Hexanal

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (11.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P264+P265, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1956 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264+P265, P280, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

INGESTION: give large amount of water and induce vomiting.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min.

SKIN: wipe off; wash with soap and water. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Vapor is heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2-8 °C Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.3 [ppm]

14 [ppm]

86 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Goggles or face shield; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Goggles or face shield; rubber gloves.

Respiratory protection Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Hexaldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Flash point 90 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air.

Colorless liquid; [Hawley] Clear colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor; [MSDSonline]

almost colourless liquid/fatty-green, grassy odour

Colorless liquid

Characteristic fruity odor (on dilution)

Strong, green grass odor

Sharp, aldehyde odor

Characeteristic fruity taste (on dilution)

Green, woody, vegetative, apple, grassy, citrus and orange with a fresh lingering aftertaste

262 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

129.6 °C

130.00 to 131.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

131 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-58.2 °C

Heat of Fusion at Melting Point = 1.89X10+7 J/kmol

-56.3 °C

90 °F (USCG, 1999)

25 °C (77 °F) - closed cup

90 °F (32 °C) Open cup

In water, 5.64X10+3 mg/L at 30 °C

In water, 0.6 wt% (6000 mg/L) at 20 °C

Very soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether; soluble in acetone, benzene

Miscible with alcohol, propylene glycol and most fixed oils

5.64 mg/mL at 30 °C

very slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, propylene glycol, most fixed oils

(in ethanol)

0.83 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8335 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Bulk density = 6.9 wt/gal at 20 °C

0.808-0.817

0.8335 @ 20°C

3.45 (Air = 1)

11.3 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 10.5 mm Hg at 20 °C

11.3 mm Hg at 25 °C

11.3 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log kow = 1.78

Henry's Law constant = 2.13X10-4 atm cu-m/mol at 25 °C

Chemical stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.

153 BTU/lb = 85 cal/g = 3.16X10+5 J/kg

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Aldehydes

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

HEXALDEHYDE is an aldehyde. Aldehydes are frequently involved in self-condensation or polymerization reactions. These reactions are exothermic; they are often catalyzed by acid. Aldehydes are readily oxidized to give carboxylic acids. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of aldehydes with azo, diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. Aldehydes can react with air to give first peroxo acids, and ultimately carboxylic acids. These autoxidation reactions are activated by light, catalyzed by salts of transition metals, and are autocatalytic (catalyzed by the products of the reaction). The addition of stabilizers (antioxidants) to shipments of aldehydes retards autoxidation. May attack some forms of plastics (USCG, 1999).

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, Strong bases, Strong reducing agents, ... .

...Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Hexaldehyde is a colorless liquid. It is not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Hexanal is used in fruit flavors and, when highly diluted, in perfumery for obtaining fruity notes. It is also used in organic synthesis of plasticizers, rubber chemicals, dyes, synthetic resins, insecticides. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Twelve healthy volunteers were exposed to 0, 2, and 10 ppm n-hexanal for 2 hours at rest in a balanced order. Ratings of discomfort in the eyes and nose, solvent smell, and headache increased significantly with the level of exposure. Frequency of blinking was significantly increased at 10 ppm. No effects on pulmonary function and nasal swelling were detected, except a not-significant tendency to increased nasal obstruction at 10 ppm. No clear effects on plasma inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were observed. /It was concluded that/ two hours of exposure to n-hexanal results in mild irritation at 10 ppm, with no apparent adversity at 2 ppm. n-Hexanal at 0.1% depressed motility of human spermatozoa but never rendered the sperm completely immotile. The increased concentrations of lower molecular weight aldehydes, including hexanal, may interfere with cholesterol transport and gap junctional intercellular communication. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute exposures to the concentrated vapor for 1 hour or to 2000 ppm for 4 hours result in mortality to rats and is cytotoxic to rat hepatocytes. Rats receiving diets containing hexyl aldehyde for 3 wk showed decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Hexanal stimulates dopamine release but does not inhibit dopamine uptake in the brain striatum of rats. Hexanal influenced the length of time virgin female mice engage in the maternal crouching behavior. Hexanal was mutagenic in mammalian cells. Hexanal produced DNA single-strand breaks, or lesions which were converted to breaks in alkali.

Uremic toxins such as hexanal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.

Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact)

As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

LCLo (rat) = 2,000 ppm/4h

LD50 Rat oral 4890 mg/kg

Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Twelve healthy volunteers were exposed to 0, 2, and 10 ppm n-hexanal for 2 hours at rest in a balanced order. ... Ratings of discomfort in the eyes and nose, solvent smell, and headache increased significantly with the level of exposure. Frequency of blinking was significantly increased at 10 ppm. No effects on pulmonary function and nasal swelling were detected, except a not-significant tendency to increased nasal obstruction at 10 ppm. No clear effects on plasma inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were observed. /It was concluded that/ two hours of exposure to n-hexanal results in mild irritation at 10 ppm, with no apparent adversity at 2 ppm.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ In human smooth muscle cells in culture, a study tested several fatty acids and their breakdown products, namely aldehydes. Unsaturated C-18 fatty acids markedly influenced gap-junctional intercellular communication, whereas saturated (C18:0, C16:0) and unsaturated fatty acids with > 20 carbon atoms did not inhibit gap-junctional intercellular communication. Of the tested aldehydes, hexanal, propanal, butanal and 4-hydroxynonenal did significantly inhibit gap-junctional intercellular communication, while pentanal had no effect.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ An assay method for the quantification of the cytotoxicities of various agents toward cultured human endothelial cells was developed. By this method, the cytotoxicities of a linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and its related aliphatic aldehydes toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated. Saturated aldehydes pentanal, hexanal and 9-oxononanoic acid, are nontoxic; alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes, 2-hexenal, 2-heptenal, 2-octenal, and 2-nonenal are toxic only at high concentrations; linoleic acid hydroperoxide and alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes with a hydroxy group or an additional double bond are highly toxic.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/... The cytotoxic and chemotactic potencies of malondialdehyde (MDA), hexanal, 4-hydroxyhexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 4-hydroxyoctenal (HOE), which are aldehydes found in oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL), for were determined human monocyte-macrophages. They were toxic in the following order: hexanal<HHE=HOE<HNE. HNE was toxic at 20 uM and chemotactic at 2.5 uM. The other aldehydes tested had no chemo attractant activity.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for HEXALDEHYDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The compound was tested externally on the eyes of rabbits, and, according to the degree of injury observed after 24 hours, rated on a scale of 1 to 10. The most severely injurious substances have been rated 10. Hexanal rated 5 on rabbit eyes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute exposures to the concentrated vapor for 1 hour or to 2000 ppm for 4 hours result in mortality to rats...and is cytotoxic to rat hepatocytes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Effects of lipid peroxide breakdown products, (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HN) and n-hexanal, on mouse lung lesion were examined. When 4-HN was injected iv, the plasma level of 4-HN increased just after the injection and then decreased immediately. The amounts of 4-HN increased in the liver and lung were ca. 0.085 and 0.43% to the dose administered, respectively, 5 min after the injection. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content and both GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px) and GSH reductase (GSSGR) activities in the lung were decreased significantly by 4-HN treatment. On the other hand, in the case of iv injection of n-hexanal into mice, the amount of n-hexanal detected in the lung was 5.0% to that of 4-HN, and no effect on the activities of GSH-Px and GSSGR and the content of GSH was observed...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Rats receiving diets containing hexyl aldehyde for 3 wk showed decr in serum cholesterol and triglyceride.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for HEXALDEHYDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hexanal (CAS # 66-25-1) was detected as a major peak in 42 samples of mother's milk collected from Bayonne, NJ; Jersey City, NJ; Pittsburgh, PA; Baton Rouge, LA; and Charleston, WV, and analyzed using glass capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer. Due to the small sample size and lack of control over donor solicitation, the data cannot be extrapolated to the general population.

Hexanal (CAS # 66-25-1) was detected below OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 500 ppm during an industrial hygiene survey conducted at Central Engineering facility of Fisher Body Division in Warren, Michigan. Test results failed to explain the apparent excess of colon and rectal cancer among wood model makers.

