aniline

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1662) of reports.

H301+H311+H331 (31.2%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (98.2%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (99.4%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (99.4%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (99.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (11.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (98.9%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (99.5%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351 (99.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372 (99.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373 (26.6%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (16.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1662 reports by companies from 46 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 1662 reports by companies.

There are 45 notifications provided by 1661 of 1662 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 38 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

Fresh air, rest. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Administration of oxygen may be needed. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Administration of oxygen may be needed. Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Aniline Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to aniline may be severe and include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse. Victims may experience headache, irritability, disorientation, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, dizziness, and drowsiness. Delerium, shock, convulsions, and coma may also be observed. Gastrointestinal effects include dryness of throat, nausea, and vomiting. Painful urination, oliguria (scanty urination), and hematuria (bloody urine) may occur. Aniline may irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; cyanosis (blue tint to skin and mucous membranes) is a common finding.

Note: Victims at special risk include individuals with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, those with liver and kidney disorders, blood diseases, or a history of alcoholism.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to aniline may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to aniline.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to aniline.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of aniline is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of aniline may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal and do not scatter material. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to control vapors. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus with a full face piece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode and special protective clothing.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Aniline (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal

Wear breathing apparatus, eye protection, laboratory coat, and butyl rubber gloves. Cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. When the aniline has been absorbed, scoop the mixture into a plastic pail and add enough water to dissolve the sodium carbonate. Allow the solids to settle and decant the liquid to another container. Discard the solids with the normal refuse. To the liquidd, slowly (frothing will occur) add 6 M sulfuric acid to pH 2. Stir into the acidified solution sufficient solid potassium permanganate so that the liquid is purple (a drop of the liquid on filter paper will show a purple ring). Allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 48 hours, and then neutralize with solid sodium carbonate (frothing will occur), or with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Add solid sodium bisulfite until the solution is colorless. Decant the clear liquid into the drain and discard any brown solid with normal refuse.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove all ignition sources: no flares, smoking, or flames in hazard area. Do not touch material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: take up with vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream uses of potentially contaminated waters. ...

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Aniline (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U012, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Dissolve the aniline (1 mL) in 50 mL of 3 M sulfuric acid (prepared by slowly adding 8 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to 21 mL of water). Weigh 10 g of potassium permanganate and stir small portions of the solid into the aniline solution over a period of about 1 hour. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 48 hours, and then neutralize the solution by adding solid sodium carbonate or a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. Add solid sodium bisulfite until solution is colorless. Decant the clear liquid into the drain and discard any brown solid with regular refuse.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Aniline (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Aniline (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location away from fire hazards and reactive materials.

Aniline is slightly corrosive to some types of metal. So all amphoteric materials such as aluminum, copper, tin, zinc, and alloys containing one of these metals (brass, bronze) are not suitable for the handling of aniline, as they are corroded by it. For normal applications carbon steel or cast iron are appropriate materials for the aniline handling or storage. Only if discoloration must be kept to minimum, aniline should be stored and transported in stainless steel equipment with proper nitrogen blanketing.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Aniline (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Total p-aminophenol in urine = 50 mg/L; sample at end of shift; (See notations in ACGIH TLVs and BEIs.)

2.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

8.0 [ppm]

12 [ppm]

20 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

5.0 [ppm]

5 ppm (19 mg/m³)

TWA 5 ppm (19 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Volunteers tolerated 1-hour exposures ranging from 100-160 ppm with only moderate adverse health effects (undefined) [von Oettingen 1941]. It has also been reported that 100 to 160 ppm is the maximum concentration that can be inhaled for 1 hour without serious consequence [Henderson and Haggard 1943] and that 50 to 100 ppm can probably be tolerated for 60 minutes [AIHA 1955].

NIOSH considers aniline to be a potential occupational carcinogen. [100 ppm]

Ca [100 ppm]

See: 62533

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm, skin.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: aniline in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift; Notation: Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data.

