1-Ethenyl-4-methylbenzene

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 4.5% (20 of 449) of reports.

H226 (95.5%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (94.2%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (91.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (91.5%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (67%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (56.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411 (23.6%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H412 (14.7%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 449 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 20 of 449 reports by companies.

There are 15 notifications provided by 429 of 449 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (92.9%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (92.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (92.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 112 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-Vinyltoluene (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature: 2-8 °C.

Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store only if stabilized.

400 ppm. /Vinyl toluene/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 4-Vinyltoluene (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

P-methylstyrene appears as a clear colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. Usually shipped with an inhibitor such as tert-butyl catechol added May polymerize if contaminated or subjected to heat. If polymerization takes place inside a closed container, the container may rupture violently. Vapors irritate the mucous membranes. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Used in making plastics, especially as a monomer for polyesters.

Colorless liquid; [ICSC]

-37.8 °C

125 to 127 °F (NFPA, 2010)

46 °C (115 °F) - closed cup

In water, 89 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

Soluble in benzene

0.9173 g/cu cm at 25 °C

1.81 [mmHg]

1.81 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 3.35

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

0.0020986 Pa.s (liquid) at 239.02 K

-4.8229X10+09 J/kmol

6.20X10+07 J/kmol at 25 °C

0.043227 Newtons/m at 239.02 K

Index of refraction: 1.5420 at 20 °C/D

Liquid molar volume = 0.129067 cu m/kmol; heat of formation = 1.1464X10+08 J/kmol

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.15X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Ozone reaction rate constant = 2.1X17-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Boiling point

Heat of sublimation

Optical coefficient

Refractive index

Thermal expansion coefficient

Vapor pressure

Other Classes -> Aromatic Hydrocarbons

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Polymerizable

P-METHYLSTYRENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas. In the presence of various catalysts (such as acids) or initiators, may undergo exothermic addition polymerization reactions. May undergo autoxidation upon exposure to the air to form peroxides. These peroxides and polyperoxides are usually extremely unstable and liable to detonation. The peroxidation of butadiene has been involved in several serious industrial accidents.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 4-Vinyltoluene is used in mixtures with other vinyltoluene isomers (3-vinyltoluene) as monomers for producing poly(vinyltoluene). It is used as a monomer in the production of polyester resins and is co-polymerized with isobutylene to produce synthetic elastomers. It is used in the coatings industry as a modifier for drying oils and oil-modified alkyds, used as a replacement for styrene in unsaturated polyester resins, as a copolymer with styrene to increase the operating temperature range of paints, coatings and varnishes. HUMAN STUDIES: 4-Vinyltoluene is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. It may also cause effects on the central nervous system. Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. 4-Vinyltoluene defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. It may have effects on the liver and kidneys, which may result in tissue lesions. Contact allergy to styrene related compounds was studied in a human subject. A patient known from previous studies to be sensitive to styrene was patch tested with styrene and 18 compounds structurally related to styrene. Positive results were obtained with 4-vinyltoluene among others. Significant increases in the frequencies of sister chromatid exchange were observed in human lymphocyes exposed in whole blood cultures to 4-vinyltoluene. ANIMAL STUDIES: There are no data available.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LC50 (rat) >3500 ppm/4h;

