Diethyl Ether

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.9% (12 of 636) of reports.

H224 (98%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (98%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H336 (98%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 636 reports by companies from 23 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 12 of 636 reports by companies.

There are 22 notifications provided by 624 of 636 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P330, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Water may be ineffective ... But water should be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use water spray dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Spills and leakage: Absorb with paper. Evaporate completely all spilt surface. Dispose by burning the paper after complete ventilation of vapor.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Ethyl ether should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

A two-well injection withdrawal experiment was conducted at a hazardous waste disposal site near Ottawa, Canada to assess the feasibility of aquifer restoration by means of a purge well network. The six day test involved injecting tracer labeled clean water into one well while withdrawing contaminated water from a well located 5 m away. Samples taken from multilevel sampling points located along flow lines between the two wells were analyzed to determine the concentrations of tracers and of volatile contaminants. Tracer breakthrough data were fitted to an approximate analytic solution to determine average linear velocities and dispersivities. The concentration histories obtained for 3 volatile organic contaminants (including diethyl ether) deviate significantly from that predicted using local equilibrium based transport models. Comparison with results of a one dimensional, kinetics based transport model indicates qualitative agreement between observed transport behavior and that expected for solutes affected by a first order reversible sorption process for which the rate constants are small relative to the groundwater velocity in the induced flow field.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U117, F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Diethyl ether is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. If concentrated waste contains no peroxides, discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. If concentrated waste contains peroxides, perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance is followed by open burning.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Clothing wet with liquid diethyl ether should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of diethyl ether from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the diethyl ether, the person performing the operation should be informed of diethyl ether's hazardous properties. Any clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid diethyl ether should be removed immediately and not reworn until the diethyl ether is removed from the clothing.

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from oxidants and other incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Ventilation along the floor.

Separate from oxidizing materials. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Avoid sunlight.

Floors of storage rooms should be conductive ... to ground out any possible static charge of individuals working in the room.

Ethers should not be stored near powerful oxidizers or in areas of high fire hazard. They should be kept cool and the containers electrically grounded to avoid sparks. /Ethers/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

400.0 [ppm]

500 [ppm]

3200 [ppm]

19000 [ppm]

See Appendix D

400 ppm (1200 mg/m³)

TWA 400 ppm (1200 mg/m3) See Appendix G

1900 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

1900.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The lowest anesthetic limit is 19,000 ppm [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. It has been stated that the inhalation of 2,000 ppm if continued to equilibrium in the blood would cause dizziness in some persons [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. Concentrations in the workplace of 500 to 1,000 ppm or more have not resulted in demonstrable injury to health [Cook 1945]. It has been reported that the inhalation of 35,000 ppm causes loss of consciousness within 30 to 40 minutes, and concentrations above 75,000 ppm are dangerous to life [Pennsylvania 1973].

1900 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed at higher concentrations.]

1900 ppm

1900 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 60297

500.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 400 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 500 ppm.

400 ppm as TWA; 500 ppm as STEL.

400 ppm [1966]

500 ppm [1966]

308 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Bulgaria: 100 ppm; Hungary: 100 ppm; Poland: 100 ppm; USSR: 100 ppm; Yugoslavia: 75 ppm

USSR: 300 mg/cu m

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Diethyl ether appears as a clear colorless liquid with an anesthetic odor. Flash point -49 °F. Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent and to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid with a pungent, sweetish odor; Note: A gas above 94 degrees F; [NIOSH]

VERY VOLATILE COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a pungent, sweetish odor.

Colorless liquid with a pungent, sweetish odor. [Note: A gas above 94 °F.]

Colorless, volatile, mobile liquid

Colorless liquid [Note: A gas above 94 degees F].