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for Aniline (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

7,74 mg/m

7.7 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Aniline appears as a yellowish to brownish oily liquid with a musty fishy odor. Melting point -6 °C; boiling point 184 °C; flash point 158 °F. Denser than water (8.5 lb / gal) and slightly soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic by skin absorption and inhalation. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Used to manufacture other chemicals, especially dyes, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals and others.

Dry Powder; CBI; Liquid

Colorless to brown, oily liquid with an aromatic amine-like odor; Note: A solid below 21 degrees F; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS OILY LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO AIR OR LIGHT.

Colorless to brown, oily liquid with an aromatic amine-like odor.

Colorless to brown, oily liquid with an aromatic amine-like odor. [Note: A solid below 21 °F.]

Oily liquid; colorless when freshly distilled, darkens on exposure to air and light

Colorless with a bluish fluorescence when freshly distilled

Colorless to brown, oily liquid [Note: A solid below 21 °F]

Hedonic tone; pungent

Aromatic amine-like odor.

Burning taste

Detection threshold 7.0X10+1 ppm (medium: water; modality: taste; sample purity: chemically pure)

Detection threshold 4.61X10-5 ppm (medium: water; modality: taste; sample purity: not specified)

363 to 367 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

184.1 °C

184.00 to 185.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

184.17 °C @760 [mm Hg]

21 °F (EPA, 1998)

-6.02 °C

158 °F (EPA, 1998)

70 °C (158 °F) - closed cup

169 °F (76 °C) - Closed cup

76 °C c.c.

10 to 50 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 36,000 mg/L at 25 °C

3.5 parts/100 parts water at 25 °C; 6.4 parts/100 parts water at 90 °C

One gram dissolves in 28.6 mL water, 15.7 mL boiling water

Soluble in water

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Aniline (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

36 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 3.4

1.022 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0217 at 20 °C/20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.02

1.022 @ 20°C

3.22 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.3 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.2

0.67 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

Darkens on exposure to air and light. Polymerizes slowly to a resinous mass on exposure to air and light. Slightly soluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

CSL00104

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE + ANILINE

Potentially explosive

Explosive

User-Reported

ANILINE is a heat sensitive base. Combines with acids to form salts. Dissolves alkali metals or alkaline earth metals with evolution of hydrogen. Incompatible with albumin, solutions of iron, zinc and aluminum, and acids. Couples readily with phenols and aromatic amines. Easily acylated and alkylated. Corrosive to copper and copper alloys. Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (including perchloric acid, fuming nitric acid, sodium peroxide and ozone). Reacts violently with BCl3. Mixtures with toluene diisocyanate may ignite. Undergoes explosive reactions with benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate, dibenzoyl peroxide, fluorine nitrate, nitrosyl perchlorate, peroxodisulfuric acid and tetranitromethane. Violent reactions may occur with peroxyformic acid, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, fluorine, trichloronitromethane (293 °F), acetic anhydride, chlorosulfonic acid, hexachloromelamine, (HNO3 + N2O4 + H2SO4), (nitrobenzene + glycerin), oleum, (HCHO + HClO4), perchromates, K2O2, beta-propiolactone, AgClO4, Na2O2, H2SO4, trichloromelamine, acids, FO3Cl, diisopropyl peroxy-dicarbonate, n-haloimides and trichloronitromethane. Ignites on contact with sodium peroxide + water. Forms heat or shock sensitive explosive mixtures with anilinium chloride (detonates at 464 F/7.6 bar), nitromethane, hydrogen peroxide, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane and peroxomonosulfuric acid. Reacts with perchloryl fluoride form explosive products. (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, iron and iron salts, zinc.

Mixing aniline and 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase.

Many "hydrocarbon-metal perchlorate" complexes are explosive, for example, the complexes of benzene, toluene, aniline, pyridine, and dioxane.