LD50 Rat oral 2255 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 2324 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 1072 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 581 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-Vinyltoluene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Inhalation: Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention. Skin: Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Eyes: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Ingestion: Rinse mouth. Do not induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Contact allergy to styrene related compounds was studied in a human subject. A patient known from previous studies to be sensitive to styrene was patch tested with styrene and 18 compounds structurally related to styrene. Positive results were obtained with 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, styrene-epoxide, and 4-hydroxystyrene. The reaction to styrene-epoxide was stronger than that obtained by patch testing with an equimolar concentration of styrene, 0.1 percent weight per volume in ethanol. Twenty one comparisons were subsequently patch tested with styrene-epoxide. All responses were negative. The authors note that the stronger reaction to styrene-epoxide, as compared to an equimolar concentration of styrene, may indicate that styrene-epoxide is the hapten and styrene is the prohapten, which has to be oxidized in the skin in order to be converted into styrene-epoxide. Styrene-epoxide can be formed from styrene by enzymatic transformation by aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase in the skin. They conclude that it is important to patch test with chemically related substances in order to evaluate the total sensitivity pattern of a patient.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Central nervous system effects, such as depression, poor memory, slow visuomotor performance and electrophysiological changes, have often been associated with heavy occupational exposures to vinyl toluenes. Information is not available on human exposure to vinyl toluene alone. /Vinyl toluenes/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. The substance may have effects on the liver and kidneys. This may result in tissue lesions.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... In human lymphocytes exposed in whole blood cultures, vinyl toluene induced both sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations in a dose-dependent manner, in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. The induction of sister chromatid exchange was dependent on the number of erythrocytes present. Significant increases in the frequencies of sister chromatid exchange were observed in human lymphocytes exposed in whole blood cultures to ortho, meta and para isomer. The strongest responses were seen with the meta and para isomers, which are the dominant species in vinyl toluene.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of February 4, 2019: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

para-Methyl styrene (CAS # 622-97-9) was evaluated for clastogenicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats (5/dose group) given doses of 0 (Methocel K4M vehicle control), 0.134, 0.045, 0.0134, or 0.006 gm/mL daily for 5 days. Two high-dose rats died during dosing and were replaced. Treatment-associated clinical signs included slight oral discharge and decrease activity among several high dose animals, slight nasal discharge in 1 mid-dose rat, and decreased activity in 1 low-dose rat. Blood levels of para-methylstyrene correlated to doses administered. No significant (Chi square analysis, p< 0.001) increased numbers of total aberrant cells, including those with chromosome breaks, chromatid breaks, exchanges, fragments, or pulverized contents, were observed in any treated group relative to controls.

4-Vinyltoluene's production and use in polymer resin synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.81 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-vinyltoluene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-vinyltoluene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 12 and 13 hours, respectively. 4-Vinyltoluene weakly absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-vinyltoluene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 720. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Vinyltoluene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, 4-vinyltoluene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively. A BCF of 32 measured in goldfish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 4-vinyltoluene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-vinyltoluene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 4-vinyltoluene. (SRC)

4-Vinyltoluene's production and use in polymer resin synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 720(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 4-vinyltoluene from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 1.81 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 89 mg/L(4). 4-Vinyltoluene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2018).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 720(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.81 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 89 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively(SRC). 4-Vinyltoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 32 measured in goldfish(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2018).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-vinyltoluene, which has a vapor pressure of 1.81 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-vinyltoluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone(SRC); the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 12 and 13 hours(SRC), calculated from its respective rate constants of 3.15X10-11(3) and 2.1X10-17(4) cu cm/molecule-sec. 4-Vinyltoluene absorbs weakly at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-vinyltoluene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 3.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-vinyltoluene with ozone has been estimated as 2.1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). 4-Vinyltoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 4-Vinyltoluene absorbs weakly at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF of 32 was measured for 4-vinyltoluene in goldfish(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 4-vinyltoluene can be estimated to be 720(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). [

The Henry's Law constant for 4-vinyltoluene is estimated as 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.81 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 89 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.4 days(SRC). 4-Vinyltoluene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 4-Vinyltoluene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: 4-Vinyltoluene was found at not detected to 58 ng/L in well water samples collected from an industrial contaminated site near Barcelona, Spain(1).

DRINKING WATER: 4-Vinyltoluene was detected at unreported concentrations in drinking water collected Nov 5, 1976 from Seattle, WA(1). It was not found in drinking water for other US cities including Pomona, CA, Escondido, CA, Lake Tahoe, CA, and Orange Co, CA, Dallas, TX, Washington, DC, Cincinnati, OH, Philadelphia, PA, Miami, FL, New Orleans, LA and Ottumwa, IA(1).

