Calcium cyanide

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P316, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P332+P317, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Administration of oxygen may be needed. Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. No mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Administration of oxygen may be needed. NO mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· In case of skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid (UN1790), if calcium gluconate gel is available, rinse 5 minutes, then apply gel. Otherwise, continue rinsing until medical treatment is available.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE: CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, dry sand. NO hydrous agents. NO water. NO carbon dioxide.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers must not be used where cyanide salts are present. /Cyanide salts/

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material ifself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Do not use water on meterial itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Calcium cyanide, solid/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Prevent contact with water or moist substances.

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Add dilute caustic soda. Add calcium hypochlorite. Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7). /Calcium cyanide, solid/

Environmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Calcium cyanide, solid/

Spills of cyanide salts should be immediately and carefully cleaned up by shoveling the material into a proper container. Care must be exercised to minimize any dispersal of cyanide dust into the air. /Cyanide salts/

Waste cyanide salts from case hardening of steel are destroyed by reacting the salts at 650-700 °C with waste ferric hydroxide sludges from various sources. /Cyanide salts/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P021; D003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Cyanide salts should not be flushed into any drain which may contain or subsequently receive acid waste. ... Cyanide process waste solutions and flushings from spills should be passed through a cyanide waste disposal system. /Cyanide salts/

Calcium cyanide is a poor candidate for incineration.

The cyanides are well known to be extremely toxic. Hydrogen cyanide /HCN/ is a gas, and calcium cyanide /CaCN2/ is a solid which releases HCN slowly in moist air or rapidly in acid: CaCN(2) should never be treated with acid in disposal. The cyanides are rapidly converted to the much less toxic cyanates by treatment with alkaline hypochlorite: CN- + ClO- --- pH 10-11.5 --- H2O ---> CNO- Cl-. This reaction forms the basis of the Manufacturing Chemists Association (USA) for the treatment of "package lots" of cyanide wastes: "Add with stirring to strong alkaline soln of calcium hypochlorite. Let stand 24 hr. Flush the cyanate down the drain with large excess of water." In fact, however, the cyanate is also oxidized in mild alkaline hypochlorite to carbon dioxide and nitrogen as shown by the equation: 2CNO- + 3ClO- + H2O --- pH 7.0-9.5 --- H20 ---> 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl- + 2OH-. Thus the overall reaction for disposal of calcium cyanide with sodium hypochlorite would be: Ca(CN)2 + 6NaClO + H2O --- pH 9.5 ---> Ca(OH)2 + 6NaCl + 2CO2 + N2. Hydrogen cyanide is not persistent in the environment and very small amt of it could be disposed of alternatively by slow release to the atmosphere in a well ventilated outdoor location. Similarly very small amt of Ca(CN)2 could be disposed of by exposure to moist air followed by water dilution. Recommendable methods: Oxidation, landfill, & discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Cyanides can be incinerated either directly or after liberation of HCN by acid but unless extensive equipment is available this cannot be recommended. Acid treatment of cyanides liberates HCN. If this gas cannot be handled safely in properly designed equipment, acidification cannot be recommended. Alkaline oxidation of cyanide can be achieved with sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide. Depending on the cyanides present the product will be a sludge or soln which if sufficient reaction time has been allowed, will be largely free from free cyanide. Soluble cyanides can be reacted with alkaline ferrous sulfate (excess) and allowed to stand (stirred) several hr. The resulting sludge containing insoluble complex iron cyanides, will still contain small amt of free cyanide, but can be deposited in a landfill. Cyanide is efficiently destroyed in soln, by reaction with formaldehyde. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Persons who work with & around cyanide preparations should be given specific detailed instructions on management of cyanide poisoning. /Cyanide/

Food storage, preparation, and eating shall be prohibited in areas where hydrogen cyanide is used. Smoking and the carrying of tobacco and other smoking materials shall also be prohibited in these areas. Clean and sanitary lunchroom facilities, if provided, must be in non-exposure areas. ... Clothing-change and locker-room facilities shall be provided in a non-exposure area. Workers should be encouraged to shower after work and to change work clothing frequently. Showers and basin washing facilities shall be located in the locker-room area. /Hydrogen cyanide & cyanide salts/

All containers ... should be kept covered or in exhausted hood when not in use. Any process that may release hydrogen cyanide should be mechanically exhausted, with provision for higher rate during emergencies. Direct reading instruments for determination of hydrocyanic acid are available. /Cyanides/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Store only in original container. Separated from water, acids, carbon dioxide and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Fireproof. Dry. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, oxidizing materials.