Shock-sensitive solvated salts are ... formed with silver perchlorate and aniline ... .

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Aniline (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids, toluene diisocyanate, alkalis

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Aniline is an oily liquid, which is colorless when freshly distilled, but darkens in exposure to air and light. It is used in manufacture dyes, pharmaceuticals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe blacks, vulcanizing rubber, and as a solvent. The hydrochloride form is used in the manufacture of intermediates, aniline black and other dyes, in dyeing fabrics or wood black. HUMAN STUDIES: Single oral doses of 25-65 mg/person of aniline caused a dose dependent increase in methemoglobin formation. Doses of 45-65 mg/person also produced a slight increase in serum bilirubin in two subjects. Methemoglobin levels exceeding 70% are potentially lethal if untreated. Acute or delayed (2 to 7 days) hemolytic anemia (caused by destruction of red blood cells) has also results from aniline exposure. Moderate skin irritation and sensitization and dermatitis have been reported. Aniline can cause mild to severe eye irritation, corneal damage, and discoloration. Systemic effects can result from skin contact with aniline vapor or liquid. Acute aniline exposure can cause confusion, ringing in the ears, weakness, disorientation, dizziness, impaired gait, lethargy drowsiness, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and coma. These effects are usually transitory and probably secondary to lack of oxygen. Inhalation of aniline can cause respiratory tract irritation with cough, or difficulty in breathing. Inhaled aniline is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the lungs, leading to systemic toxicity. Acute aniline exposure can cause painful urination; blood, hemoglobin or methemoglobin in the urine; decreased urinary output, and acute kidney failure. Bladder-wall irritation, kidney ulceration, and tissue death can also occur. Cardiac effects of acute aniline exposure, such as irregular heart rhythm, heart block, and acute congestive heart failure, may be caused by decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues. Death can result from progressive acidosis, ischemia and cardiovascular collapse. Chronic exposure to aniline may cause anemia, headaches, tremor, parathesis, pain, CNS depression or coma, and cardiac arrhythmia. Heart, kidney, and liver damage may also occur, possibly as secondary effects of hemolysis. Aniline can cross the placental barrier. Because fetal hemoglobin is more easily oxidized to methemoglobin than is adult hemoglobin and is less easily reduced back to normal hemoglobin, methemoglobin is likely to be at higher levels in fetuses than in exposed mothers. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of aniline hydrochloride (0.05-10.0 mmolar) on human fibroblasts were studied. Increases in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were significant in cells exposed in serum free medium for 2 hr. Toxic Oil Syndrome is a multisystemic disease that occurred in epidemic proportions in Spain in 1981 caused by the ingestion of rapeseed oil denatured with aniline. Several data implicate T cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. ANIMAL STUDIES: Repeated daily subcutaneous administration of aniline to rats caused a decrease in steroidogenesis and lipid accumulation in corpora lutea and adrenal cortex. Aniline-induced splenic toxicity is characterized by hemorrhage, capsular hyperplasia, fibrosis, and a variety of sarcomas in rats. A spongy change in the spinal cord white matter was observed in four-week-old rats treated with aniline. Aniline in vivo is rapidly converted to paracetamol by the liver. Intrauterine exposure to aniline and paracetamol in environmental and pharmaceutical relevant doses resulted in shortening of the anogenital distance in mice, a marker of fetal androgen levels that in humans is associated with reproductive malformations and later life reproductive disorders. Aniline produced generally negative results in reverse mutation assays using Salmonella typhimurium. Aniline was reported to show positive results in the L5178+/- mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: A 90 day outdoor bioassay with tilapia showed that 0.02 mg/L aniline reduced fish yield, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency. Reproductive functions of fish were affected by aniline at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and above. Dissolved oxygen, primary productivity and plankton population of the test medium also were significantly reduced at 2.65 and 6.94 mg/L aniline. The mitotic index of wheat root tip cells decreased when the aniline test concentration was higher than 10 mg/L. The frequency of micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations increased at aniline concentrations ranging between 5 and 100 mg/L.

