Bromoethene

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P318, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H220 (79.2%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (98.4%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H302 (21.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P222, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 183 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. Call a hospital or poison control center IMMEDIATELY even if no symptoms (such as inflammation or irritation) develop. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected area if advised to do so by a physician.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately (liquid)

Skin: Water flush immediately (liquid)

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately (liquid)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

TO FIGHT FIRE, USE /CARBON DIOXIDE/, DRY CHEMICAL, OR WATER SPRAY.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. Remove fumes with fine water spray. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Spillage Disposal: Evacuate area and allow to evaporate.

Waste Disposal: Send unopened labeled container for recycling or disposal by burning. Dissolve the compound in a flammable solvent and spray into furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for VINYL BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for VINYL BROMIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Separated from oxidants. Store only if stabilized.

Keep container in a well-ventilated place.

Keep away from sources of ignition ... .

Take precautionary measures against static discharges.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

39 [ppm]

430 [ppm]

2600 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

none See Appendix G

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers vinyl bromide to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

0.5 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

0.5 ppm as TWA; A2 (suspected human carcinogen).

0.5 ppm [1996]

4.4 mg/m

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Time weighted avg (TWA): Australia (1978) 1100 mg/cu m; Belgium (1978) 1100 mg/cu m; Finland (1981) 20 mg/cu m; The Netherlands (1978) 1100 mg/cu m; UK (1985) 20 mg/cu m. /From table/

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Vinyl bromide:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT (LIQUID) - If this chemical is in liquid form, wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT (LIQUID) - If this chemical is in liquid form, wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED (LIQUID) - If this chemical is in liquid form, the worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET (FLAMMABLE) - Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Boiling point 60 °F. Liquid at low ambient temperatures. Specific gravity 1.51. A suspected carcinogen. Under exposure to fire or heat containers may rupture violently and rocket.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 60 degrees F) with a pleasant odor; Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas with 0.1% phenol added to prevent polymerization; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS GAS OR COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 60 °F) with a pleasant odor.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 60 °F) with a pleasant odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas with 0.1% phenol added to prevent polymerization.]

Gas under normal atmospheric conditions, colorless liquid under pressure

Colorless gas or liquid (below 60 degrees F) [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas with 0.1% phenol added to prevent polymerization].

Characteristic pungent odor

Pleasant odor.

60.4 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

15.8 °C @ 760 mm Hg

15.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-219.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

-137.8 °C

-139.5 °C

-139.54 °C

less than 18 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flash point <18 °F

... No flash point by standard tests in air ... .

Flammable gas

NA (Gas)

Insoluble (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in chloroform, ethanol, ether, acetone, and benzene

Insol in water @ 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

1.49 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4933 @ 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.49

1.49 (liquid at 60 °F)

1.4933 @ 20°C

1.49 (Liquid at 60 °F)

3.79(relative gas density)

3.7 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.7 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

895 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

1,033 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 119

750 [mm Hg] @15.4 °C

Highly flammable, with air forms peroxides

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Strong Reducing Agent

Peroxidizable Compound

VINYL BROMIDE is a light sensitive, peroxidizable monomer may initiate exothermic polymerization of the bulk material [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 958]. It will react violently with oxidants.

... Reacts violently with oxidants ... .

Strong oxidizers [Note: May polymerize in sunlight.]

Strong oxidizers (e.g., perchlorates, peroxides, chlorates, permanganates & nitrates.] [Note: May polymerize in sunlight.]

Organobromide compounds, especially alkylbromides are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can randomly modify the surfaces of proteins and lipids, leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. Alkylation of DNA by alkylbromides may also lead to mutations. Vinyl bromide is metabolically activated by liver microsomal enzymes to intermediates that covalently bind to proteins and nucleic acids. Several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of the epoxides, i.e., bromoethylene oxide. Proven targets for alkylation are adenine, cytosine and guanine moieties in nucleic acids, and sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Vinylbromide reacts quickly with hepatic glutathione (GSH) leading to its rapid depletion and subsequent liver damage.

Vinyl bromide

3 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Bromoethene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of vinyl bromide were available. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of vinyl bromide. Overall evaluation: Vinyl bromide is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration that all available studies showed a consistently parallel response between vinyl bromide and vinyl chloride. In addition, both vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide are activated via P450 dependent pathway to their corresponding epoxides. For both vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide, the covalent binding of these compounds to DNA forms the respective etheno adducts. The weight of positive evidence for both compounds was also noted among the studies for genotoxicity, although the number and variety of tests for vinyl bromide were fewer.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

Vinyl Bromide: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 39: (1986) Some Chemicals Used in Plastics and Elastomers

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Volume 97: (2008) 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide)

NB (1) Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 2A based on mechanistic and other relevant data; (2) For practical purposes, vinyl bromide should be considered to act similarly to the human carcinogen vinyl chloride

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) studies indicate that the liver is the primary target organ following inhalation exposure to vinyl bromide in humans and animals. Acute exposure of rats to very high concentrations via inhalation has resulted in liver and kidney damage and adverse neurological effects. Chronic inhalation exposure primarily damages the liver, causing foci in the liver of rats. Vinyl bromide has been shown to be a potent carcinogen in rats exposed by inhalation, producing liver angiosarcomas.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, ingestion (liquid), skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Dizziness. Incoordination. Lethargy. Nausea. Vomiting.

