sodium fluoroacetate

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects usually appear within 30 minutes of exposure but may be delayed as long as 20 hours. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Sodium Fluoroacetate Exposure: Signs and symptoms may be extremely severe and range from nausea, excessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, tingling sensations and muscular twitching to convulsions alternating with coma and depression, and heart failure. Other symptoms include numbness, low blood pressure, hyperactivity, respiratory depression or arrest, cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes), and ventricular fibrillation.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to sodium fluoroacetate may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to sodium fluoroacetate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. RUSH to a health care facility.

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to sodium fluoroacetate.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. RUSH to a health care facility.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. RUSH to a health care facility.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

5. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

5.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear self-contained, positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Extinguish small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam; large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.

1) Ventilate area of spill. 2) Collect spilled material in most convenient & safe manner & deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing sodium fluoroacetate should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P058, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

A poor candidate for incineration.

Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin. Fatal if inhaled...

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures and away from mineral acids and bases.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.05 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

The compound is currently at the Holding Status AEGLs which have been reviewed by the NAC/AEGL Committee and are on hold due to insufficient data to develop AEGL values.

AEGLs Status: Holding

0.15 [mg/m3]

0.5 [mg/m3]

5 [mg/m3]

0.05 mg/m³

0.15 mg/m³

TWA 0.05 mg/m3 ST 0.15 mg/m3 [skin]

0.05 [mg/m3]

TWA 0.05 mg/m3 [skin] See Appendix G

2.5 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

2.5 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The probable oral lethal dose has been reported to be 50 mg [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 50 mg is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 30 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]

2.5 mg/cu m

2.5 mg/m³

2.5 mg/m3

See: 62748

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.05 mg/m

0.05 mg/m³ [1992]

(inhalable fraction): 0.05 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Sodium fluoroacetate appears as a fine, white, odorless, powdered solid. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used as a rodenticide.

Fluffy, colorless to white (sometimes dyed black), odorless powder. [Note: A liquid above 95 degrees F.] [rodenticide] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

Fluffy, colorless to white (sometimes dyed black), odorless powder.

Fluffy, colorless to white (sometimes dyed black), odorless powder. [Note: A liquid above 95 °F.] [rodenticide]

White solid

Fluffy, colorless to white (sometimes dyed black) powder [Note: A liquid above 95 degrees F]

Colorless powder

Fine, white powder or monoclinic crystals

Odorless

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

decomposes

Decomposes

392 °F Decomposes at 392 °F. (EPA, 1998)

200-202 °C; decomposes above melting point

392 °F (decomposes)

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

Solubility (g/100 g) at 25 °C in: water: 111

Almost insoluble in ethanol, acetone, and petroleum oils

Solubility (g/100 g) at 25 °C in: methanol: 5; ethanol: 1.4; acetone: 0.04; carbon tetrachloride: 0.004

Practically insoluble in MeCO3

Solubility in water: good

Miscible

greater than 1 (temperature not listed) (USCG, 1999)

0 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

VP: Non-volatile

Approx 0.0 mm Hg at 20 °C

Non-volatile

Decomp when heated above melting point.

Decomp at 200 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /sodium oxide and hydrogen flouride/

pKa = 2.72 at 25 °C

Hygroscopic

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Pesticides -> Rodenticides

Water soluble.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Salts, Basic

Salts, basic, such as SODIUM FLUOROACETATE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.

Hygroscopic

None reported

Fluoroacetate is similar to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. Fluoroacetate disrupts the citric acid cycle by combining with coenzyme A to form fluoroacetyl CoA. Fluoroacetyl CoA then reacts with citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate. A metabolite of fluorocitrate binds very tightly to aconitase, thereby halting the citric acid cycle. This inhibition results in an accumulation of citrate in the blood which deprives cells of energy. (L1713)

Sodium fluoroacetate

Cardiovascular

Reproductive

2 x 10 ^-5 mg/kg-day

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Convulsions. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

See Inhalation.

vomiting; anxiety, auditory hallucinations; facial paresthesia; twitching face muscle; pulsus altenans, ectopic heartbeat, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias; pulmonary edema; nystagmus; convulsions; liver, kidney damage