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 24 °C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen 7.5-7.6 mg/L; Concentration: >4300 ug/L for 24 hr /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 24 °C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen 7.6 mg/L; Concentration: >4300 ug/L for 48 hr /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 25 °C, pH 7.9, dissolved oxygen 7.5 mg/L; Concentration: 4300 ug/L for 72 hr /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 25 °C, pH 7.9-8.0, dissolved oxygen 7.4-7.7 mg/L; Concentration: 2800 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 1900-4300 ug/L) /99% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for HEXALDEHYDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hexaldehyde's production and use as a food additive, in organic synthesis of plasticizers, rubber chemicals, dyes, synthetic resins, and in perfumery may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as an insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. Hexaldehyde occurs naturally in many fruits, vegetables, meats, and shellfish. Hexaldehyde is also in vapor given off northern red oak, dawn redwood, bass wood and tulip poplar trees, and many other plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates hexaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hrs at 23 °C and 14 hrs at 25 °C. Hexaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, hexaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 50. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. According to one fungal growth experiment, hexaldehyde may not biodegrade in soil or water, but the straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation. However, utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 50% of its theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, hexaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to hexaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing hexaldehyde. (SRC)

Hexaldehyde occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables(1). Hexaldehyde is also in vapor given off northern red oak, dawn redwood, bass wood and tulip poplar trees(2), and many other plants(3). The compound also occurs in meats(4,5) and shellfish(6).

Hexaldehyde's production and use as a food additive (flavor ingredient)(1), in organic synthesis of plasticizers, rubber chemicals, dyes and synthetic resins(2) and in perfumery(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use(4) as an insecticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). It is a component of tobacco and tobacco smoke(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 48(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.78(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that hexaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of hexaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Hexaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg(5). According to a fungal growth experiment, hexaldehyde was oxidized but did not support growth(6) which suggests that it may not biodegrade in soil(SRC). However, the straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation(7). A 50% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.78(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that hexaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hexaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a fungal growth experiment, hexaldehyde was oxidized but did not support growth(6) which suggests that it may not biodegrade in water(SRC). However, the straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation(7). A 50% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 and 14 hrs(SRC), calculated from rate constants of 3.17X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(3) and 2.79X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, respectively(4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexaldehyde with nitrate radical has been experimentally determined to be 1.64X10-14 cu cm/sec(4) and 1.28X10-14 cu cm/sec(5). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 49 and 63 hrs, respectively, at a concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(6). Hexaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation(1). Hexaldehedye, present at 100 mg/L, reached 50% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test (2).

PURE CULTURE: Oxygen consumption by glucose-grown cells and cell-free preparations of Cladosporium resinae strain UD-42 after transfer to hexaldehyde was -17 and 31 uL oxygen consumed/mg cell dry weight/hour, respectively(1). Hexaldehyde was oxidized but did not support cell growth(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexaldehyde with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.79X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(1) and 3.17X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(2). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 14 and 12 hours, respectively, at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexaldehyde with nitrate radical has been experimentally determined to be 1.64X10-14 cu cm/sec(1) and 1.28X10-14 cu cm/sec(4). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 49 and 63 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(3). Hexaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). Hexaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated in fish for hexaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.78(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 24 °C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen 7.5-7.6 mg/L; Concentration: >4300 ug/L for 24 hr /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 24 °C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen 7.6 mg/L; Concentration: >4300 ug/L for 48 hr /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 25 °C, pH 7.9, dissolved oxygen 7.5 mg/L; Concentration: 4300 ug/L for 72 hr /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp) juvenile age 2-8 days; Conditions: saltwater, flow through, 25 °C, pH 7.9-8.0, dissolved oxygen 7.4-7.7 mg/L; Concentration: 2800 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 1900-4300 ug/L) /99% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for HEXALDEHYDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hexaldehyde's production and use as a food additive, in organic synthesis of plasticizers, rubber chemicals, dyes, synthetic resins, and in perfumery may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as an insecticide resulted in its direct release to the environment. Hexaldehyde occurs naturally in many fruits, vegetables, meats, and shellfish. Hexaldehyde is also in vapor given off northern red oak, dawn redwood, bass wood and tulip poplar trees, and many other plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates hexaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hrs at 23 °C and 14 hrs at 25 °C. Hexaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, hexaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 50. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. According to one fungal growth experiment, hexaldehyde may not biodegrade in soil or water, but the straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation. However, utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 50% of its theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, hexaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to hexaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with products containing hexaldehyde. (SRC)

Hexaldehyde occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables(1). Hexaldehyde is also in vapor given off northern red oak, dawn redwood, bass wood and tulip poplar trees(2), and many other plants(3). The compound also occurs in meats(4,5) and shellfish(6).