Cyanide salts as solids must be stored in sealed or tightly closed containers. No hooks should be used in handling cyanide containers. ... Storage areas must be adequately ventilated to ensure that cyanide concentrations do not exceed the recommended workplace environmental limits. ... /Cyanide salts/

All containers of cyanide salts should be kept covered or in exhaust hood when not in use. /Cyanides/

Cyanide salts as solids or solutions must be ... protected from corrosion or damage. They should be stored so there is no contact with nitrate-nitrite mixtures or peroxides. /Cyanide salts/

... Should be stored in cool, well-ventilated place, out of direct rays of sun, away from ... fire hazard, & should be periodically inspected & monitored. Incompatible materials should be isolated ... /Cyanides and Copper compounds/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as CN[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)

4.7 mg/m3

32 mg/m3

51 mg/m3

19 mg/m3

39 mg/m3

3.8 mg/m3

13 mg/m3

28 mg/m3

2.4 mg/m3

6.6 mg/m3

16 mg/m3

1.9 mg/m3

12 mg/m3

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3, NOT ppm.

AEGLs Status: Final

3.8 [mg/m3]

13 [mg/m3]

28 [mg/m3]

5.0 [mg/m3], as CN

25.0 [mg/m3], as CN

Ceiling limit: 5 mg/cu m, skin. /Cyanide salts, as CN/

(ceiling value): 5 mg/m

(as CN): 2 mg/m

· Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

Small Fire

· CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

Calcium cyanide appears as white crystals or powder or gray-black powder (technical grade). Toxic by skin absorption through open wounds, by ingestion, and by inhalation.

Colorless or white solid; Technical grade is gray-black in color; [Hawley] White powder; Decomposes in water or moisture releasing hydrogen cyanide; [Sullivan, p. 707]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE POWDER WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless crystals or white powder

Rhombohedric crystals or powder

Odor of hydrogen cyanide

Almond-like

Decomposes > 662 °F (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes at >350 °C

Soluble in water with gradual liberation of HCN

Soluble in ethanol

Soluble in very weak acid with evolution of hydrogen cyanide

Solubility in water: freely soluble

1.853 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.853 at 20 °C (solid)

Density (at 20 °C): 1.9 g/cm³

1.853 @ 20°C

0.03 [mmHg]

... /Calcium cyanide is/ ... readily hydrolyzed liberating hydrogen cyanide.

Calcium cyanide is decomposed by carbon dioxide ... and acidic salts liberating hydrogen cyanide.

Toxic gases and vapors (such as hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide) may be released when cyanide decomposes. /Cyanide/

When heated to decomposition emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and hydrogen cyanides/.

Gray-black /Technical/

Decomposes in moist air liberating hydrogen cyanide

Hygroscopic

Calcium cyanide does not melt but forms calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) on heating above 350 °C.

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Cyanides

Reactive agents - 1st degree

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Water soluble with evolution of some hydrogen cyanide, a flammable poison gas. Release of gas is much more rapid if acid is present.

Cyanides, Inorganic

Acids, Weak

CALCIUM CYANIDE gives weakly acidic solutions. Contact with acids causes rapid evolution of hydrogen cyanide. Incompatible with isocyanates, nitrides, and peroxides. May react rapidly with oxidizing agents.

Reacts with water and acids evolving highly toxic hydrogen cyanide.

Calcium cyanide reacts with atmospheric moisture to release hydrogen cyanide ...

Hydrogen cyanide and mercury (II) cyanide: The cyanide, /mercury(II) cyanide/, is a friction-and impact-sensitive explosive and may initiate detonation of liquid hydrogen cyanide. Other metal cyanides are similar. /Metal cyanides/

Cyanide may react with carbon dioxide in ordinary air to form toxic hydrogen cyanide. /Cyanide/

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

Calcium cyanide

Reproductive

1 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L96) ; oral (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Headache. Weakness. Dizziness. Cough. Chest tightness. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Irregular heartbeat. Confusion. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LD50 Rat oral 22 mg CN-/kg as calcium cyanide

LD50 Rat oral 39 mg/kg

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

/SRP: For patients treated with nitrites:/ Measurement of methemoglobin may be useful for assessing exposure. However, methemoglobin levels may be artificially low if not analyzed within a few hours after drawing the blood. Methemoglobin levels have been found to correlate with clinical symptoms in most cases. /Cyanide/

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Preplacement and annual medical examinations shall include: An initial or interim work and medical history with special attention to skin disorders and those non-specific symptoms, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness or weakness, that may be associated with chronic exposure. A physical examination giving particular attention to skin, thyroid, and the cardiovascular and upper respiratory systems. ... Two physicians' treatment kits shall be immediately available to trained medical personnel at each plant where there is a potential for the release of, accidental or otherwise, or for contact with, hydrogen cyanide or cyanide salts. ... First-aid kits shall be immediately available at workplaces where there is potential for the release, accidental or otherwise, of hydrogen cyanide or a potential for exposure to cyanide salts. ... Pertinent medical records shall be maintained for 5 years following the last exposure to hydrogen cyanide or cyanide salts. /Cyanide salts/