Sweetish, pungent odor

Ethereal odor

Burning and sweet taste

94.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

34.6 °C at 760 mm Hg; 17.9 °C at 400 mm Hg; 2.2 °C at 200 mm Hg

34.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-177.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

-116.3 °C (stable crystals); -123.3 °C (metastable crystals)

-116.2 °C

-49 °F (NTP, 1992)

-45 °C, -49 °F (CLOSED CUP)

-45 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with lower aliphatic alcohols, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, fat solvents, many oils; sol in concn hydrochloric acid

Sol in acetone; very sol in ethanol

Sol in solvent naphtha, benzene, oils

Miscible with most organic solvents

In water, 6.04X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 6.9 (soluble)

0.714 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7134 at 20 °C/4 °C

Density (at 20 °C): 0.7 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.9

0.7138 @ 20°C

2.6 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.55 (Air = 1.0)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.6

442 mmHg at 68 °F ; 760 mmHg at 94.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

538.0 [mmHg]

538 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 58.6

440 mmHg

750 [mm Hg] @34.1 °C

Highly flammable. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154, 164]. A mixture of liquid air and diethyl ether exploded spontaneously, [MCA Case History 616(1960)].

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

CSL00023

DIETHYL ETHER + BROMINE

Pre-mixing bromine in diethyl ether resulted in a siginificant exotherm and expulsion of flask contents.

Corrosive To Metals,Flammable

Aryl methyl ketone

M (up to 100g)

Bromination

Exotherm/soft explosion noted in Bretherecks.

User-Reported

CSL00062

DIETHYL ETHER + CHLORINE

Potentially explosive

Explosive

CSL00084

DIETHYL ETHER + LITHIUM PERCHLORATE

refluxing led to an explosion

CSL00133

MAGNESIUM + 4-BROMOBENZOTRIFLUORIDE + DIETHYL ETHER

Explosion hazard

Grignard

http://pubs.acs.org/cen/safety/19970317.html

ACS Safety Letters

CSL00134

OXYGEN + COPPER(II) CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE + 2,6-DIBROMOPYRIDINE + N-BUTYLLITHIUM + DIETHYL ETHER

O2 reacted with the organocopper (or remaining organolithium) reagent to form some peroxides which exploded

Ullmann coupling

CSL00199

2-Nitroacetonitrile + 2-Nitroacetaldehyde + Thionyl chloride + Diethyl ether

" The Chemistry Group at the National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center wishes to alert readers on the volatile nature of nitroacetonitrile (CAS No. 13218-13-8), which caused a recent explosion in our laboratories that, fortunately, did not result in harm to individuals or property. A chemist was performing a dehydration of 2-nitroacetaldehyde oxime to nitroacetonitrile using thionyl chloride in diethyl ether (diethyl ether was from a freshly opened bottle) at 40 ºC for one hour (following a reported literature procedure: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 266; J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 1046, but working on a substantially smaller scale). The reaction mixture was subsequently filtered to remove precipitate, and the filtrate was washed with water. The diethyl ether layer was separated, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Note: Some diethyl ether remained at this point. The round-bottom flask remained vented and was placed in the back of the hood. Approximately one hour later, an explosion occurred. Numerous reports do not advise on the explosive nature of nitroacetonitrile, and we have noted only one report that suggests reagents of this type are potentially explosive (Can. J. Chem. 1959, 37, 1266). The mechanism of the violent decomposition has not been determined." (reprint of the full-text)

Not Available

10.1021/cen-v087n032.p004

Literature Reference

10/15/2022

Occasional explosions have occurred when aluminum hydride was stored in ether. The explosions have been blamed on the presence of carbon dioxide impurity in the ether, [J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70:877(1948)]. Diethyl ether and chromium trioxide react violently at room temperature. Solid acetyl peroxide in contact with ether or any volatile solvent may explode violently. A 5-gram portion in ether detonated while being carried, [Chem. Eng. News 27:175(1949)]. Nitrosyl perchlorate ignites and explodes with diethyl ether. A mixture of ether and ozone forms aldehyde and acetic acid and a heavy liquid, ethyl peroxide, an explosive, [Mellor 1:911(1946-1947)].