Aniline induces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the spleen and that oxidative stress plays a role in the splenic toxicity of aniline. The hematopoietic system is the primary target of aniline insult in rats which is characterized by methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and hemolytic anemia and by the development of splenic hyperplasia, siderosis, fibrosis, a variety of sarcomas, and, most commonly, fibrosarcomas on prolonged exposure. Many of the characteristics of splenotoxicity in rats, such as hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, and/or formation of highly malignant tumors such as fibrosarcomas, are not restricted to aniline exposure, but also occur when animals are exposed to substituted anilines such as chloroaniline. Studies with aniline hydrochloride in rats indicate an association between erythrocyte damage and the severity of the splenotoxicity. Since one of the major functions of the spleen is to remove damaged erythrocytes, aniline-damaged erythrocytes would be expected to be scavenged by the spleen, especially by phagocytes. The deposition and subsequent breakdown of damaged erythrocytes will not only release aniline and/or its metabolites, but, most importantly, will also result in accumulation of iron in the spleen which may catalyze the generation of tissue-damaging oxygen radicals which can subsequently cause oxidation of biomolecules and result in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. It is also possible that during the scavenging of damaged erythrocytes, the splenic phagocytes, especially macrophages themselves, can become activated and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) which could further contribute to the oxidation of biomolecules leading to tissue injury. (A15460)

Hematologic

1 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Classification of carcinogenicity: Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Induction of tumors of the spleen and the body cavity in two strains of rat, and some supporting toxicological evidence. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Based on former classification system/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 27: (1982) Some Aromatic Amines, Anthraquinones and Nitroso Compounds, and Inorganic Fluorides Used in Drinking-water and Dental Preparations

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 127: (2021) Some Aromatic Amines and Related Compounds

2021 online

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin also as a vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Toxic by ingestion and a skin and eye irritant.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions.

EASILY ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Corneal damage.

See Inhalation.

headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness; cyanosis; ataxia; dyspnea (breathing difficulty) on effort; tachycardia; irritation eyes; methemoglobinemia; cirrhosis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Aniline-induced splenic toxicity is characterized by hemorrhage, capsular hyperplasia, fibrosis, and a variety of sarcomas in rats.

Blood, cardiovascular system, eyes, liver, kidneys, respiratory system

[bladder cancer]

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

7 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

See the IRIS entry for Aniline

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

PPRTV Current

LCLo (rat) = 250 ppm/4H

LD50 Rat oral 250 mg/kg

LD50 Rat dermal 1400 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 420 mg/kg

LC50 Mouse inhalation 175 ppm/7 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Aniline (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of protocatechuic acid alone and in combination with ascorbic acid in aniline hydrochloride induced spleen toxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats of either sex (200-250 g) were used and divided into different groups. Spleen toxicity was induced by aniline hydrochloride (100 ppm) in drinking water for a period of 28 days. Treatment group received protocatechuic acid (40 mg/kg/day, p.o.), ascorbic acid (40 mg/kg/day, p.o.), and combination of protocatechuic acid (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and ascorbic acid (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) followed by aniline hydrochloride. At the end of treatment period serum and tissue parameters were evaluated. Rats supplemented with aniline hydrochloride showed a significant alteration in body weight, spleen weight, feed consumption, water intake, hematological parameters (hemoglobin content, red blood cells, white blood cells, and total iron content), tissue parameters (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and nitric oxide content), and membrane bound phosphatase (ATPase) compared to control group. Histopathology of aniline hydrochloride induced spleen showed significant damage compared to control rats. Treatment with protocatechuic acid along with ascorbic acid showed better protection as compared to protocatechuic acid or ascorbic acid alone in aniline hydrochloride induced spleen toxicity. Treatment with protocatechuic acid and ascorbic acid in combination showed significant protection in aniline hydrochloride induced splenic toxicity in rats. /Aniline hydrochloride/