The symptoms of sodium fluoroacetate poisoning normally appear between 30 minutes and three hours after exposure. Initial symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain; sweating, confusion and agitation follow. In significant poisoning cardiac abnormalities including tachycardia or bradycardia, hypotension and ECG changes develop. Neurological effects include muscle twitching and seizures. Consciousness becomes progressively impaired after a few hours leading to coma. Death is generally due to ventricular arrhythmias, progressive hypotension unresponsive to treatment, and secondary lung infections. Sub-lethal doses of sodium fluoroacetate may cause damage to tissues with high energy needs, in particular, the brain, gonads, heart, lungs and fetus. Sub-lethal doses are typically completely metabolised and excreted within four days. (L1713)

respiratory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Oral RfD: 0.00002 mg/kg/day (UF: 3000, MF: 1)

IRIS Current

The estimated lethal dose in humans ranges from 2 to 10 mg/kg. /Fluoroacetate/

LDLo Human oral 0.714 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 0.22 mg/kg

LD50 Cattle oral 0.39 mg/kg

LD50 Calves oral 0.22 mg/kg

LD50 Sheep oral 0.25-0.5 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Because of the biochemical interference in the citric acid cycle, sodium fluoroacetate poisoning is very difficult to treat. Once clinical symptoms are exhibited, the citric acid cycle has shut down. Effective antidotes are unknown. Research in animals has shown that the use of glyceryl monoacetate can prevent problems if given after ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate. In clinical cases, use of muscle relaxants, anti-convulsants, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive measures may all be required. Few animals or people have been treated successfully after significant sodium fluoroacetate ingestions. (L1713)

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected ip with 376 mg diethylmaleate 30 min prior to ip admin of 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5.5 or 7 mg/kg sodium fluoroacetate. Reduction of liver glutathione concentration by diethylmaleate pre-dosing caused 35% lowering in LD50 of sodium fluoroacetate.

Emergency and supportive measures: Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Replace fluid losses from gastroenteritis with intravenous saline or other crystalloids. Treat shock, seizures, and coma if they occur. Because of the reported potential delay in the onset of serious symptoms, it is prudent to monitor the patient for at least 36-48 hours.

Specific drugs and antidotes: Although several antidotes have been investigated, none have been proven effective in humans. Ethanol infusion increases blood acetate levels, which may inhibit fluorocitrate conversion. In animals studies, ethanol is effective only if given within minutes of exposure. Monoacetin (glyceryl monoacetate), which also decreases conversion of fluoroacetate to fluorocitrate, has been used experimentally in monkeys but is not available or recommended for human use. Animal evidence suggests that hypocalcemia may contribute to fluoroacetate toxicity, Although the importance of hypocalcemia in human poisoning is uncertain, correction of low serum calcium with intravenous calcium is recommended.

Decontamination: Prehospital. If it is available and the patient is alert, immediately administer activated charcoal. If a delay of more than 60 minutes is expected before charcoal can be given, consider using ipecac to induce vomiting if it can be administered with a few minutes of exposure and there are no contraindications. Hospital. Immediately administer activated charcoal. Consider gastric lavage if it can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion.

Enhanced elimination. There is no role for any enhanced removal procedure.

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are vomiting; apprehension, clonic-tonic convulsions; depression; loss of consciousness; metabolic acidosis; hypotension; cardiac arrhythmias; respiratory failure; hypocalcemia; renal failure; death. /Fluoroacetates/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Initial gastrointestinal symptoms are followed by severe cardiovascular effects (ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, hypotension), as well as CNS effects (agitation, convulsions, coma). /Fluoroacetate/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Nature and basis of blurring of vision... /not/ established ...clinically... . No known instances of permanent visual impairment in patients... /who/ have recovered from poisoning, but transient disturbance of vision appears definite... /and/ failure of pupils to react to light appears to have been associated only with periods of coma or convulsions.