Boron triazide, bromine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, bromine, iodine heptafluoride, silver perchlorate, fluorine nitrate, permanganic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxodisulfuric acid, iodine(VII) oxide, peat soils, thiotriazyl perchlorate, sulfonyl chloride, sulfur, uranyl nitrate, and wood pulp extracts.

Tends to form explosive peroxides under influence of air and light, especially when evaporation to dryness is attempted. ... Air-ether mixtures containing more than 1.85 vol-% of ether vapor, are explosive hazards. ... May explode when brought in contact with anhydrous nitric acid.

alpha-Hydroperoxy ethers are obtained readily from the autoxidation of most ethers /including diethyl ether/ containing alpha-hydrogens. From ... diethyl ether, the initially formed alpha-hydroperoxy ether can ... with acid treatment, form dangerously sensitive and explosive polymeric peroxide.

Diethyl ether inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase. This slows down the metabolism of ethanol and also inhibits the metabolism of other drugs requiring oxidative metabolism. (L1660, A2461)

Ethyl ether

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

Ether, Ethyl

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Diethyl ether causes CNS depression. Death due to respiratory depression may result from severe and prolonged exposure. (T36)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (T36) ; inhalation (T36)

Cough. Sore throat. Drowsiness. Dizziness. Euphoria. Vomiting. Headache. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Dry skin.

Redness.

Nausea. Vomiting. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; dizziness, drowsiness, headache, excited, narcosis; nausea, vomiting

Inhalation may result in dizziness, giddiness, euphoria, drowsiness, salivation, and CNS depression. Diethyl ether is also a skin and eye irritant. (T36)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Ethyl Ether

5 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

3 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

LCLo (rat) = 32,000 ppm/4h

LD50: 996 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (L1327)

LD50: 2420 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (L1327)

LD50: 1213 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A681)

LC50: 186 mg/L (Inhalation, Mouse) (A680)

LD50 Mouse iv 996 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse ip 2420 mg/kg bw

LC50 Mouse inhalation 186 mg/L/90 min

LC50 Mouse (C3H, 4 wk old male) inhalation 95 mg/L/90 min (95% confidence limit: 88-102 mg/L)

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

There is no antidote for diethyl ether poisoning, thus treatment is symptomatic and supportive. (T36)

The disposition of diflunisal (DF) at 10 mg/kg iv was investigated over 4 hr in bile-exteriorized male rats continuously anaesthetized with ... diethyl ether inhalation (as required) ... and compared to that obtained in conscious rats. 2. Diethyl ether decreased the plasma clearance of DF to about 30% of control values, by inhibition of both glucuronidation and sulfation of DF. ...

... Appears to increase the neuromuscular blockade caused by antibiotics such as neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin, and kanamycin.

... In Guinea pigs ... the sleep induced by barbiturates of ether was prolonged by chlordiazepoxide.

... Ether ... sleeping times are prolonged by imipramine but considerably less than by phenothiazine neuroleptics.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Poecilia reticulata (guppy) 2134 mg/L for 14 days; semistatic, 22 °C

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, age 29 days) 2560 mg/L/96 hr; flow-through, 24.8 °C, pH 7.76, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 45.1 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 41.5 mg/L CaCO3

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, age 29 days) 2260 mg/L/96 hr; flow-through, 24.8 °C, pH 7.76, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/L, hardness 45.1 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 41.5 mg/L CaCO3; Effect: Affected fish lost schooling behavior and swam in a corkscrew/spiral pattern near the tank surface. They were underreactive to external stimuli, had increased respiration, were darkly colored, and lost equilibrium prior to death.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 8.0; Concentration: 165 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: behavior, equilibrium