Hexaldehyde's production and use as a food additive (flavor ingredient)(1), in organic synthesis of plasticizers, rubber chemicals, dyes and synthetic resins(2) and in perfumery(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use(4) as an insecticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). It is a component of tobacco and tobacco smoke(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 48(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.78(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that hexaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of hexaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Hexaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg(5). According to a fungal growth experiment, hexaldehyde was oxidized but did not support growth(6) which suggests that it may not biodegrade in soil(SRC). However, the straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation(7). A 50% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 50(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.78(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that hexaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hexaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a fungal growth experiment, hexaldehyde was oxidized but did not support growth(6) which suggests that it may not biodegrade in water(SRC). However, the straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation(7). A 50% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 and 14 hrs(SRC), calculated from rate constants of 3.17X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(3) and 2.79X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, respectively(4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexaldehyde with nitrate radical has been experimentally determined to be 1.64X10-14 cu cm/sec(4) and 1.28X10-14 cu cm/sec(5). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 49 and 63 hrs, respectively, at a concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(6). Hexaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The straight chain aldehyde structure of hexaldehyde would suggest rapid biodegradation(1). Hexaldehedye, present at 100 mg/L, reached 50% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test (2).

PURE CULTURE: Oxygen consumption by glucose-grown cells and cell-free preparations of Cladosporium resinae strain UD-42 after transfer to hexaldehyde was -17 and 31 uL oxygen consumed/mg cell dry weight/hour, respectively(1). Hexaldehyde was oxidized but did not support cell growth(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexaldehyde with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.79X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(1) and 3.17X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec(2). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 14 and 12 hours, respectively, at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexaldehyde with nitrate radical has been experimentally determined to be 1.64X10-14 cu cm/sec(1) and 1.28X10-14 cu cm/sec(4). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 49 and 63 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(3). Hexaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). Hexaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated in fish for hexaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.78(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of hexaldehyde is estimated as 50(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.78(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that hexaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for hexaldehyde is 2.13X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that hexaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Hexaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Hexaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.3 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: Under the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, hexaldehyde is considered low or no priority (Tier 3) for National- or regional-scale ambient monitoring of water or sediment in the United States(1).

DRINKING WATER: Hexaldehyde has been detected not quantified in drinking water(1). Hexaldehyde was identified as an ozone disinfection by-product in drinking water samples from a pilot plant in Jefferson Parish, LA which uses Mississippi River as the raw water source; samples were collected following 4 rounds of ozonation treatment performed in January, 1994, August 1994, May 1995, and September 1996(2). Hexaldehyde was not detected when using ozone, ozone with bromide, chloramination, chloramination with bromide, chlorine dioxide, chlorine dioxide with bromide, chlorine, and chlorine with bromide treatments; it was suggested that the bromine consumes some of the disinfectants and results in a small reduction in oxidizing power(3).

SURFACE WATER: Hexaldehyde was found in a sample of treated river surface water(1). Hexaldehyde was detected in water in the Rhine Delta, The Netherlands, at three locations: in the outlet of the Ijssel at Kampen (0.035 ug/L), downstream of Rotterdam harbor at Maassluis (0.054 and 0.036 ug/L), and in the semi-stagnant branch at Haringvliet (0.05 ug/L)(2).

SEAWATER: Hexaldehyde has been qualitatively identified in seawater from the Peru upwelling region(1). The mean concentration of hexaldehyde found in seawater near Chemotaxis Dock, Vineyard Sound, MA over a 15 month period was 18 ng/L with a range of 3.8-58 ng/L(2).

RAIN/SNOW: Hexaldehyde has been identified in samples of rainwater (0.007-0.010 ug/mL) collected at urban locations in Camarillo, CA(1).

