1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P308+P316, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water if flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking liquid in sealable metal containers.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected & atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Do not use water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1-DICHLORO-1-NITROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs.

IN GENERAL, MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS...SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, & SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED... INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2 ppm (10 mg/m³)

TWA 2 ppm (10 mg/m3)

10 ppm (60 mg/m³)

C 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) See Appendix G

25 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

25.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the study by Machle et al. [1945] in which autopsies on animals exposed to over 170 ppm for over 30 minutes revealed pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, with damage to the heart, liver, and kidneys. . . . Other animal data: Animals have tolerated 25 ppm for 204 hours [ Machle et al. 1945]. Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

See: 594729

2.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

2 ppm as TWA

2 ppm [1978]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 20 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator.

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 25 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.

1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane appears as a colorless liquid. Strongly irritates skin and eyes. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Flash point 165 °F. Denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Used as a solvent.

Colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor.

Colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. [fumigant]

COLORLESS LIQUID

Colorless liquid.

Unpleasant odor.

255 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

168 °F (NTP, 1992)

76 °C (168 °F) (OPEN CUP)

57.8 °C c.c.

1 to 10 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.25 ML/100 ML WATER AT 20 °C

Solubility in water at 20 °C: very poor

1.42 (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4271 AT 20 °C/20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

5 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.0 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.0

16 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

16.0 [mmHg]

16.0 MM HG AT 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 2

COMPARATIVELY INERT & NON-CORROSIVE EXCEPT TO IRON IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE

Chemical shift

Dielectric constant

Lineshape

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Optical coefficient

Quadrupole coupling

Refractive index

Nitrogen Compounds -> Nitros, Aliphatic

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

Reactive agents - 3rd degree

Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

1,1-DICHLORO-1-NITROETHANE is incompatible with oxidizers. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992)

Strong oxidizers (Note: Corrosive to iron in presence of moisture).

Strong oxidizers [Note: Corrosive to iron in presence of moisture.]

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion and by inhalation of its vapour.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain.

In Animals: irritation eyes, skin; liver, heart, kidney damage; pulmonary edema, hemorrhage

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LCLo (guinea pigs) = 580 mg/m3/6H

MAY PRODUCE SEVERE PULMONARY EDEMA EITHER BY INHALATION OF VAPOR OR INGESTION OF LIQUID. ALSO SKIN IRRITATION.

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 2. ...VERY CONCN NITROUS FUMES PRODUCE PROMPT COUGHING, CHOKING, HEADACHE, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, & DYSPNEA... 3. SYMPTOM-FREE PERIOD FOLLOWS EXPOSURE & LASTS FOR 5 TO 72 HR. 4. FATIGUE, UNEASINESS, RESTLESSNESS, COUGH, HYPERPNEA, & DYSPNEA APPEAR INSIDIOUSLY, AS THE ADULT RESP DISTRESS SYNDROME GRADUALLY DEVELOPS. 5. INCREASINGLY RAPID & SHALLOW RESP, CYANOSIS, MILD OR VIOLENT COUGHING WITH FROTHY EXPECTORATION, & PHYSICAL SIGNS OF PULMONARY EDEMA... A SEROUS EXUDATE MAY DEVELOP IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY, BUT ITS VOLUME IS USUALLY SMALL. 6. ANXIETY, MENTAL CONFUSION, LETHARGY, & FINALLY LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. 7. A WEAK, RAPID PULSE, DILATED HEART, VENOUS CONGESTION, INTENSE CYANOSIS &...HEMOCONCENTRATION. CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE IS SECONDARY TO ANOXIA & HEMOCONCENTRATION. 8. ASPHYXIAL DEATH DUE TO BLOCKADE OF GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS. DEATH...WITHIN FEW HR AFTER THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF PULMONARY EDEMA. 9. SOMETIMES A SECOND ACUTE PHASE FOLLOWS THE INITIAL PULMONARY REACTION AFTER A QUIESCENT PERIOD OF SEVERAL WK. ... 10. IN NONFATAL, CONVALESCENCE MAY BE COMPLICATED BY INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS, BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS, PNEUMONIA AND GENERAL ASTHENIA. RARELY DIFFUSE PULMONARY FIBROSIS MAY DEVELOP. /NITROGEN OXIDES/

The oral lethal dose of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane for rabbits was found to lie between 150 and 200 mg/kg bw. Recovery from weight loss was reported to be quite slow. Animals exposed to these concentrations showed ulceration of the stomach wall and varying degrees of pulmonary edema. Several toxic effects were observed in the tissues of the fatally exposed animals. There was superficial erosion of the gastric mucosa with congestion, hemorrhage, and exudative inflammation; extensive, generalized, vascular damage with perivascular effusion and frequent venous clots; pulmonary edema, congestion, shrinkage, and desquamation of the alveolar cells; myocardial degeneration; severe hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis; and extensive glomerular tubular alteration.

