge age tank had higher concentrations of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol. Biological degradation was concluded to have taken place for 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol, since it exhibited poor association with sludge solids and, on theoretical grounds, is unlikely to be removed by air stripping(6). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L, was not degraded in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(7), perhaps due to microbial toxicity from the high concentration of the test chemical(SRC). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol, present at 2 mg/L in a Closed Bottle Test, reached 20-65% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand after 28 days. When this test was repeated with bacteria preacclimatized in a successful Zahn-Wellens test, this compound reached 82-92% Theoretical Oxygen Demand(8).

AEROBIC: The half-life of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol was 4.2 days in acidic sandy loam with a low organic content and 1.4 days in basic sandy silt loam with a higher organic carbon content(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was degraded similarly in sandy clay and silty clay soils(2). Half-lives were 21 days in both types of soil at initial concentrations of 10 and 1000 ppm each(2). The first order rate constant for the degradation of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol was 0.0364 in sandy clay soil and 0.0338 in silty clay soil(2). Based on these tests, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to biodegrade in soil.

ANAEROBIC: Using screening tests similar to detergent biodegradability studies, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol demonstrated 0 percent degradation after 3 weeks under anaerobic conditions(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol, with an initial concentration of 12.7 ug/L achieved approximately 95 percent degradation in mixed digested sludge after 16 days under anaerobic conditions(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because phenols are generally resistant to hydrolysis(2,3). The UV absorption spectrum of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol exhibits absorption above 290 nm which suggests the potential for direct photolysis(3). Similar compounds (chlorophenol, dichlorophenol) have been shown to photodegrade in sunlight or UV light (above 290 nm), but the rate at which photolysis may occur in the environment has not been determined(3,4). Chlorinated phenols will undergo photolysis in aqueous solutions as a result of ultraviolet irradiation, and that photodegradation leads to the substitution of hydroxyl groups in place of the chlorine atoms with subsequent polymer formation(4). Indirect photolysis in water has been observed at 2.7 mg/L in the presence of humic acid with a half-life of 3.3-46 hours depending on exposure to artificial light or to sunlight(5).

BCF values of 5.5 to 11 and 6.7 to 13 were measured using initial 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol concentrations of 2 ug/L and 20 ug/L, respectively(1). Tests were conducted in a continuous flow system with six weeks exposure using carp having an average lipid content of 4.9%(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF ranges suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is 490(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is 9.55(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The chemical was found to be mobile in an activated carbon-sand filter system; this was considered to be indicative of a low adsorption potential in soil systems(5). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol concentration balance was 0.167 ug/L influent, not detected effluent from Steinhaeule, Neu-Ulmin, a major municipal sewage plant in Germany, sampled on March 11, 1998(6).

The Henry's Law constant for 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is estimated as 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based on its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-2 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 3,830 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 18 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 134 days(SRC). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol had a frequency of detection of 4.4% in groundwater samples from EPA Region 10 taken during site investigations completed between 1981-1986(1). It was not detected in groundwater samples from EPA Regions 1-9(1).

DRINKING WATER: Qualitative detection of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol has been reported for unspecified drinking water(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was identified in groundwater from 11 drinking water wells in areas of China irrigated with sewage effluents(2). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was detected in treated water with a concentration of 18 ng/L in a sample from a water treatment plant located in Chilung, Taiwan(3). Two rivers serving as a source of drinking water in Jiangsu Province, China were sampled in June 2002. Concentrations of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol in the Huanchao River, Tanking River (water factory), and Tanking River (middle of the river) were not detected, 0.0010 ug/L, and not detected, respectively; detection limit = 13 ng/L(4).

SURFACE WATER: 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was not detectable at various monitoring locations on Lake Erie or Lake Michigan(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was detected in six samples taken from the Isipingo River and Isipingo Estuary in Natal, South Africa on April 3 and May 8, 1981. The average concentration was 1.61 ug/L with values ranging from 0.57 ug/L to 2.77 ug/L(2).

SEAWATER: 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol detections in the Gulf of Gdansk and the Vistula River (Poland), southern Baltic Sea. Samples were collected from seven sampling sites, October 2001 to October 2003(1).

Table: Values in ug/L; limit of quantitation = 0.10 ug/L [Table#5250]

3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was present at 0.5-1.5 ug/L in the effluent of a municipal waste water treatment plant after chlorination(1).

3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol concentrations of approximately 2 ppb(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol levels of 73 ng/L, 154 ng/L, and 0.22 mg/kg (dry wt) were detected in a final effluent from a treatment works, in a soil leachate, and in a wastewater sludge, respectively, from the United Kingdom(2). The average concentration of 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol detected in sewage treatment effluents in England and Wales in 1995 was 0.3380 ug/L with a frequency of detection of 11.1%(3). Positive detections have been reported for raw and treated wastewaters from the auto, iron, and steel manufacturing, aluminum forming, foundries, metal finishing, photographic, pharmacutical manufacturing, paint and ink formulation, soap and detergent manufacturing, and textile industries; mean concentrations varied widely from 0.01 to 100,000 ug/L(4). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol has been detected in the stack effluent from a municipal waste incinerator(5). This chemical was detected in the effluent of the waste water treatment plant of a paper mill at 1.8 ug/L(6). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was detected in sewage sludge samples taken from waste water treatment plants in Brandenburg, Germany(7). Median concentrations were approximately 0.03 ug/kg in the summer and approximately 0.006 ug/kg in the winter(7). Maximum concentrations were approximately 0.1 ug/kg in the summer and approximately 0.8 ug/kg in the winter(7).

SEDIMENT: 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol has been qualitatively detected in the soil-sediment matrix of the Love Canal waste disposal site near Niagara Falls, NY(1). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol had a frequency of detection of 0.2% in streambed sediment samples taken at 489 sites from 20 major river basins across the United States from 1992 to 1995(2). The concentration at the 95th percentile was less than 50 ug/kg with a maximum concentration of 190 ug/kg(2). 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol was detected with a maximum concentration of 3000 ug/kg in soil and sediment at the Bayou Bonfouca hazardous waste site in Slidell, Louisiana(3). This site is listed on the National Priorities list of Superfund sites(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 175,929 workers (24,335 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol via ingestion of drinking water, where the chemical has been inadvertently formed during chlorination treatment, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U039, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A pilot plant study was conducted to evaluate the fate and behavior of 22 toxic organic compounds in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. The organic cmpd, 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol, spiked at a nominal concn of 50 ug/L was about 95-98% removable. Results showed that biodegradability was variable & was a function of molecular structure.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorocresols; Chlorocresols, liquid; Chlorocresols, solid; Chlorocresols, solution/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorocresols; Chlorocresols, liquid; Chlorocresols, solid; Chlorocresols, solution/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Chlorocresols; Chlorocresols, liquid; Chlorocresols, solid; Chlorocresols, solution/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorocresols; Chlorocresols, liquid; Chlorocresols, solid; Chlorocresols, solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2020; Chlorophenols, solid

IMO 6.1; Chlorophenols, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 21/22-41-43-50; S: (2)-26-36/37/39-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II