Hexaldehyde has been identified in exhaust gases from gasoline, diesel engines and in diesel blow-by(1). Hexaldehyde was identified, not quantified, in rush hour traffic air samples taken at the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Bridge toll plaza on April 23, 2001 between 5:00-7:00 pm, April 24, 2001 between 6:00-10:00 am, and 3:00-7:00 pm(2). Emissions of hexaldehyde (as percent of total non-methane organic compounds) were identified in regular whole gas (0.81%), high grade whole gas (0.65%), roadway (0.04%), bus parking garage hot soak (0.24%), bus parking garage cold start (0.26%), motorcycle emissions (0.02%), lead smelter (0.42%), and cast iron factory emissions (0.89%) in Cairo, Egypt(3). Hexaldehyde was found in the volatiles from a Los Angeles roadway tunnel at 5 ug/L(4). Hexaldehyde was found in highway tunnels in Tuscarora; light duty trucks emitted 0.014 mg/km traveled or 0.202 mg/L fuel used, heavy duty trucks emitted 0.542 mg/km traveled or 1.708 mg/L fuel used(5). Hexaldehyde was measured in the emissions of medium duty diesel trucks at a rate of 2200 ug/km in the gas phase(6). Hexaldehyde was measured in the emissions of gasoline powered motor vehicles at a rate of 300 ug/km and 19,000 ug/km for catalyst equipped engines and non-catalyst equipped engines(7). Hexaldehyde emissions from an automobile running on Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel were 6.8 mg/km and the same automobile running on European program emissions fuel were 3.7 mg/km(8). Hexaldehyde has been measured in the emissions of light-duty vehicles measured at the Caldecott tunnel in California; in 1999, 2001, and 2006 emission factors of 0.30, 0.39, and 0.23 mg/kg were reported(9).

Hexaldehyde was qualitatively identified in a water sample taken from the overflow pipe of a municipal sewer line that contained a combination of industrial and domestic sewage(1). Hexaldehyde was identified in mixed household waste headspace at a concentration of 0.1-1 mg/cu m(2). Hexaldehyde has been detected in ambient air surrounding the Kin-Buc Waste Disposal Site (Edison, NJ) at trace, 1.2 and 2.3 ug/cu m levels(3). Hexaldehyde was detected but not quantified in the emissions of kitchen waste, kitchen waste exudate, stored food exudate and building materials with microbial growth(4). Hexaldehyde was detected in the ambient air over landfills(5).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Air samples taken in the Monti Cimini Forest (Italy), Rome, Montelibretti (Italy), Milan, Taranto (Italy), Lido di Ostia (Italy), and Storkow (near Berlin) contained hexaldehyde at concentrations of 0.11-1.75, 0.18-0.80, 0.09-0.42, 0.12-0.25, 0.62-0.81, 0.29-0.93, and 0.11-0.26 ppbv, respectively(1). The mean concentration of hexaldehyde in the atmosphere over the Netherlands is 0.20 ppb(2). Hexaldehyde was tentatively identified in ambient air in the Kanawha Valley, WV and Front Royal, VA(3). Hexaldehyde, analyzed in Athens, Greece, June to December 2000, was detected at Patission Street at concentration of 0.7-47 ug/cu m(4). The average concentration of hexaldehyde in outdoor air in Northern Italy was <2.0 ug/cu m(5). Hexaldehyde was detected in Grenoble, France in samples taken May 4-11, 1995 at rue Jeanne D'ARC on the roof of a bike shop(6). Hexaldehyde was detected in air from San Paulo, Brazil at 0.175-0.478 ppb in samples taken July 1988(7). Hexaldehyde was not detected in Shan-H.a., Ping-Tung and Chao-Chou, but was detected in 3% of the samples taken in May-Nung at 10 ug/cu m in Taiwan(8). Hexaldehyde was measured in ambient air in Southern Taiwan from January 1998 to April 1998: not detected to 8.9 ug/cu m in Hsinghua, 42-126.6 ug/cu m in Chao-Chou, 11.7-34.7 ug/cu m in Chiaotou, and 1.7-61.5 ug/cu m in Meinong(9). Hexaldehyde was detected at 0.92 ppb in 12 of 13 Helsinki samples tested May to Sep 1997(10). Hexaldehyde was detected in Los Angeles (UCLA campus, Monterey Park, Newberry Park, La Habra) at 0.06-0.30 ppbv in samples taken Oct 1984(11). Hexaldehyde was detected in 13 of 13 samples taken across the US (3 in LA, 4 in TX, 5 in VT, 1 in NJ) from Sept 1996 to Aug 1997 11 samples were <1 ppb and two samples were >1-<5 ppbv(12). Hexaldehyde was detected in a beech forest (city park) with Allium ursinum ground cover at 280-410 parts/trillion, May 13, 1994 in Vienna, Austria(13). Hexaldehyde was detected in Santiago, Chile atmospheric samples at <0.10-0.49 ppbv in Nov 2003(14). Hexaldehyde was detected at 0.26, 0.30, and 0.25 ug/cu m in Frohnau, Nansenstrasze, and Frankfurter Allea, respectively, in Berlin, Germany from samples taken Jun-Aug 1996(15).