/CASE REPORTS/ Five cases of monofluoroacetate sodium (sodium fluoroacetate) poisoning ... led to acute renal failure ... . The subjects ingested from 8 to 40 mL of a 1% solution of the rodenticide. All 5 patients responded to treatment.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Administration of 3 mg sodium fluoroacetate/kg bw to Rattus norvegicus /brown rat/ produced a five-fold increase in plasma citrate levels within 4 hr. ... In the rat, 2 mg sodium fluoroacetate/kg bw reduced oxygen consumption by between 28 and 57%. Aconitate hydratase activity in extracts of liver acetone powders ... was ... inhibited by (-)erythrofluorocitrate (Ki; 0.065 mM) ... (Ki; 0.026 mM) ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...In cats intravenously injected with fluoroacetate at 0.03 mmol/kg the ionized calcium level in blood fell by an average of 27.2%, 40 minutes after injection. There was a corresponding prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram, and treatment with CaCl2 significantly prolonged the life of the treated animals as compared with unmedicated positive controls.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ .... Adult male Cr1:CD(SD)BR rats were administered 3 mg/kg, the median lethal dose of sodium monofluoroacetate. ... Adult beagle dogs were administered sodium monofluoroacetate in 50, 100, or 150 ug/kg... . Rats treated with 3 mg sodium monofluoroacetate/kg were less active within 2 hours after the treatment. Convulsions occurred in some animals between 3.5 to 4 hours after dosing. A 40% reduction in heart adenosine triphosphate was observed 2 hours after the treatment with sodium monofluoroacetate. The depletion of ATP was inversely correlated with rapidly rising serum citrate level. The increases in citrate were smaller in dogs than in rats. Elevated serum citrate was indicative of the onset of toxicity in both species...

LD50; Species: Raccoon oral 1.1 mg/kg

LD50; Species: /Peromyscus maniculatus/ (Deer Mouse) oral 4.0 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Skunk oral 1.0 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Cotton Rat oral 0.1 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (37 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Genetic resistance seemed to have developed among some animals grazing on fluoroacetate rich vegetation of western Australia. The concentration of fluoride ion (F-) in plasma of western gray kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus) following feeding of fluoroacetate was increased suggesting detoxication involving substantial defluorination of fluoroacetate or one of its metabolites. Elevation of plasma citrate following oral administration of 5 mg fluoroacetate/kg in gray kangaroos were much less than eastern red kangaroo (Megleia rufa).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ A total of 83 black-tailed prairie dogs from South Dakota were dosed with 0.01, to 0.30 mg/kg of sodium fluoroacetate. The animals were then allowed food and water, and observations were recorded at 8-hour intervals for a minimun of 96 hours post treatment. Animals that survived the initial dosage were administered additional dosages at 3-week intervals until death. The acute oral LD50 was established at 0.173 mg/kg.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Poisoning of dogs is possible because of their extreme susceptibility to 1080. Poisoning of birds is less likely. The risk of secondary poisoning is reduced as the concentration of 1080 declines in putrefying carcasses.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In adult starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) fed compound 1080 at 27-432 ppm, very high toxicity was noted. The 5 day lethal concentration was 4.7 ppm. The average testis weight was slightly decreased.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.30e+00

1.60e+01

4.00e-01

4.00e+03

Volatile

3.80e+00

4.90e+01

1.20e+00

Sodium fluoroacetate's production and use as one of the most effective all-purpose rodenticides and as an acute predacide against coyotes will result in its direct release to the environment. The parent free acid, fluoroacetic acid, is extremely toxic and occurs naturally as a constituent of many poisonous plants. Because sodium fluoroacetate is a salt, it will not partition into the atmosphere. The pKa of sodium fluoroacetate is 2.72, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and ions do not volatilize. As a class, fluoroacetates are slowly destroyed by soil bacteria but do not usually persist in soil for more than 2 months. If released to water, the pKa indicates sodium fluoroacetate will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, adsorption to sediments and volatilization from water surfaces are not expected to be important fate processes. Based on degradation studies using New Zealand streamwater samples, biodegradation may proceed slowly in the aquatic environment and is temperature dependent. Occupational exposure to sodium fluoroacetate may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium fluoroacetate is produced or used. (SRC)

The parent free acid of sodium fluoroacetate, fluoroacetic acid, is extremely toxic and occurs naturally as a constituent of many poisonous plants(1).

Sodium fluoroacetate's production and use as one of the most effective all-purpose rodenticides(1) and as an acute predacide against coyotes(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: When released to moist soil, sodium flouroacetate will dissociate to the fluoroacetate ion given a pKa of 2.72(1). The fluoroacetate anion is expected to be fairly mobile in soil(2). Volatilization from dry or moist soil surfaces is not expected and thus it will not partition to the atmosphere(SRC). As a class, fluoroacetates are slowly destroyed by soil bacteria but do not usually persist in soil for more than 2 months(3). Proposed soil biodegradation pathways for the free acid were the formation of glycollate or formation of oxaloacetate degrading to fluorocitrate(4).