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The study measured the acute toxicity of Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis- to 2-3 month old guppies /(Poecilia reticulate)/ under static-renewal conditions for 14 days. The test substance was tested at several concentrations in a series with a 1.8-factor geometric progression. Stock solutions were prepared using a solvent (acetone or propanol-2) and diluted with standard water (hardness of 25 mg/L as CaCO3). Each test vessel contained approximately 1 L of test solution and eight guppies. Test solutions were renewed daily. Guppies were fed a commercial fish food 0.5 h before each renewal. The temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration during the test were maintained at 22 + or - 1 °C and 5 mg/L, respectively. The guppies were considered to be dead when gill movements ceased and no reaction occurred when fish were touched with a glass bar. LC50 = 2134 mg/L/14 days.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Immobility and abnormal behavior (e.g., erratic swimming) were recorded at 24 hours. ... The definitive test was based on a total of 20 daphnids /(Daphnia magna)/ per concentration tested (i.e., 10 daphnids per replicate, in each of 2 replicates) exposed to each test concentration, as well as a control (100% dilution water). Dilution water: Dilution water for culturing was tap water. Dilution water for testing was a chemically and physically defined standardized culture medium ("artificial fresh water"). Measured water chemistry parameters: Parameters determined at the end of the test: pH (target: pH: 8.0 + or - 0.2); dissolved oxygen (target: 2 mg/L); temperature (constant 20 °C in incubator) ... The 24-hour EC50 was ... 165 mg/L/96 hr; immobility. ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow-through exposures /of Ethane, 1,1'-oxybis-/ were made /to Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)/ with a continuous flow modified mini-diluter. /Alkalinity 41.5 mg/L; DO 7.1 mg/L; pH 7.76; Temperature 24.8 °C; water hardness 45.1/ ... Observations of fish behavior and toxic signs were made at 2-8, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. ... LC50 = 2560 mg/L/96 hr; mortality. EC50 = 2260 mg/L/96 hr; behavior. ... Fish exposed to DEE lost schooling behavior and swam in a cork-screw/spiral pattern near the tank surface. They were under reactive to external stimuli, had increased respiration, were darkly colored and lost equilibrium prior to death. ...

/PLANTS/ Toxicity to terrestrial plants /was studied using/ ...Mimosa pudica, Oxalis stricta, and Marsillia macropus. Inhibition of opening/closing movements /was observed at 330-510 mg/L. ...Effects were reversible after end of exposure within a few hours.

1.60e+04

2.30e+05

3.90e+03

2.00e+00

8.80e-01

2.00e-01

Volatile

1.01e+04

4.70e+04

7.00e+05

1.20e+04

Environmental effects of the substance have been adequately investigated, but no significant effects have been found.

Diethyl ether's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture of gun powder, former use in the US as an anesthetic and as a primer for gasoline engines may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates diethyl ether will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diethyl ether will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals; half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.2 and 5.8 days, respectively. Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum. If released to soil, diethyl ether is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 73. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Diethyl ether is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure. Aqueous screening studies indicate biodegradation is expected to be a slow fate process in both soil and water. If released into water, diethyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives from a model river and model lake are 3.1 hours and 3.6 days, respectively. BCFs ranging from 0.9 to 9.1 in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to diethyl ether may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where diethyl ether is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to diethyl ether from inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of contaminated drinking water. (SRC)

Diethyl ether's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture of gun powder, anesthetic, and as a primer for gasoline engines(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.89(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that diethyl ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of diethyl ether from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of diethyl ether from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation of diethyl ether in soil is expected to be a slow process(SRC), based upon its slow biodegradation in an aqueous screening study(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 73(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.89(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that diethyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Diethyl ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3) based on a Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.1 hours and 3.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs ranging from 0.9 to 9.1 in carp(6) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation of diethyl ether in water is expected to be a slow process(SRC), based upon its slow biodegradation in an aqueous screening study(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), diethyl ether, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase diethyl ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals(SRC); half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.2 and 5.8 days, respectively(3,4). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum(5).

AEROBIC: Diethyl ether has been included in a list of compounds which were not biodegraded in a relatively short time either in screening tests which utilized sewage sludge inocula or soil inocula(1). Many ethers are known to be resistant to biodegradation(1). The 5-day biological oxygen demand measured for diethyl ether in screening tests ranged from 0%(2,3) to approximately 1.1%(2) in studies using the standard dilution technique with sewage inocula and 0% in a screening study using an activated sludge inoculum(4). A lag time of >10 days was observed in the latter study with activated sludge(4). In a study which used the seawater dilution method with a sewage inoculum, 0% theoretical BOD was observed over a 5-day period(3). No change was observed in the biological oxygen demand in tests of a semi-continuous activated sludge biological treatment simulator which tested for the removal of diethyl ether at a concn of 200 to 800 ppm in a domestic sewage feed over a period of 24 hours(5). A biodegradation study of diethyl ether, based on TOC measurements (GC analysis), using an activated sludge seed and an initial diethyl ether concn of 100 mg/L, indicated 2.5% (6.5%) biodegradation over a period of 4 weeks(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of diethyl ether with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.31X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Ethyl formate and formaldehyde were identified as the major products of hydroxyl radical oxidation of diethyl ether(2). The average rate constant for the reaction of diethyl ether with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution is 3.6X10+9 L/mol sec(3). This rate constant corresponds to a half-life of about 220 days(SRC) at an average aqueous hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17 mol/L(4). The rate constant for the reaction of diethyl ether with nitrate radicals is 2.80X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(5). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5.8 days(SRC) at an average atmospheric concentration of 5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(6). Diethyl ether is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(7). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important removal process since aliphatic ethers do not absorb light in the environmental spectrum(8).

BCF values of 0.9 to 1.4 and <1.7 to 9.1 were measured for carp exposed to 500 and 50 ug/L of diethyl ether over the course of a 6 week incubation period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc of diethyl ether is estimated as approximately 73(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.89(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that diethyl ether is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). A vapor-phase partition coefficient of 15.49 was measured for diethyl ether at 30 °C in the silt and clay size fraction of a calcareous soil (1.2% organic carbon w/w) from Southern Nevada at 52% relative humidity(4).

The Henry's Law constant for diethyl ether is 1.23X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that diethyl ether is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is approximately 3.1 hours(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is approximately 3.6 days(SRC). Diethyl ether's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Volatilization of diethyl ether from dry soil surfaces is expected(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Diethyl ether was detected, not quantified, in drinking water from the Torresdale Water Treatment Plant in Philadelphia, PA; it was found in samples taken one day out of seven days between Feb 1975 and January 1977(1). It was not detected in drinking water from 2 other treatment plants or in tap water from within the distribution system sampled between Aug 1975 and Sept 1976(1). It has been detected, not quantified, in drinking water in 3 of 10 U.S. cities (Miami, FL, Philadelphia, PA, and Cincinnati, OH, were positive) in the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey that was initiated in 1974(2). It has been detected, but not quantified, in drinking water from unidentified sources(3). Diethyl ether was identified in finished water from a water treatment plant in New Orleans that receives its water supply from the lower Mississippi River; it was also detected in clarifier effluent (prior to chlorination) and water from lower Mississippi River water(4).

GROUNDWATER: Diethyl ether was detected, but not quantified, in groundwater classified as uncontaminated (by inorganic indices) at 1 of 7 Minnesota municipal solid waste landfills sites tested; it was not found in leachates from 6 landfill sites collected between 1958 and 1978 or in groundwater samples classified as uncontaminated (by inorganic indices) at 1 of 13 landfills sites tested(1). Diethyl ether was detected at a concn of 2.5 ug/L in 1 of 6 drinking water wells located downstream from a municipal and industrial solid waste landfill, Army Creek landfill - 60 miles southwest of Wilmington, DE(2). It also was detected at 2.5 ug/L in the major recovery well that was removing the contaminated groundwater(2). Overall, it was detected in 25% of the groundwater samples analyzed in the study(2).

SURFACE WATER: Diethyl ether has been detected, not quantified, in samples of water from the Niagara River and the Cuyahoga River, a tributary of Lake Erie(1). It has been found in the following Lake Michigan basin locations sampled in 1975 and 1976: Calumet - Sag Channel, 5 ug/L; Chicago Sanitary and Ship Channel, 3 ug/L(2). Diethyl ether was found in samples of surface water from 9 of 204 sites near heavily industrialized areas across the USA sampled between Aug 1975 and Sept 1976(3). The concn ranged between 1 and 10 ppb in the samples where diethyl ether was found and the avg concn was 4.6 ppb(3).

Diethyl ether has been detected in 9 out of 63 samples of industrial effluents collected from a wide variety of industries across the U.S. (dates not reported)(1). Six of the positive samples contained <10 ug/l diethyl ether, 2 samples contained 10 to 100 ug/L and 1 sample contained >100 ug/L(1). It has been found at the following concn in the effluent of 3 out of 3 sewage treatment plants which discharge in to Lake Michigan: West Side Sewage Treatment Plant, 1 ug/L; North Side Sewage Treatment Plant, 8 ug/L; Calumet Sewage Treatment Plant, 10 ug/L(2). It also has been found in the effluent from the Chicago Central water works at 5 ug/L(2). Diethyl ether was detected in municipal landfill leachate from two sites, Muskokas and Guelph, at concns of 181 and 67 ug/L, respectively, in 1989; it was detected in leachate from Guelph in 1988 at a concn of 10 ug/L(3). Diethyl ether was identified in effluent from Jones Island publicly-owned treatment works, Milwaukee, WI, in Aug 1985 at concns of 2 and 4 ppb; it was detected in the corresponding influent at concns of 10 and 13 ppb(4).

Diethyl ether was detected in 1982 at concn up to approx 1000 ug/L in an outwash aquifer contaminated by leachate from an organic chemical waste landfill near Ottawa, Canada, which accepted wastes between 1969 and 1980(1). In the Netherlands it was detected at conc ranging from 4 ppb to 15 ppm in groundwater around a chemical water incineration site at which water was mass burned in massive piles of steel drums(2). It was detected in the leachate plume at the Gloucester landfill, Ottawa, Canada at concn greater than 500 ppb(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Diethyl ether was detected, but not quantified, in the ambient air from 1 of 5 sites in the Los Angeles Basin sampled in March and April 1975; Santa Monica was the positive site where 1 of 2 samples was positive(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Diethyl ether was found in the ambient air from 1 of 2 sites in the Kanawha Valley, WV sampled in Sept 1974 (S. Charleston, WV was the positive site), but was not found in any of the samples from 4 sites in the Houston, TX, area sampled in Nov 1974(1). It was not detected in any of the night ambient air samples analyzed during the study(1). Diethyl ether was identified, but not quantified, at 4 of 7 sites in the Kanawha Valley, WV, sampled in Sept 1977; it was tentatively identified at another site(2). Diethyl ether was identified, but not quantified, at 5 of 7 sites in the Shenandoah Valley, WA, sampled in Sept 1977; it was tentatively identified at another site(2).

INDOOR: Diethyl ether was detected in indoor air samples from 5 of 12 Canadian homes during Nov and Dec 1986 at an average concn of 0.4 ug/cu m; it was detected in indoor air samples from 1 out of 6 Canadian homes during Feb and March 1987 at a concn of 647 ug/cu m(1). The weighted average geometric mean concentration of diethyl ether in indoor buildings from Canada and Australia was < 1 ug/cu m(2).

Diethyl ether has been tentatively identified, but not quantified, as a volatile component of raw chicken breast muscle and caecum(1). Diethyl ether was identified as a volatile component of chicken and pork flavor(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U117, F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Diethyl ether is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. If concentrated waste contains no peroxides, discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. If concentrated waste contains peroxides, perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance is followed by open burning.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperture range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DIETHYL ETHER (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1155; Diethyl ether

IMO 3.1; Diethyl ether

49 081 57; Diethyl ether, anesthesia grade

49 081 56; Diethyl ether, other than anesthesia grade

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Airtight.

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I