2-pyrrolidone

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 21.1% (116 of 551) of reports.

H315 (17.4%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (12%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (65.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (12.5%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H360 (18.1%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360D (24.3%): May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 551 reports by companies from 30 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 116 of 551 reports by companies.

There are 29 notifications provided by 435 of 551 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, P318, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

ALCOHOL FOAM, CO2, DRY CHEMICAL.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Ventilation along the floor.

15 [ppm]

170 [ppm]

990 [ppm]

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

NO open flames.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

CBI; Liquid

Light-yellow liquid; [Hawley] Colorless liquid; mp = 23-25 deg C; [MSDSonline]

LIGHT YELLOW LIQUID.

CRYSTALS FROM COLD PETROLEUM ETHER

Light yellow liquid

245 °C @ 760 mm Hg; 113-114 @ 9.2 mm Hg; 76 °C @ 0.2 mm Hg

245 °C @760 [mm Hg]

265 °F (129 °C) (open cup)

129 °C o.c.

Very sol in alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide

Infinitely soluble in water

1000 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water: good

1.116 @ 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.1

1.116 @25 °C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.9

0.00949 [mmHg]

9.49X10-3 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure at 20 °C: negligible

0.00949 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow= -0.85

GOOD CHEMICAL STABILITY

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION IT EMITS TOXIC FUMES OF NITROXIDES.

13.3 CP @ 25 °C

Non-corrosive

666 kJ/kg (enthalpy of evaporation)

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4806 @ 30 °C/D; SADTLER REF NUMBER: 7235 (IR, PRISM); 818 (NMR)

pKa= 14.7

Dipole moment: 2.3

In presence of stoichiometric amt of water crystalline monohydrate, MP 30 deg, can be formed

Boiling point

Chemical shift

Dielectric constant

Excess enthalpy

Fusion temperature

Heat of solution

Heat of sublimation

Lineshape

Melting temperature

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin.

Redness.

Pain. Redness. Blurred vision.

LD50 Rat oral 6500 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 6500 mg/kg

PYRROLIDONE ADMINISTERED BY GASTRIC GAVAGE TO RATS SHOWED LD100, LD50, & MAXIMUM TOLERABLE DOSES OF 10, 7.3 & 4 G/KG, RESPECTIVELY. TOPICAL APPLICATION TO THE EYES OF RABBITS CAUSED IRREVERSIBLE CLOUDING OF THE CORNEA.

NO EPILEPTOID ACTIVITY WAS OBTAINED WITH ADMIN OF 4-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID LACTAM (18 MMOL/KG, IP) IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. THE EEG WAS DESYNCHRONIZED.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A VARIETY OF AMIDE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS WERE STUDIED TO DETERMINE THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES REQUIRED FOR INDUCTION OF LEUKEMIA CELL DIFFERENTIATION. SUBSTITUED AMIDES WERE EFFECTIVE INDUCERS OF THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MURINE ERYTHROLEUKEMIA (FRIEND) CELLS, AS JUDGED BY THE CELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF HB. ERYTHROID DIFFERENTIATION WAS ASSESSED BY MEASURING THE PERCENTAGE OF BENZIDINE-POSITIVE (IE, HEMOGLOBIN-CONTAINING) CELLS. 2-PYRROLIDONE EXERTED A HIGH INDUCTION (89% BENZIDINE-POSITIVE CELLS) AT A CONCN OF 100 MMOL AFTER 6 DAYS OF CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE.

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS POLAR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON THE OVERALL TRANSCRIPTION OF CHROMATIN FROM FRIEND-VIRUS-INFESTED ERYTHROLEUKEMIA CELLS WITH E COLI RNA POLYMERASE WAS INVESTIGATED. ALL OF THE COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING 2-PYRROLIDONE, WERE FOUND TO STIMULATE TRANSCRIPTION & INDUCE HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN FRIEND CELLS. THE OVERALL TRANSCRIPTION INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF 1.3 AT A 230 MMOL CONCN OF 2-PYRROLIDONE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-PYRROLIDONE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Pyrrolidone's production and use as a precursor to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-pyrrolidone will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-pyrrolidone will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hrs. If released to soil, 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 17. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole from a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg and its miscibility in water. 2-Pyrrolidone will not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Through co-metabolism, 2-pyrrolidone was reported to break down to glutamic acid under aerobic conditions by Bacillus megaterium. If released into water, 2-pyrrolidone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 2-pyrrolidone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyrrolidone is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2-pyrrolidone via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