Initial medical examination /should include/: a complete history and physical examination ... to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at incr risk & to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. ... Examination of cardiovascular, nervous, & upper resp systems, & thyroid should be stressed. The skin should be exam for evidence of chronic disorders. ... The aforementioned medical exam should be repeated on an annual basis. ... /Cyanides/

Pre-placement and periodic examinations should include the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, liver and kidney function, blood, history of fainting and dizzy spells. Blood cyanide levels may be useful during acute intoxication. Urinary thiocyanate levels have been used but are nonspecific and are elevated in smokers. /Cyanides/

Arterial Blood Gases: Arterial blood gases may be useful for monitoring of metabolic acidosis that can occur from cyanide poisoning. /Cyanide/

For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ There are no qualitative differences in acute poisoning between cyanide compounds, since the cyanide ion is the common agent that primarily inhibits tissue cytochrome oxidase activity in rats, mice, and rabbits, with resulting anoxia. Although acute oral doses of cyanide cause cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuroelectric alterations, many studies have shown that the brain is the organ most sensitive to cyanide toxicity. Death from cyanide poisoning is believed to result from central nervous system depression, subsequent to inhibition of brain cytochrome oxidase activity. Typical signs of toxicity after inhalation of hydrogen cyanide in test species include rapid breathing, weak and ataxic movements, convulsions, loss of voluntary movement, coma, and decrease and irregularities in respiratory rate and depth preceding death.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/The effects of acute cyanide exposure are dominated by central nervous system and cardiovascular disturbances. Typical signs of acute cyanide poisoning include tachypnea, headache, vertigo, lack of motor coordination, weak pulse, cardiac arrhythmias, vomiting, stupor, convulsions, and coma. Pathological findings may include tracheal congestion with hemorrhage, cerebral and pulmonary edema, gastric erosions, and petechiae of the brain meninges and pericardium. Sequelae of severe acute cyanide exposure may also include Parkinson-like syndromes and cardiovascular signs of delayed posthypoxic myocardial lesions, as well as neuropsychiatric manifestations similar to those seen with post-hypoxic post-carbon monoxide encephalopathy.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Chronic occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide per se resulting in serious injury is rather rare. Symptoms of such poisonings include headache, dizziness, confusion, muscular weakness, poor vision, slurred speech, gastrointestinal tract disturbances, trauma, and enlarged thyroid.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Massive doses may produce, without warning, sudden loss of consciousness and prompt death from respiratory arrest. With smaller but still lethal doses, the illness may be prolonged for 1 or more hours. Upon ingestion, a bitter, acrid, burning taste is sometimes noted, followed by a feeling of constriction or numbness in the throat. Salivation, nausea and vomiting are not unusual ... Anxiety, confusion, vertigo, giddiness, and often a sensation of stiffness in the lower jaw. Hyperpnea and dyspnea. Respirations become very rapid and then slow and irregular. Inspiration is characteristically short while expiration is greatly prolonged. The odor of bitter almonds may be noted on the breath or vomitus ... In the early phases of poisoning, an increase in vasoconstrictor tone causes a rise in blood pressure and reflex slowing of the heart rate. Thereafter, the pulse becomes rapid, weak, and sometimes irregular. ... A bright pink coloration of the skin due to high concentrations of oxyhemoglobin in the venous return may be confused with that of carbon monoxide poisoning. /Cyanide/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rodents, single doses of 4-22 mg CN-/kg as potassium, sodium, or calcium cyanide resulted in 50-90% lethality.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In exptl animals, demonstration of effects of cyanide poisoning on retina & optic nerve has been successful principally with acute severe, near-lethal or lethal poisonings. /Cyanides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rabbits, after sublethal doses of cyanide, changes in electroretinogram have been observed. /Cyanides/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In the case of hydrocyanic acid and cyanides /in very high doses/, death usually occurs /in animals/ within a few seconds: there may be convulsions, paralysis, stupor, & cessation of respiration before that of heartbeats. /Cyanides/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Workers with chronic diseases of kidneys, respiratory tract, skin, or thyroid are at greater risk of developing toxic cyanide effects than are healthy workers. /Cyanides/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Except for the more sensitive invertebrate species, such as Daphnia pulex and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus (scud), invertebrate species are usually more tolerant of cyanide than are freshwater fish species, which have most acute values clustered between 50 to 200 ug/L. A long-term survival and two life cycle test with fish gave chronic values of 7.9, 14, and 16 ug/L, respectively, with Gammarus pseudolimnaeus being comparable to fish in sensitivity and isopods being considerably more tolerant. /Free cyanide: HCN and CN-/