AQUATIC FATE: When released to water, sodium fluoroacetate will form the fluoroacetate anion (pKa of 2.72(1)). The fluoroacetate anion is not expected to adsorb more strongly to suspended solids and sediments(2). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because it is an anion in dissociated form. Following the addition of sodium fluoroacetate to a New Zealand-based stream water ecosystem model with Myriophyllum triphyllum, fluoroacetic acid was detected(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Because sodium fluoroacetate is a salt and forms the anion in water, it will not partition to the atmosphere. (SRC)

FLUOROACETATES ARE SLOWLY DESTROYED BY SOIL BACTERIA, & DO NOT USUALLY PERSIST IN SOIL FOR MORE THAN 2 MO. /FLUOROACETATES/

AEROBIC: Following the addition of sodium fluoroacetate to a New Zealand-based stream water ecosystem model with Myriophyllum triphyllum, fluoroacetic acid was detected; proposed soil biodegradation pathways for the acid were the formation of glycollate or formation of oxaloacetate degrading to fluorocitrate(1).

Because sodium fluoroacetate is a salt, it will not partition to the atmosphere(SRC). Sodium fluorooacetate is hygroscopic(1); a pKa of 2.72(2) indicates that this compound will primarily exist as the fluoroacetate anion in the environment. The compound was shown to be stable in unsterilized soil over a period of 27 days(3).

When released to water, sodium fluoroacetate will ionize to the fluoroacetate anion given a pKa of 2.72(1). Since the fluoroacetate is very water soluble, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not likely to occur(SRC).

When released to moist soil, sodium fluorooacetate will exist as the fluoroacetate anion given a pKa of 2.72(1). Anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(2). According to a classification scheme(3), the estimated Koc value(4) for associated fluoroacetic acid of 1.4(SRC) suggests that sodium fluoroacetate is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Because sodium fluoroacetate is a salt and forms the anion in water, it will not partition to the atmosphere. (SRC)

GROUNDWATER: Sodium fluoroacetate was not detected in US groundwater samples collected from 1971 to 1991(1).

Sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080) is applied as a vertebrate pesticide in New Zealand for control of introduced mammalian pests. Despite its widespread use, little is known about the soil ecotoxicity of 1080. Therefore, the hazard of 1080 to soil invertebrates, plants, and soil microorganisms was evaluated in a series of controlled laboratory tests. ... Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was more sensitive than oats (Avena sativa) to 1080. Lettuce seedling emergence and seedling shoot growth were adversely affected at a soil concentration of 7 mg/kg. The presence of 1080 in soil at concentrations up to 1 g/kg soil did not affect the ability of soil microorganisms to mineralize nitrogen. Furthermore, nitrate mineralization was not inhibited in soil treated with the urine of 1080-poisoned possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). The data collectively indicate that 1080-related effects on soil organisms occur at levels well above those that have been measured in soil (<0.1 mg/kg) following application of 1080 in baits for vertebrate pest control in New Zealand.

Occupational exposure to sodium fluoroacetate may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium fluoroacetate is produced or used(SRC). Under the current permitted use pattern there will be no exposure of this compound to the general public(1).

CHRONIC INTOXICATION WITH SODIUM FLUOROACETATE IS /SRP: UNLIKELY/ ... INGESTION IS CERTAINLY MOST LIKELY MODE OF POISONING, BUT THERE IS 1 REPORT OF NEAR-FATAL INTOXICATION IN WHICH INHALATION ... MAY HAVE PLAYED MAJOR ROLE.

SECONDARY POISONING IN MAN CAUSED BY EATING DEER MEAT, HEARTS OR LIVER IS REGARDED AS UNLIKELY, AS ALSO IS CHRONIC POISONING FROM DAILY INGESTION OF TISSUES CONTAINING UP TO 9.2 PPM ... . /FLUOROACETATES/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P058, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

A poor candidate for incineration.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2629; Sodium fluoroacetate

IMO 6.1; Sodium fluoroacetate

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 26/27/28-50; S: (1/2)-13-22-36/37-45-61; Note: A

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I