2-Pyrrolidone's production and use as a precursor to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-pyrrolidone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(3). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4,SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(3,SRC), from a log Kow of -0.85(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-pyrrolidone, which has a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-pyrrolidone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hrs(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 1.35X10-11 cu cm/molecule sec(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3).

Through co-metabolism, 2-pyrrolidone was reported to break down to glutamic acid under aerobic conditions by Bacillus megaterium(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-pyrrolidone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.35X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 day at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the reaction of 2-pyrrolidone with the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution is 2.2X10+9 l/mol sec(2) with a half life of 1 year(SRC) assuming a hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17 mol/l(3). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 2-pyrrolidone(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2-pyrrolidone can be estimated to be about 17(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-pyrrolidone is estimated as 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(1), and miscibility in water(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). 2-Pyrrolidone's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: 2-Pyrrolidone was detected in 3 out of 13 samples taken from finished drinking water in Cincinnati, OH on January 14, 1980, units not specified(1).

SURFACE WATER: A study of various scientific articles related to concentrations of known pollutants in the waters of the Great Lakes was done by the Water Quality Board in 1982. In both Lake St. Clair and Lake Michigan, 2-pyrrolidone had been detected, concentration not specified(1).

Samples of adult lake trout or walleye collected in 1977 from each of the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair with each sampling site consisting of 20 large fish composited into one sample; 2-pyrrolidone was detected in trout from Lake Michigan, concentration not specified(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,215 workers (259 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 2-pyrrolidone in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-pyrrolidone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyrrolidone is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to pyrrolidone via ingestion of fish(2) and drinking water(3).

2-Pyrrolidone's production and use as a precursor to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-pyrrolidone will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-pyrrolidone will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hrs. If released to soil, 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 17. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole from a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg and its miscibility in water. 2-Pyrrolidone will not volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Through co-metabolism, 2-pyrrolidone was reported to break down to glutamic acid under aerobic conditions by Bacillus megaterium. If released into water, 2-pyrrolidone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 2-pyrrolidone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyrrolidone is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 2-pyrrolidone via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

2-Pyrrolidone's production and use as a precursor to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-pyrrolidone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(3). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4,SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(3,SRC), from a log Kow of -0.85(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-pyrrolidone, which has a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-pyrrolidone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hrs(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 1.35X10-11 cu cm/molecule sec(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3).

Through co-metabolism, 2-pyrrolidone was reported to break down to glutamic acid under aerobic conditions by Bacillus megaterium(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-pyrrolidone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.35X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 day at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the reaction of 2-pyrrolidone with the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution is 2.2X10+9 l/mol sec(2) with a half life of 1 year(SRC) assuming a hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17 mol/l(3). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 2-pyrrolidone(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2-pyrrolidone can be estimated to be about 17(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-pyrrolidone is estimated as 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(1), and miscibility in water(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). 2-Pyrrolidone's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: 2-Pyrrolidone was detected in 3 out of 13 samples taken from finished drinking water in Cincinnati, OH on January 14, 1980, units not specified(1).

SURFACE WATER: A study of various scientific articles related to concentrations of known pollutants in the waters of the Great Lakes was done by the Water Quality Board in 1982. In both Lake St. Clair and Lake Michigan, 2-pyrrolidone had been detected, concentration not specified(1).

Samples of adult lake trout or walleye collected in 1977 from each of the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair with each sampling site consisting of 20 large fish composited into one sample; 2-pyrrolidone was detected in trout from Lake Michigan, concentration not specified(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,215 workers (259 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 2-pyrrolidone in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-pyrrolidone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyrrolidone is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to pyrrolidone via ingestion of fish(2) and drinking water(3).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.