7.80e+01

1.20e+03

9.40e+00

3.90e+01

2.00e+01

1.30e+03

1.00e-03

9.00e-03

Volatile

2.30e+02

3.50e+03

2.80e+01

1.20e+02

6.00e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Material containing cyanide compounds disposed of on land may lead to elevated levels of cyanide in underlying strata and in groundwater. /Cyanides/

AQUATIC FATE: The alkali metal salts are very soluble in water, and as a result, they readily dissociate into their respective anions and cations upon release to water. The resulting cyanide ion may then form hydrogen cyanide or react with various metals present in natural water. If the cyanide ion is present in excess, complex metallocyanides may form; however, if metals are prevalent, simple metal cyanides may form. /Alkali metal cyanides/

Calcium cyanide ... is readily hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide

Calcium cyanide was detected in one of 13,085 samples of foods collected in 10 state laboratories (CA, FL, IN, MA, MI, NC, NY, OR, VA, WI) over 1988 (0.007% samples positive); the concentration was below the tolerance limit. The compound was not detected in samples collected in 1989(1). Fumigation of greenhouses with 0.5 and 1.0 oz calcium cyanide followed by airing as recommended did not result in HCN residues on tomatoes. Amount of residues present on first day after fumigation was insignificant(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3,606 workers (none of these were female) were potentially exposed to calcium cyanide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to calcium cyanide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where calcium cyanide is produced or used(SRC).

... SKIN ABSORPTION, INGESTION ... INHALATION ARE ROUTES OF ENTRY. /CYANIDES/

AMONG FUMIGATORS ... CYANIDE POISONING IS RECOGNIZED ... /CYANIDES/

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P021; D003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Cyanide salts should not be flushed into any drain which may contain or subsequently receive acid waste. ... Cyanide process waste solutions and flushings from spills should be passed through a cyanide waste disposal system. /Cyanide salts/

Calcium cyanide is a poor candidate for incineration.

The cyanides are well known to be extremely toxic. Hydrogen cyanide /HCN/ is a gas, and calcium cyanide /CaCN2/ is a solid which releases HCN slowly in moist air or rapidly in acid: CaCN(2) should never be treated with acid in disposal. The cyanides are rapidly converted to the much less toxic cyanates by treatment with alkaline hypochlorite: CN- + ClO- --- pH 10-11.5 --- H2O ---> CNO- Cl-. This reaction forms the basis of the Manufacturing Chemists Association (USA) for the treatment of "package lots" of cyanide wastes: "Add with stirring to strong alkaline soln of calcium hypochlorite. Let stand 24 hr. Flush the cyanate down the drain with large excess of water." In fact, however, the cyanate is also oxidized in mild alkaline hypochlorite to carbon dioxide and nitrogen as shown by the equation: 2CNO- + 3ClO- + H2O --- pH 7.0-9.5 --- H20 ---> 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl- + 2OH-. Thus the overall reaction for disposal of calcium cyanide with sodium hypochlorite would be: Ca(CN)2 + 6NaClO + H2O --- pH 9.5 ---> Ca(OH)2 + 6NaCl + 2CO2 + N2. Hydrogen cyanide is not persistent in the environment and very small amt of it could be disposed of alternatively by slow release to the atmosphere in a well ventilated outdoor location. Similarly very small amt of Ca(CN)2 could be disposed of by exposure to moist air followed by water dilution. Recommendable methods: Oxidation, landfill, & discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Cyanides can be incinerated either directly or after liberation of HCN by acid but unless extensive equipment is available this cannot be recommended. Acid treatment of cyanides liberates HCN. If this gas cannot be handled safely in properly designed equipment, acidification cannot be recommended. Alkaline oxidation of cyanide can be achieved with sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide. Depending on the cyanides present the product will be a sludge or soln which if sufficient reaction time has been allowed, will be largely free from free cyanide. Soluble cyanides can be reacted with alkaline ferrous sulfate (excess) and allowed to stand (stirred) several hr. The resulting sludge containing insoluble complex iron cyanides, will still contain small amt of free cyanide, but can be deposited in a landfill. Cyanide is efficiently destroyed in soln, by reaction with formaldehyde. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. For Un1796, UN1826, UN2031 at high concentrations and for UN2032, these may act as oxidizers, also consult GUIDE 140. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance may react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 157: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE/WATER -SENSITIVE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CALCIUM CYANIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1575; Calcium cyanide

IMO 6.1; Calcium cyanide

49 232 23; Calcium cyanide, mixture, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I