Contact with the skin induced a marked reaction in rabbits. The skin became swollen and irritated. None of the animals died as the result of skin applications.

Observations of rabbits and guinea pigs were made ... through a series of 24 inhalation experiments. The duration of exposures varied from 10 minutes to 204 hours along with concentrations ranging from 144 mg/cu m (25 ppm) to 90,000 mg/cu m (15,600 ppm). Two rabbits and two guinea pigs were used for each experiment. The lowest lethal concentration for rabbits and guinea pigs was 300 mg/cu m (52 ppm) when the animals were exposed for 18.75 hours. In greater concentrations, the exposure was tolerated without lethal effect for shorter periods of time. Lower concentrations, 144 mg/cu m (25 ppm), were tolerated without lethal effect for 204 hours. In the highest concentration, 90,000 mg/cu m (15,600 ppm), all animals died within 12 hours after a 75-minute exposure period. The immediate physiologic effects observed following exposure were similar to other irritants. These effects included closed eyes, sneezing, coughing, and increased lacrimal and nasal secretions. In the longer exposure periods to fairly high air concentrations, there was excessive bronchial secretion, with coarse rales and rhonchi audible when the animals were removed from the exposure chamber. Other observations ... included weakness and appearance of illness, with no /SRP: no CNS depression/ or marked central nervous system (CNS) symptoms. At concentrations below 580 mg/cu m (100 ppm), the signs of irritation were definite but not severe and discharges were minimal. Neither irritation nor discharges were observed in animals exposed at 144 mg/cu m (25 ppm). The hematologic findings lacked any special significance. There was no distinct evidence of cellular destruction or stimulation of methemoglobin formation. In the case of animals exposed at high concentrations of 580 mg/cu m (100 ppm), there was some reduction in hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes. During recovery, hemoglobin and erythrocytes returned to normal.

The most characteristic gross pathology occurred in the lungs of the rabbits and guinea pigs exposed to airborne concentrations in excess of 1.0 mg/l (170 ppm) for longer than 30 minutes. Edema, congestion, hemorrhage, and varying degrees of acute bronchitis were observed without inflammatory bronchitis like that following exposure to acid gases. The principal foci of damage from exposure at high concn were found in the heart, lungs, blood vessels, liver, and kidneys. The changes in the heart muscle consisted of acute myocardial degeneration with frequent rupture of the sarcolemma and fraying of the fibrils. The lungs showed congestion, focal hemorrhages, cellular infiltration with focal accumulations, pneumonitis, fibrinocellular exudation, alveolar degeneration, and necrosis. Vascular damage was apparent in all organs studied and consisted of perivascular and medial edema with cloudy swelling, necrosis of the medial muscle cells, and disruption and fragmentation of the vessel walls, along with other effects including thrombosis. In the liver, there were diffuse toxic changes of central configuration, cloudy swelling and degeneration, and nuclear damage and destruction (congestion and hemorrhage). These reported hepatic changes did not resemble those of highly chlorinated hydrocarbons. Most kidney damage occurred in the glomeruli and consisted of edema of the tufts, capsular tissue breakdown, occasional necrosis, and proliferation of the capsule. Tubular degeneration with granular casts and interstitial edema were also reported ... .

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane's use as a fumigant will result in its release to the environment through various insecticidal applications. If released to water, volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will not be rapid but possibly significant with estimated half-lives of 4 hours and 5 days from a model environmental river and a model lake, respectively. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil or water. If released to the atmosphere, 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will exist primarily in the vapor phase. Vapor-phase 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will degrade in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of approximately 107 days. Removal of atmospheric 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane may occur through wet deposition. If released to soil, 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is expected to have high to very high mobility based on estimated Koc values of 36 to 59. Volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is expected from dry soils, and may also be important from moist soils. Occupational exposure to 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane occurs primarily through inhalation but may also occur through dermal contact and ingestion. (SRC)

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane's use as a fumigant(1) could have resulted in its release to the environment through various insecticidal applications(SRC). It is believed to be no longer manufactured or used for crop protection(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a suggested classification scheme(3), 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will have high to very high mobility(SRC) in soil based on an estimated Koc values of 36 to 59(1,2,SRC). Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil conditions(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is expected from dry soils(SRC) based on an experimental vapor pressure of 16.88 mm Hg(4,SRC), and may also be important from moist soils(SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.00128 atm-cu m/mole(5,SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a suggested classification scheme(2), volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane from water is not rapid but may be significant(SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.00128 atm-cu m/mol(1,SRC). Volatilization half-lives from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) and a model lake (1 meter deep) can be estimated to be about 4 hours(1) and 5 days(1), respectively. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in natural waters(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an experimental vapor pressure of approximately 16.88 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will exist primarily in the vapor phase in the atmosphere(SRC). Based on a suggested classification scheme(2), it will degrade in the ambient atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 107 days(3). Removal of atmospheric 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane may occur through wet deposition(SRC) because of the high water solubility(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1- nitroethane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be approximately 1.49X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 107 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5x10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