LC50; Species: Ambystoma mexicanum (Mexican axolotl) 3-4 weeks after hatching; Concentration: 440 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (clawed frog) 3-4 weeks after hatching; Concentration: 560 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish) 0 exposure days beyond hatching; Conditions: hardness 50 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 10.2 mg/L /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish) 4 exposure days beyond hatching; Conditions: hardness 50 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 5.6 mg/L /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Aniline (108 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Environmental risk assessments show increased attention to the sublethal effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established the "Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-fry Stages" (OECD test 212) to predict lethal effects. It is still unclear, however, whether this test can predict sublethal effects. Although their sublethal effects are still unknown, chlorinated anilines are widely used in various fields. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to investigate sublethal effects of chlorinated anilines using OECD test 212 with zebrafish, and to examine the correlation of several sublethal effects between embryo and larval stages. Embryos were exposed to aniline and nine chlorinated anilines until 8 days post-fertilization. A delayed lethal effect was observed from three of the 10 anilines tested. In the control group, the swim bladder inflated after hatching, but there was no swim-bladder inflation after exposure to the chlorinated anilines. Fertilized eggs exposed to lower concentrations of test chemicals showed effects during embryogenesis that did not affect mortality rates, such as changes in body curvature and edema. ...Results show that chlorinated anilines induce not only lethal effects but also a variety of sublethal effects. Moreover, a detailed estimate of these effects requires study during both embryonic and larval stages. /chlorinated anilines/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute and chronic toxicities of aniline to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cladoceran crusatcea (Moina micrura) and oligochaete worm (Branchiura sowerbyi) /were determined/ using static bioassay tests. The 96 hr LC50 values of aniline for O. mossambicus, M. micrura and B. sowerbyi were 69.4, 0.6 and 586 mg/L, respectively. Tilapia responded to even low concentrations of aniline: the fish lost appetite at aniline concentrations as low as 0.02 mg/L. A 90 day outdoor bioassay with tilapia showed that 0.02 mg/L aniline reduced fish yield, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency. Reproductive functions of fish were affected by aniline at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and above. Dissolved oxygen, primary productivity and plankton population of the test medium also were significantly reduced at 2.65 and 6.94 mg/L aniline.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This test series developed methods for testing a complement of aquatic organisms in a single test that satisifies the freshwater acute toxicity requirements for setting water quality criteria. Species tested included fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), daphnid (Daphnia magna), midge (Tanytarsus dissimilis), crayfish (Orconectes immunis), snail (Aplexa hypnorum), tadpole (Xenopus laevis), and leech (Nephelopsis obscuro). Five to 9 of the preceding species were simultaneously exposed in individual tests. ... Aniline was the least toxic to most species, although it is very toxic to Daphnia.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Generic mixed flask microcosms were used to evaluate ecosystem reponses to aniline and 3 closely related compounds (2,6-diiospropylaniline, 4-hexyloxyaniline, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline). Toxicity was detected on both an acute and chronic basis using changes in ecosystem level variables (pH and dissolved oxygen levels) as indicators of effect. These calculated toxicity values were then compared with reported toxicity data on bacteria, algae, protozoa, and Cladocera to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the method. The relative toxicities of the tested compound were the same in microcosm tests as in the available single species tests, but the range between the most and least toxic as detected by the microcosm test was smaller by an order of magnitude. Aniline was the least toxic. The minimum effect concentration detected for these compounds were generally lower than reported literature values.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Aniline (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.50e+01