INDOOR: Indoor data collected from buildings in The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and USA show hexaldehyde levels of 1-<5 ug/cu m in dwellings(1). Hexaldehyde levels in a radiator plant, damp mineral wool insulation, and private homes were 37, 0.1, and 1 ug/cu m(2). The average concentration of hexaldehyde in indoor air in Northern Italy was 10 ug/cu m(3). Hexaldehyde was detected in the air of all 26 houses tested for the presence of organic compounds(4). In 50 normal houses (residents report no problems) the average concentration was 6.60 ug/cu m(4). Out of 38 sick houses (residents complained of problems) 5.3 % had concentrations of hexaldehyde 10-50 times higher than the median concentration of the normal houses (5.41 Ug cu m)(4). In a study of new and recently renovated buildings in Switzerland, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the concentrations of hexaldehyde detected are <5, 34, and 1461 ug/cu m, respectively(5). Hexaldehyde was found at concentrations of 7.9-25.9 ppb in new manufactured and at 14.1-51.3 ppb in site-built houses(6). Hexaldehyde was found in 15 of 15 indoor residences at an average concentration of 4.0 ppb and 9 of 9 work places at an average concentration of 1.7 ppb in Helsinki samples tested May to Sep 1997(7). Hexaldehyde was detected but concentrations were not reported in the vehicles of 50 late shift patrol cars Aug 13 to Oct 11, 2001(8). Hexaldehyde was not detected in four newly carpeted rooms, after 27 hrs of exposure to 409 ppb ozone added to the rooms hexaldehyde concentrations were 0.78-4.6 ppb, ozone exposure was ceased and after 23-29 hrs hexaldehyde concentrations were not detected to 0.51 ppb(9). Hexaldehyde was detected in indoor and outdoor air from residential houses in New Jersey at mean concentrations of 1.28 and 0.60 ppb, respectively(10). In Melbourne, Australia hexaldehyde was detected 11 of 27 new and established buildings. Hexaldehyde was detected in non-complaint buildings at a geometric mean of 3.2 ug/cu m (61 air samples collected), detected in complaint buildings at a geometric mean of 6.1 ug/cu m (11 samples collected), and from all 27 associated outdoor sites at a geometric mean of 2.3 ug/cu m (37 air samples collected). Levels in a new dwelling following construction were reported as follows (ug/cu m): living room - 38, 62, 11, and 9.3 on days 2, 19, 72, and 246, respectively; bedroom - 33, 63, 14, 16 on days 2, 19, 72, and 246, respectively; outdoor - <0.5, 0.5, 0.9 on days 2, 19, and 246, respectively(11). Hexaldehyde was measured in residential indoor and outdoor air collected between 1990 to 2001 from 234 homes in the Los Angeles area. Median concentrations for indoor and outdoor samples were 3.81 and 2.01 ug/cu m(12). Hexaldehyde was detected in 37 small and medium sized buildings sampled in California. Indoor concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 27.5 ug/cu m with a mean of 3.45 ug/cu m(13).

INDOOR: Hexaldehyde concentrations were monitored in four unoccupied US Federal Emergency Management Administration temporary housing units located in Purvis, MI and sampled on Nov 14, 2007. The percent contribution to whole trailer emissions was the 83% from vinyl floor, 3% from the subfloor and 4% from a cushion. Hexaldehyde ranked 8th behind formaldehyde in contribution to emissions(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Hexaldehyde was detected at a concn range of 0.7-9.2 ug/cu m in samples collected from June to December 2000, in Likovrisi, outside of Athens, Greece(1). Hexaldehyde was identified in the forest air collected in the Southern Black Forest, Germany(2). Hexaldehyde was quantitatively identified in ambient air samples from Whitaker's Forest (Sierra Nevada Mountains, CA)(3). Hexaldehyde was found in ambient air samples from Fernbank Forest, Atlanta, GA(4).