Redness. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

irritation eyes, skin; dizziness, confusion, incoordination, narcosis, nausea, vomiting; liquid: frostbite; [potential occupational carcinogen]

In high concentrations, vinyl bromide may produce dizziness, disorientation, and sleepiness in humans.

Eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver

[in animals: liver & lymph node tumors]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

Vinyl Bromide

3 x 10^-1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

LCLo (rat) = 50,000 ppm/7h

LD50: 500 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T20)

2.60e-01

1.10e+00

1.90e-01

8.20e-01

3.70e-01

3.00e+01

1.10e-04

3.00e-03

Volatile

2.47e+03

1.30e+01

5.40e+01

9.40e+00

3.90e+01

1.90e+01

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

Vinyl bromide's production and use as a flame retardant for acrylic fiber may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Vinyl bromide may form in air as a degradation product of 1,2-dibromoethane. Vinyl bromide was detected in fumaroles and lava gas from volcanos. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1,030 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates vinyl bromide will exist in the gas phase. Gas-phase vinyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.4 days. If released to soil, vinyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 170. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. Vinyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, vinyl bromide is expected to slightly adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.1 hrs and 4.1 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Vinyl bromide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to vinyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where vinyl bromide is produced or used. Populations living near active volcanoes may be exposed to vinyl bromide via inhalation due to the natural occurrence of vinyl bromide in volcanic gases. (SRC)

Vinyl bromide was detected in fumaroles and lava gas from four volcanos (Kuju, Japan; Satsuma-Iwojima, Japan; Etna, Italy; Vulcano, Italy)(1).

Vinyl bromide's production and use as a flame retardant for acrylic fiber(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Vinyl bromide may form in air as a degradation product of 1,2-dibromoethane(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 170(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.57(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that vinyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of vinyl bromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The potential for volatilization of vinyl bromide from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 1,030 mm Hg(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 170(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.57(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that vinyl bromide is expected to adsorb slightly to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.1 hrs and 4.1 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), vinyl bromide, which has a vapor pressure of 1,030 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in the gas phase(SRC). Gas-phase vinyl bromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is 2.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of vinyl bromide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 6.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Vinyl bromide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for vinyl bromide(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.57(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of vinyl bromide is estimated as 170(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.57(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that vinyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for vinyl bromide is estimated as 1.4X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that vinyl bromide is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1.1 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.1 days(SRC). Vinyl bromide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of vinyl bromide from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1,030 mm Hg(3).

Vinyl bromide was analyzed for, but not found in automobile exhaust (detection limit 0.05 mg/cu m)(1). Vinyl bromide was not detected in any liquid or sludge sample at any of the 37 water pollution control plants analyzed above the following detection limits: 60, 3, and 60 ug/l for raw sewage, effluent, and liquid sludge samples, respectively(2).

In September of 1976, vinyl bromide was qualitatively identified in ambient air surrounding Great Lakes Corp in El Dorado, AR(1). A study in May of 1977 qualitatively identified vinyl bromide in ambient air surrounding Ethyl Corp. in Magnolia, AR(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,821 workers are potentially exposed to vinyl bromide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to vinyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where vinyl bromide is produced or used(SRC). During a NIOSH walk-through survey of a manufacturer of vinyl bromide, vinyl bromide concns for 8-hr time weighted average (TWA) samples, unless indicated otherwise: plant operator (4 samples), 0.1-0.4 ppm; lab technician (2 samples), 0.3-0.5 ppm; loading crewman (1 sample) 1.2 ppm; loading crewman, 1 hour sample (1 sample), 6.3 ppm(2). Populations living near active volcanoes may be exposed to vinyl bromide via inhalation due to the natural occurrence of vinyl bromide in volcanic gases(3).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Spillage Disposal: Evacuate area and allow to evaporate.

Waste Disposal: Send unopened labeled container for recycling or disposal by burning. Dissolve the compound in a flammable solvent and spray into furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for VINYL BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (UNSTABLE)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. ... Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Vinyl bromide, inhibited; Vinyl bromide, stabilized/

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (UNSTABLE)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be toxic if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. /Vinyl bromide, inhibited; Vinyl bromide, stabilized/

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (UNSTABLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. /Vinyl bromide, inhibited; Vinyl bromide, stabilized/

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (UNSTABLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Vinyl bromide, inhibited; Vinyl bromide, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for VINYL BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1085 116P

1085 116P(inhibited)

UN 1085; Vinyl bromide, inhibited

IMO 2.1; Vinyl bromide, inhibited

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Gas

Symbol: F+, T; R: 45-12; S: 53-45

UN Hazard Class: 2.1