4.00e+02

1.00e+00

4.40e+00

1.30e+01

4.00e+00

4.60e-03

5.70e-03

7.00e-03

1.00e-03

Volatile

1.30e+03

1.70e+04

3.10e+00

4.10e+02

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Aniline's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of rubber accelerators and antioxidants, dyes and intermediates, photographic chemicals, isocyanates for urethane foams, pharmaceuticals, explosives, petroleum refining, diphenylamine, phenolics, herbicides, and fungicides(1) and its use as a solvent and in the manufacture of dyes, medicinals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, and shoe blacks may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Aniline is a constituent of various plant parts of a variety of plant species. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.667 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates aniline will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase aniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours. Aniline contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, aniline is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values of 43.8 to 497.7. The pKa of aniline is 4.60, indicating that this compound may exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Aniline has a vapor pressure close to 1 mm Hg and exists as a liquid under environmental conditions; therefore, aniline may volatilize from dry soil. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 85% of the Theoretical BOD(NH3) was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, aniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon its Koc range. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 17.6 and 131 days, respectively. Measured BCF values of less than 1 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Aniline has a reported aqueous hydrolysis half-life of greater than 50 years suggesting that hydrolysis is not an important environmental fate process. Occupational exposure to aniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where aniline is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to aniline via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water contaminated with this chemical, dermal contact with consumer products containing aniline and via inhalation of tobacco smoke. (SRC)

Aniline has been detected in indigo (dry distillation) and coal tar(1). Aniline is a constituent of various plant parts of a variety of plant species(2).

Aniline's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of rubber accelerators and antioxidants, dyes and intermediates, photographic chemicals, isocyanates for urethane foams, pharmaceuticals, explosives, petroleum refining, diphenylamine, phenolics, herbicides, and fungicides(1) and its use as a solvent and in the manufacture of dyes, medicinals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, and shoe blacks(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Aniline has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco smoke substitute(3).

Aniline was identified as a metabolite of benzothiazole degradation in estuarine sediment(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 43.8-497.7 in five European soils(2) and 8-137 in five second-generation European reference soils(3), indicate that aniline is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of aniline is 4.60(4), indicating that this compound may partially exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(6,7), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization of aniline from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(8). Aniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.667 mm Hg at 25 °C(9). An 85% of theoretical BOD(NH3) after 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(10) indicates that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The effects of low temperature and accelerated soil solution contact on soil adsorption of labile organic chemicals were investigated in lab experiments. Kinetics of adsorption and degradation were measured for (14)C-labeled aniline, benzoic acid, phenol, and diuron in the soln phase at 3 and 22 °C. In the initial stages of reaction, the adsorption of all 4 chemicals was instantaneous at both temperatures under accelerated soil and solution mixing. A steady state was observed after the onset of equilibrium for the adsorption reaction for all compounds within 10-30 minutes. Its length varied according to the expected order of susceptibility to microbial degradation, ie, diuron > aniline > phenol greater than or equal to benzoate. The steady state period without or in combination with low temperature could be used to obtain adsorption measurements in active microbial systems. Minimal interference from solute transformations in the solution phase would be expected from soil microorganisms.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 43.8-497.7 in five European soils(2) and 8-137 in five second-generation European reference soils(3), indicate that aniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces may be expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). A pKa of 4.60(6) indicates aniline may exist partially in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for the ionized species(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an experimental BCF of less than 1(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). An 85% of theoretical BOD(NH3) after 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(9) indicates that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Aniline reached 19.3% degradation after 5 hours of sunlight irradiation(10), suggesting that photolysis may be an important process in sunlit water surfaces(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: The relative importance in estuarine water of photolysis and microbial degradation on aniline and a series of chloroanilines (p-chloroaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline, and 2,4,5-trichloroaniline) was determined. Photolysis was important for all compounds with photo-transformation half-lives in surface estuarine water ranging from 2 to 125 hr. Photolysis rates were lower in estuarine water relative to distilled water. There was no microbial degradation of chloroanilines during short term incubations (up to 3 days). The half-lives of aniline in estuarine water was 27 and 173 hr in the light and dark (microbial), respectively. Photolysis and microbial degradation rate constants decreased in winter. The winter decrease in photolysis rates correlated to a decrease in surface irradiance while the microbial degradation decrease correlated to the temperature decrease. There was rapid microbial degradation of the chloroanilines and aniline photoproducts. The mineralization of photoproducts of chloroanilines was carried out by bacteria, while microbes larger than 3 um, e.g. algae, were responsible for the bioaccumulation of the compounds.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), aniline, which has a vapor pressure of 0.667 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase aniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Aniline contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight, since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC).