Hexaldehyde occurs as a volatile component of edible Korean Chamchwi(1), peanut oil(2), baked potatoes(3), Beaufort cheese(4), pine sprout and pine needle tea(5), clove essential oil(6), roasted filberts(7), and roasted earth almonds (Cyperus esculentus L.)(8). Hexaldehyde was quantified in sweet corn (cream can corn, 14 ppb; frozen kernel corn, 5 ppb(9), and was identified in paprika oleoresin <0.1 mg/kg(10). Hexaldehyde was found in popcorn using wet extraction method at 80 ug/kg and dry extraction method at 140 ug/kg(11). Commercial rice cakes were found to contain 800-960 ppb of hexaldehyde(12). Fermented soybean (Glycine max) curds were found to contain 499.8-1319.1 ug/kg of hexaldehyde(13). Hexaldehyde was not detected in roasted peanuts at concns of 0.109-0.257 ug/g(14). Hexaldehyde was identified as a volatile component of boiled Chinese chestnuts (Castanea molissima) but not found in roasted chestnuts(15). Hexaldehyde was detected in the emissions from heated rapeseed oil(16).

Hexaldehyde has been found as a volatile component of raw beef(1), chicken breast muscle and caecum(2), fried bacon(3), short-necked clam, clam, and corbicula(4), scrambled eggs (supermarket eggs packed in polystyrene, 39 ng/g; fresh eggs not stored, 32 ng/g; and fresh eggs stored in polystyrene for 2 weeks, 59 ng/g); cooking oil, 3720 and 3039 ng/g; and polystyrene egg cartons(5), mutton, chicken, beef, and pork(6), fried chicken(7), duck meat (19.86 ppb), duck fat (79.81 ppb), Cantonese style roasted duck (67.72 ppb), Cantonese style roasted duck gravy (736.66 ppb)(8), full fat and reduced fat frankfurters(9), and Italian-type dry-cured ham(10). Hexaldehyde was measured at 951 ng/g, 5740 ng/g, and 1080 ng/g in anchovy paste, big eyed herring paste, and hair tail viscera paste, respectively and was not detected in shrimp paste(11). Hexaldehyde was detected as an odorant in cooked mussels (Mytilus edulis)(12). Hexaldehyde was released from char broiling meat at 203,000 ug/kg of cooked meat(13).

Hexaldehyde has been detected as an emission from agricultural and natural plants (most dominant plant types) found in California's Central Valley(1). Hexaldehyde was detected in the emissions from northern red oak, dawn redwood, bass wood and tulip poplar trees(2). Hexaldehyde was detected in the emissions of Quercus ilex (oak) from the Mediterranean(3). Hexaldehyde was emitted from rape (Brassica napus) during the blooming period at a rate of 0.09 and 0.25 ppbv during May 8 and 9, 1998(4). Hexaldehyde was detected in as a volatile component from the leaves of Callicarpa japonica, an indigenous plant of Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan(5).

Hexaldehyde occurs as a volatile component of ripening kiwi fruit(1), pineapple, guava(2), fresh grapefruit juice(3), Welsh onions and scallions(4), edible Korean Chamchwi(5), cassava, gari, and farine(7), delicious apples(8), chickpea seed(9, raw earth almonds (Cyperus esculentus L.)(10) and kogyoku apples(11). Hexaldehyde was quantified in sweet corn (kernel corn, 24 ppb; fresh kernel corn, 4 ppb)(12); mature (13183.4 ug/kg) and ripe (8398.0 ug/kg) guava fruit(13); nectarine cultivars (Sunfre, 580 ug/kg; P89-56, 740 ug/kg; P62-27, 600 ug/kg; Flavortop, 1950 ug/kg)(14);, beans (103 ppb), split peas (110 ppb), and lentils (59 ppb)(15); apricots (9, 5, and 8 ug/kg) and plums (19 and 6 ug/kg)(16). Hexaldehyde was not detected in raw peanuts (detection limit 0.02 ug/g)(17). Hexaldehyde was detected in the emissions from heated rapeseed oil(18). Hexaldehyde was detected in whole and ground musty sorghum with direct helium-purge method and with supercritical fluid extraction method(19).