Motorboats emitted 4-vinyltoluene to canal water; concentrations were not reported(1). Use of unleaded gasoline by a four-stroke outboard motor emitted 4-vinyltoluene to test water at 2.2 mg/10 min(2). The removal of lead from gasoline and its subsequent replacement with aromatic compounds has caused an increased release of compounds such as vinyltoluenes to the atmosphere via fossil fuel combustion(3). The emission factor of 3-/4-vinyltoluene measured in the Caldecott tunnel in Oakland, CA July 2010 was 156 and 176 ug/L for gasoline and diesel exhaust, respectively(4).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, one reporting facility estimated the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 4-vinyltoluene in the United States may be as low as 40 workers and as high as 100 workers; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5274 workers (377 of these are female) were potentially exposed to 4-vinyltoluene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-vinyltoluene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-vinyltoluene is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 4-vinyltoluene(SRC).

4-Vinyltoluene's production and use in polymer resin synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.81 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-vinyltoluene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-vinyltoluene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 12 and 13 hours, respectively. 4-Vinyltoluene weakly absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-vinyltoluene is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 720. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Vinyltoluene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, 4-vinyltoluene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively. A BCF of 32 measured in goldfish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 4-vinyltoluene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-vinyltoluene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 4-vinyltoluene. (SRC)

4-Vinyltoluene's production and use in polymer resin synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 720(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 4-vinyltoluene from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 1.81 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 89 mg/L(4). 4-Vinyltoluene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2018).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 720(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.81 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 89 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively(SRC). 4-Vinyltoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 32 measured in goldfish(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2018).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-vinyltoluene, which has a vapor pressure of 1.81 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-vinyltoluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone(SRC); the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 12 and 13 hours(SRC), calculated from its respective rate constants of 3.15X10-11(3) and 2.1X10-17(4) cu cm/molecule-sec. 4-Vinyltoluene absorbs weakly at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-vinyltoluene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 3.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-vinyltoluene with ozone has been estimated as 2.1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). 4-Vinyltoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 4-Vinyltoluene absorbs weakly at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

A BCF of 32 was measured for 4-vinyltoluene in goldfish(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 4-vinyltoluene can be estimated to be 720(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). [

The Henry's Law constant for 4-vinyltoluene is estimated as 3.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.81 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 89 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-vinyltoluene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.4 days(SRC). 4-Vinyltoluene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 4-Vinyltoluene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: 4-Vinyltoluene was found at not detected to 58 ng/L in well water samples collected from an industrial contaminated site near Barcelona, Spain(1).

DRINKING WATER: 4-Vinyltoluene was detected at unreported concentrations in drinking water collected Nov 5, 1976 from Seattle, WA(1). It was not found in drinking water for other US cities including Pomona, CA, Escondido, CA, Lake Tahoe, CA, and Orange Co, CA, Dallas, TX, Washington, DC, Cincinnati, OH, Philadelphia, PA, Miami, FL, New Orleans, LA and Ottumwa, IA(1).

Motorboats emitted 4-vinyltoluene to canal water; concentrations were not reported(1). Use of unleaded gasoline by a four-stroke outboard motor emitted 4-vinyltoluene to test water at 2.2 mg/10 min(2). The removal of lead from gasoline and its subsequent replacement with aromatic compounds has caused an increased release of compounds such as vinyltoluenes to the atmosphere via fossil fuel combustion(3). The emission factor of 3-/4-vinyltoluene measured in the Caldecott tunnel in Oakland, CA July 2010 was 156 and 176 ug/L for gasoline and diesel exhaust, respectively(4).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, one reporting facility estimated the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 4-vinyltoluene in the United States may be as low as 40 workers and as high as 100 workers; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5274 workers (377 of these are female) were potentially exposed to 4-vinyltoluene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-vinyltoluene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-vinyltoluene is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 4-vinyltoluene(SRC).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Vinyltoluenes, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Vinyltoluenes, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Vinyltoluenes, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Vinyltoluenes, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-Vinyltoluene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2618; Vinyltoluenes, stabilized

IMO 3; Vinyltoluenes, stabilized

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Vinyltoluenes, stabilized are is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vinyltoluenes, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Vinyltoluenes, stabilized are included on the dangerous goods list. /Vinyltoluenes, stabilized/

Flammable Liquid