AEROBIC: Aniline is a benchmark chemical for aerobic biodegradability tests and there are abundant data on its biodegradation. Degradation is frequently 90-100% in laboratory tests utilizing activated sludge or sewage seed lasting from 3 to 28 days with acclimation not always being required(1-14). Aniline, present at 100 mg/L, reached 85% of its theoretical BOD(NH3) in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(15).

AEROBIC: Aniline is completely degraded by bacteria in river mud in 20 days(1). 75-99% Mineralization occurred in 21 days in water from an oligotrophic lake(2) and 40-60% of the aniline degraded in 1 day in river water and seawater when incubated at 30 °C(4). Degradation occurred in Nile River water after a 3-day lag(3). The half-life of aniline in the Rhine River was 2.30 days as determined by concentration reduction between sampling points(5). Aniline was biodegraded approximately 100% in upper surface water from the Naka River and approximately 70% in lower reaches over a 7 day incubation period(6). Aniline was completely degraded by pond water near an industrial factory in Osaka, Japan over a 7 day incubation period, but was not degraded in water from a non-polluted botanical pond and rice paddy(7).

AEROBIC: Aniline is degraded by many common species of bacteria and fungi found in soil(4-6) and acetanilide, 2-hydroxyacetanilide, 4-hydroxyaniline and catechol are reported metabolites(6-8). The rate of degradation in 4 soils reached a maximum value after one week and declined to a low value after 2 weeks(1). However, approx 60% of the aniline was bound to the soil and probably unavailable(1). In <1 yr, 39% of aniline in Rhine River water was removed by bank filtration(2), which would involve both biodegradation and adsorption. Aniline is completely degraded by a soil inoculum in 4 days(3).

AEROBIC: Shake-flask surface water die away biodegradability tests found that aniline was degraded with little or no lag periods and relatively short half-lives of 10-20 days(1). The results of various OECD 301 biodegradation tests were as follows (rate constant/day)(2): DOC die away (1.71), B Sturm test (0.30), F Oxitop (0.74), F Sapromat (0.86). In a laboratory biodegradation study using unfiltered water from the Elbe River and a circulating column, aniline was found to have very good biodegradability with a half-life of 1 hr(3). In biodegradation studies using shake-flask batch tests, the half-life of aniline using relatively pristine natural Finish waters ranged from 10-150 days while half-life using activated sludge inoculum or urban water was 5-8 days(4). The results of 38 shake-flask batch tests using Rhine River water found aniline to have an average biodegradation rate constant of 1.5/day at 15 °C and 2.0/day at 20 °C(5).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for Aniline (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U012, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Dissolve the aniline (1 mL) in 50 mL of 3 M sulfuric acid (prepared by slowly adding 8 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to 21 mL of water). Weigh 10 g of potassium permanganate and stir small portions of the solid into the aniline solution over a period of about 1 hour. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 48 hours, and then neutralize the solution by adding solid sodium carbonate or a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. Add solid sodium bisulfite until solution is colorless. Decant the clear liquid into the drain and discard any brown solid with regular refuse.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Aniline (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Aniline (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1547; Aniline

IMO 6.1; Aniline

49 214 92; Aniline oil, liquid, aniline sludge for furnace use

49 214 10; Aniline oil, liquid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Aniline is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Aniline is included on the dangerous goods list.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-40-41-43-48/23/24/25-68-50; S: (1/2)-26-27-36/37/39-45-46-63-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II