Hexaldehyde detections in various plants(1).[Table#1644]

Hexaldehyde was found in Charybdis feriatus crabs at 16.0 ug/kg, 14.3 ug/kg, and 257.5 ug/kg in the leg, body and carapace, respectively(1). Hexaldehyde was detected in fresh mussels obtained from the Oarai Coast in Ibaraki, Japan at a concentration of 0.09 ug/g wet weight(2). Hexaldehyde has been found as a volatile component of short-necked clam, clam, and Corbicula(3). Hexaldehyde was measured at 951 ng/g, 5740 ng/g, and 1080 ng/g in anchovy paste, big eyed herring paste, and hair tail viscera paste, respectively, and was not detected in shrimp paste(4). Hexaldehyde was detected as an odorant in cooked mussels (Mytilus edulis)(5).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Hexaldehyde was detected not quantified in human milk samples from Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, and Pittsburgh, PA(1). Hexaldehyde has been identified as a volatile compound in fish oil enriched milk(2).

Hexaldehyde was detected, not quantified in settled household dust samples were collected from 12 houses in urban areas of central Finland(1). Hexaldehyde was measured at 3.5 ug/cu m in a room with tobacco smoke(2). Hexaldehyde has detected in the interior air of parked new and used vehicles(3). Hexaldehyde was given off from six vehicle interiors at an average of 42 ug/hr in new vehicles, 25 ug/hr in 20 day old vehicles and 13 ug/hr in 40 day old vehicles(4).

Hexaldehyde was measured in the emissions of three paints at < 0.03 mg/g of paint(1). Hexaldehyde was detected as an emission from particle board/carpet and plywood/polyurethane lacquer with mean emission rates of 0.068 and 0.12 mg/sq m/hour, respectively(2). Hexaldehyde was released from a tufted textile floor covering with styrene-butadiene rubber backing at the following concns and temperatures: 13.4 (23 °C), 14.9 (30 °C), 25.1 (40 °C), 34.5 (50.5 °C), 45.6 (61 °C), and 63.2 ng/L (71 °C)(3). The emission rate of hexaldehyde during the operation of dry-process photocopiers was <10 ug/hr in idle mode and 210 ug/hr in print mode(4) at a later date all were below the detection limit(5). Hexaldehyde was identified in the fumes from particle board at 15-26 ug/sq m-hr in 300 Dutch homes(6). Hexaldehyde was emitted from three day old floor coverings at rates of 5, 34, 23, 16, 66, and 5 ug/sq m-hr for oak, pine, birch, varnished parquet, oiled parquet, and cushioned vinyl, respectively(7). The emission rates at 28 days old were 8, 6, 20, 13, 23, and 3 ug/sq m-hr for the same floor coverings(7). Hexaldehyde was detected in 42 of 44 furniture emission samples(8). Hexaldehyde was identified in the volatile organic compounds given off of particle board, water based polyurethane, unsaturated polyester, and water based UV cured particle board(9). Hexaldehyde has been identified in the emissions from linoleum(10).

Hexaldehyde has been detected in fireplace emissions when burning cedar (split wood, 0.075 g/kg), red oak (split wood, 0.060 g/kg), and green ash (quartered logs, 0.027 g/kg)(1). Hexaldehyde was measured in the emissions of burnt wood at 418, 90, and 189 mg/kg of pine, oak, and eucalyptus, respectively, in the gas phase(2). was detected in the emissions of cookstoves in China using various fuels (mg/kg fuel-mass basis): wheat crop residue,4.1; wood, 8.8; coal, 3.4; kerosene, 6.3; liquid propane gas, 16.0; natural gas, 17.3(3). Green aspen drying in a kiln at 160 °C for 2 hrs contained 30 ug/g of hexaldehyde in a laboratory experiment(4). Wood drying in a mill for 10, 30, and 55 days at 160 °C emitted hexaldehyde at concns of 124, 40, and 26 ug/g, respectively(4). Hexaldehyde was emitted from wood dried in a kiln at 130 °C for 10 and 30 days was 27 and 15 ug/g(4).

Hexaldehyde is a component of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(1).

Occupational exposure to hexaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexaldehyde is produced or used. Hexaldehyde was detected in whole building emissions at sites such as restaurants, retail establishments, hair salons, and fitness gyms at concentrations ranging from 1.56 to 277 ug/hr/sq m, with a mean concentration of 6.18 ug/hr/sq m(1). Hexaldehyde was measured at 3.2 ng/L at a swine production facility(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexladehyde via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing hexaldehyde(SRC).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for HEXALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1207; Hexaldehyde

IMO 3; Hexaldehyde

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid