2,3-dichloroaniline

H301+H311+H331 (34.9%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (98.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (98.8%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (42.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331 (95.2%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (95.2%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (97.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 83 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. /Dichloroaniline/

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Dichloroaniline/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

... ANILINE SHOULD BE REACTED IN CLOSED VESSELS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE. IN FACTORIES VENTILATION SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO KEEP ATMOSPHERIC ANILINE CONTENT WELL BELOW PERMITTED LEVEL. /Aniline/

Eating and smoking should not be allowed in areas where liquid aniline is handled, processed, or stored. /Aniline/

Clothing which becomes soaked with aniline should be promptly removed. /Aniline/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2,3-DICHLOROANILINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

STORE IN A COOL, DRY, WELL-VENTILATED LOCATION. SEPARATE FROM ACIDS, OXIDIZING MATERIALS, & COMBUSTIBLES. /DICHLOROANILINES/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. Exposure could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

POSSIBLE EXPOSURE TO HIGHER CONCN (PIPE BREAKAGE, SPLASHING, CLEANING OR REPAIR OF STORAGE TANKS) NECESSITATES USE OF SAFETY GOGGLES, GAS MASK, APRON, & RUBBER GLOVES. /ANILINE/

RESPIRATOR FOR ORGANIC VAPORS, SPLASHPROOF GOGGLES ... /&/ BOOTS. /ANILINE/

Butyl rubber protective clothing ... . /Aniline/

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /Dichloroanilines/

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Dichloroanilines appears as an amber to brown crystalline solid. Shipped as a solid or in a liquid carrier. Insoluble in water. It is toxic by skin absorption and by inhalation. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Used in the manufacture of dyes and pesticides.

Colorless solid or liquid; mp = 24 deg C; [ICSC] Solid; mp = 23-24 deg C; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR LIQUID.

NEEDLES FROM PETROLEUM ETHER

>112 °C (closed cup)

>112 °C c.c.

VERY SOL IN ETHER; SLIGHTLY SOL IN PETROLEUM ETHER, BENZENE

Sol in alcohol, acetone

Solubility in water: none

1.383 @ 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.383

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.6

0.02 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C:

log Kow= 2.78

When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/ and nitrogen oxides. /2,5-Dichloroaniline/

Index of refraction: 1.5969 at 20 °C

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Chemical shift

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Quadrupole coupling

Spin-spin coupling constant

Viscosity

Nitrogen Compounds -> Amines, Aromatic

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

Amines, Aromatic

A halogenated aromatic amine. Amines are chemical bases. They neutralize acids to form salts plus water. These acid-base reactions are exothermic. The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Confusion. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

LC50 (rat) > 8,047 mg/m3/4hr

Basic treatment: Establish patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation. /Aniline and related compounds/

TWENTY-ONE HALO-SUBSTITUTED ANILINES WERE COMPARED WITH ANILINE FOR THEIR ABILITY TO STIMULATE METHEMOGLOBIN FORMATION IN CATS. HALO SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE 4-POSITION INCREASED THE ACTIVITY OF ANILINE, WHILE SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE 2 AND 3 POSITIONS DID NOT CHANGE OR REDUCE THE ACTIVITY. POLYHALO SUBSTITUENTS (SUCH AS 2,6-DICHLOROANILINE) REDUCED THE ACTIVITY COMPARED TO ANILINE. /DICHLOROANILINES/

IN GUELPH LOAM, 3,5-DICHLOROANILINE, AT CONCN OF 5-100 UG/G SOIL, WAS INHIBITORY AGAINST THE OXIDN OF THE NITROGEN OF AMMONIA TO NITRITE NITROGEN BY NITROSOMONAS, BUT NOT NITRITE NITROGEN TO NITRATE. THE DICHLOROANILINES SHOWED INCREASED TOXICITY AGAINST NITROSOMONAS. /DICHLOROANILINES/

Dichloroaniline produces methemoglobinemia in rats & mice. /Dichloroaniline/

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

2,3-Dichloroaniline's production and use in dyestuffs, pesticides and pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,3-dichloroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dichloroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours. If released to soil, 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not likely to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline degradation was 0.013 day-1 with a half-life of 54 days under anaerobic conditions in sediment taken from an estuary. If released into water, 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected not to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 76 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,3-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dichloroaniline is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,3-dichloroaniline via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing 2,3-dichloroaniline. (SRC)

2,3-Dichloroaniline's production and use as intermediates in dyestuffs, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The chemical and biological reduction of azo dyes and halogenated nitroaromatic herbicides, explosives, and nitropyrenes could result in the formation of chloroaniline compounds in the environment(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). When released to soil, 2,3-dichloroaniline may undergo covalent chemical bonding with humic materials, which can result in its chemical alteration to a latent form and tight adsorption. When covalently bound in this latent form, leaching in soil systems is not generally expected to occur. This covalent bonding proceeds in two steps; a rapid and reversible bonding followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction(3). The effects of dichlorine-substitued anilines on guelph loam were studied under aerobic conditions. It was shown that a linear rate of decomposition over a 12 week period existed for these compounds(4). Volatilization of 2,3-dichloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Due to the strong adsorption to humic material in the soil, 2,3-dichloroaniline volatilization is expected to be attunuated(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,3-dichloroaniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). By analogy to other chloro- and dichloroaniline isomers(3), 2,3-dichloroaniline may undergo covalent bonding with humic materials in the water column and in sediment; partitioning from the water column to sediment and suspended material may therefore be important(3). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively(SRC), using an estimation method(4). 2,3-Dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding with suspended soil particles resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption, attenuating volatilization(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 76(4,SRC) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline degradation a sediment slurry was 0.013 day-1 with a half-life of 54 days under anaerobic conditions(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,3-dichloroanilne, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dichloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours(SRC) from its estimated rate constant of 2.2X10-2 cu cm/molecule sec(3).

The effects of dichlorine-substituted anilines on guelph loam were studied. Several dichloroanilines at concentrations of 5 to 100 ug/g soil was inhibitory against the oxidation of the nitrogen of ammonia to nitrite nitrogen, but not nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. It showed almost a linear rate of decomposition over the 12 wk period of the experiment. The dichloroanilines were more persistent than aniline or the monochloroanilines. /Dichloroanilines/

AEROBIC: The effects of dichlorine-substitued anilines on guelph loam were studied under aerobic conditions. It was shown that a linear rate of decomposition over a 12 week period existed for these compounds(1). Incubation of 2,3-dichloroaniline in covered beakers containing a sandy loam soil for 14 days yielded the azo compound 3,4'-dichloroazobenzene; no azo compounds were detected in control incubations using sterilized soil(2). Products other than azo compounds were not isolated or analyzed(2). ANAEROBIC: A study of a sediment slurry taken from an anaerobic estuary collected from the mouth of the Tsuiami River, Japan, revealed that 2,3-dichloroaniline degraded to 3-chloroaniline and further to aniline(3). The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline degradation slurry was 0.013 day-1 with a half-life of 54 days under anaerobic conditions(3). This site has been well characterized and designated as a sulfate-reducing environment based on its sulfate concentration. This supports the idea that dechlorination of chloroanilines occurred under sulfate-reduction(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,3-dichloroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

An estimated BCF of 76 was calculated for 2,3-dichloroaniline(SRC), using the log Kow of 2.78(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2,3-dichloroaniline can be estimated to be about 120(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Aromatic amines such as various chloro- and dichloroaniline isomers, have been observed to undergo rapid and reversible covalent bonding with humic materials in aqueous solution; the initial bonding reaction is followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction believed to represent the addition of the amine to quinoidal structure followed by oxidation of the product to give an amino-substituted quinone; these processes represent pathways by which aromatic amines may be converted to latent forms in the biosphere(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline is estimated as 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). 2,3-Dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding with suspended humic material resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption, attenuating volatilization(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 711 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 219 days(SRC). 2,3-Dichloroaniline's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4).

GROUNDWATER: 2,3-Dichloroaniline was detected in untreated groundwater samples collected from the 4l Limbiate well near Milan Italy between November 1995 to November 1996, concentration not specified(1).

DRINKING WATER: 2,3-Dichloroaniline has been qualitatively detected in drinking water concentrates collected from Cincinnati, OH on Oct 17, 1978 and Jan 14, 1980, in drinking water concentrates collected from Seattle, WA on Nov 5, 1976(1), and drinking water concentrates collected from Philadelphia, PA on Feb 10, 1976(1).

SURFACE WATER: In 1979, 2,3-dichloroaniline was detected along the Rhine River in 13 of 46 samples at Lobith, Germany (0.39 ppb max, 0.04 ppb mean), 4 of 12 samples at Boven Merwede, Netherlands (0.32 ppb max, 0.05 ppb mean), 3 of 13 samples at Ijssel Netherlands (0.40 ppb max, 0.04 ppb mean). 2,3-Dichloroaniline was detected along the Meuse River in 0 of 9 samples at Eijsden, Netherlands, and 2 of 12 samples at Lith, Netherlands (0.07 ppb max, 0.01 ppb mean)(1). Water samples of the Elbe River near Hamburg Germany were analyzed for 145 organic chemical compounds. Samples of 5 to 10 ml were prepared in headspace bottles. 2,3-Dichloroaniline was detected at 5.5 and 12 ng/l from 1992 to 1993(2).

2,3-Dichloroaniline was found to occur only once in over 4000 samples of wastewaters from 46 industrial categories(1); the detection (concn and source not reported) occurred in a sample from the organic chemicals industry(1).

Occupational exposure to 2,3-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dichloroaniline is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2,3-dichloroaniline via inhalation of ingestion drinking water(1,2), dermal contact with this compound and products such as dyestuffs, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals(3) containing 2,3-dichloroaniline.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

2,3-Dichloroaniline's production and use in dyestuffs, pesticides and pharmaceuticals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,3-dichloroaniline will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dichloroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours. If released to soil, 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. However, when released to soil containing humic material, 2,5-dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not likely to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline degradation was 0.013 day-1 with a half-life of 54 days under anaerobic conditions in sediment taken from an estuary. If released into water, 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected not to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 76 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to 2,3-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dichloroaniline is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2,3-dichloroaniline via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing 2,3-dichloroaniline. (SRC)

2,3-Dichloroaniline's production and use as intermediates in dyestuffs, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The chemical and biological reduction of azo dyes and halogenated nitroaromatic herbicides, explosives, and nitropyrenes could result in the formation of chloroaniline compounds in the environment(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). When released to soil, 2,3-dichloroaniline may undergo covalent chemical bonding with humic materials, which can result in its chemical alteration to a latent form and tight adsorption. When covalently bound in this latent form, leaching in soil systems is not generally expected to occur. This covalent bonding proceeds in two steps; a rapid and reversible bonding followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction(3). The effects of dichlorine-substitued anilines on guelph loam were studied under aerobic conditions. It was shown that a linear rate of decomposition over a 12 week period existed for these compounds(4). Volatilization of 2,3-dichloroaniline from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5). 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Due to the strong adsorption to humic material in the soil, 2,3-dichloroaniline volatilization is expected to be attunuated(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,3-dichloroaniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). By analogy to other chloro- and dichloroaniline isomers(3), 2,3-dichloroaniline may undergo covalent bonding with humic materials in the water column and in sediment; partitioning from the water column to sediment and suspended material may therefore be important(3). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 30 and 219 days, respectively(SRC), using an estimation method(4). 2,3-Dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding with suspended soil particles resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption, attenuating volatilization(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 76(4,SRC) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline degradation a sediment slurry was 0.013 day-1 with a half-life of 54 days under anaerobic conditions(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,3-dichloroanilne, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dichloroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours(SRC) from its estimated rate constant of 2.2X10-2 cu cm/molecule sec(3).

The effects of dichlorine-substituted anilines on guelph loam were studied. Several dichloroanilines at concentrations of 5 to 100 ug/g soil was inhibitory against the oxidation of the nitrogen of ammonia to nitrite nitrogen, but not nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. It showed almost a linear rate of decomposition over the 12 wk period of the experiment. The dichloroanilines were more persistent than aniline or the monochloroanilines. /Dichloroanilines/

AEROBIC: The effects of dichlorine-substitued anilines on guelph loam were studied under aerobic conditions. It was shown that a linear rate of decomposition over a 12 week period existed for these compounds(1). Incubation of 2,3-dichloroaniline in covered beakers containing a sandy loam soil for 14 days yielded the azo compound 3,4'-dichloroazobenzene; no azo compounds were detected in control incubations using sterilized soil(2). Products other than azo compounds were not isolated or analyzed(2). ANAEROBIC: A study of a sediment slurry taken from an anaerobic estuary collected from the mouth of the Tsuiami River, Japan, revealed that 2,3-dichloroaniline degraded to 3-chloroaniline and further to aniline(3). The first-order rate constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline degradation slurry was 0.013 day-1 with a half-life of 54 days under anaerobic conditions(3). This site has been well characterized and designated as a sulfate-reducing environment based on its sulfate concentration. This supports the idea that dechlorination of chloroanilines occurred under sulfate-reduction(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,3-dichloroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 17 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3).

An estimated BCF of 76 was calculated for 2,3-dichloroaniline(SRC), using the log Kow of 2.78(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2,3-dichloroaniline can be estimated to be about 120(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Aromatic amines such as various chloro- and dichloroaniline isomers, have been observed to undergo rapid and reversible covalent bonding with humic materials in aqueous solution; the initial bonding reaction is followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction believed to represent the addition of the amine to quinoidal structure followed by oxidation of the product to give an amino-substituted quinone; these processes represent pathways by which aromatic amines may be converted to latent forms in the biosphere(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,3-dichloroaniline is estimated as 1.6X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,3-dichloroaniline is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). 2,3-Dichloroaniline may undergo a covalent chemical bonding with suspended humic material resulting in its chemical alteration to a latent form resulting in strong adsorption, attenuating volatilization(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 711 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 219 days(SRC). 2,3-Dichloroaniline's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,3-Dichloroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.5X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4).

GROUNDWATER: 2,3-Dichloroaniline was detected in untreated groundwater samples collected from the 4l Limbiate well near Milan Italy between November 1995 to November 1996, concentration not specified(1).

DRINKING WATER: 2,3-Dichloroaniline has been qualitatively detected in drinking water concentrates collected from Cincinnati, OH on Oct 17, 1978 and Jan 14, 1980, in drinking water concentrates collected from Seattle, WA on Nov 5, 1976(1), and drinking water concentrates collected from Philadelphia, PA on Feb 10, 1976(1).

SURFACE WATER: In 1979, 2,3-dichloroaniline was detected along the Rhine River in 13 of 46 samples at Lobith, Germany (0.39 ppb max, 0.04 ppb mean), 4 of 12 samples at Boven Merwede, Netherlands (0.32 ppb max, 0.05 ppb mean), 3 of 13 samples at Ijssel Netherlands (0.40 ppb max, 0.04 ppb mean). 2,3-Dichloroaniline was detected along the Meuse River in 0 of 9 samples at Eijsden, Netherlands, and 2 of 12 samples at Lith, Netherlands (0.07 ppb max, 0.01 ppb mean)(1). Water samples of the Elbe River near Hamburg Germany were analyzed for 145 organic chemical compounds. Samples of 5 to 10 ml were prepared in headspace bottles. 2,3-Dichloroaniline was detected at 5.5 and 12 ng/l from 1992 to 1993(2).

2,3-Dichloroaniline was found to occur only once in over 4000 samples of wastewaters from 46 industrial categories(1); the detection (concn and source not reported) occurred in a sample from the organic chemicals industry(1).

Occupational exposure to 2,3-dichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dichloroaniline is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2,3-dichloroaniline via inhalation of ingestion drinking water(1,2), dermal contact with this compound and products such as dyestuffs, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals(3) containing 2,3-dichloroaniline.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Dichloroanilines; Dichloroanilines, liquid; Dichloroanilines, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,3-DICHLOROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IMO 6.1; Dichloroanilines

UN 1590; Dichloroanilines

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-33-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II