Based upon an estimated water solubility of 2500 mg/l(2), the BCF of 1,1-dichloro-1- nitroethane can be estimated to be approximately 7.5 from a regression-derived equation(1). This estimated BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may not be an important fate process(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indexes(1), the Koc for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane can be estimated to be about 36(SRC). The Koc for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane can be estimated to be about 59(SRC) based on an estimated water solubility of 2500 mg/L(4) and a regression derived equation(2). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), these estimated Koc values suggest that 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane has high to very high soil mobility(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane can be estimated to be 0.00128 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This value of Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from water is not rapid but possibly significant(SRC) based on a suggested classification scheme(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) can be estimated to be about 4.33 hours(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model environmental lake (1 meter deep) can be estimated to be about 5 days(2,SRC).

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane was detected in gas samples from 6 municipal solid waste and sludge landfill simulators from a sampling method with an analytical detection limit of 0.01 ppm, although no specific concentrations were reported(1).

Occupational exposure to nitroparaffins, such as 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane(SRC), occurs mainly through inhalation, however, dermal contact and ingestion are also possible(1).

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane's use as a fumigant will result in its release to the environment through various insecticidal applications. If released to water, volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will not be rapid but possibly significant with estimated half-lives of 4 hours and 5 days from a model environmental river and a model lake, respectively. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil or water. If released to the atmosphere, 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will exist primarily in the vapor phase. Vapor-phase 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will degrade in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of approximately 107 days. Removal of atmospheric 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane may occur through wet deposition. If released to soil, 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is expected to have high to very high mobility based on estimated Koc values of 36 to 59. Volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is expected from dry soils, and may also be important from moist soils. Occupational exposure to 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane occurs primarily through inhalation but may also occur through dermal contact and ingestion. (SRC)

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane's use as a fumigant(1) could have resulted in its release to the environment through various insecticidal applications(SRC). It is believed to be no longer manufactured or used for crop protection(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a suggested classification scheme(3), 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will have high to very high mobility(SRC) in soil based on an estimated Koc values of 36 to 59(1,2,SRC). Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil conditions(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is expected from dry soils(SRC) based on an experimental vapor pressure of 16.88 mm Hg(4,SRC), and may also be important from moist soils(SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.00128 atm-cu m/mole(5,SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a suggested classification scheme(2), volatilization of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane from water is not rapid but may be significant(SRC) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.00128 atm-cu m/mol(1,SRC). Volatilization half-lives from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) and a model lake (1 meter deep) can be estimated to be about 4 hours(1) and 5 days(1), respectively. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in natural waters(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an experimental vapor pressure of approximately 16.88 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane will exist primarily in the vapor phase in the atmosphere(SRC). Based on a suggested classification scheme(2), it will degrade in the ambient atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 107 days(3). Removal of atmospheric 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane may occur through wet deposition(SRC) because of the high water solubility(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1- nitroethane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be approximately 1.49X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 107 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5x10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

Based upon an estimated water solubility of 2500 mg/l(2), the BCF of 1,1-dichloro-1- nitroethane can be estimated to be approximately 7.5 from a regression-derived equation(1). This estimated BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may not be an important fate process(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indexes(1), the Koc for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane can be estimated to be about 36(SRC). The Koc for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane can be estimated to be about 59(SRC) based on an estimated water solubility of 2500 mg/L(4) and a regression derived equation(2). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), these estimated Koc values suggest that 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane has high to very high soil mobility(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane can be estimated to be 0.00128 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This value of Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from water is not rapid but possibly significant(SRC) based on a suggested classification scheme(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) can be estimated to be about 4.33 hours(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model environmental lake (1 meter deep) can be estimated to be about 5 days(2,SRC).

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane was detected in gas samples from 6 municipal solid waste and sludge landfill simulators from a sampling method with an analytical detection limit of 0.01 ppm, although no specific concentrations were reported(1).

Occupational exposure to nitroparaffins, such as 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane(SRC), occurs mainly through inhalation, however, dermal contact and ingestion are also possible(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1-DICHLORO-1-NITROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2650; 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane

IMO 6.1; 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Symbol: T; R: 23/24/25; S: (1/2)-26-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II