Chloroform

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1499) of reports.

H302 (94.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (64.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (60.7%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336 (16.3%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351 (> 99.9%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361 (54.8%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361d (11%): Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (63.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373 (69.5%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1499 reports by companies from 47 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 1499 reports by companies.

There are 46 notifications provided by 1498 of 1499 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P317, P304+P340, P316, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Chloroform Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to chloroform vapor may include conjunctivitis and blepharospasm (twitching of the eyelid). Burning pain and corneal epithelium injury may occur from chloroform liquid splashed in the eye. Acute exposure may also lead to respiratory depression, chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, metabolic acidosis, central nervous system depression, headache, fatigue, and dizziness. Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, salivation, anorexia, and gastrointestinal irritation. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest have been reported.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chloroform may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloroform.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloroform.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 30 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Move container from fire area. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog or foam. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. For small spills, take up with absorbent material then flush area with water. For large spills, dike far ahead.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U044 and D022, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/ product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Chloroform (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Local exhaust as required to control TLV in air.

Wash thoroughly after handling, avoid breathing vapor, and avoid contact with eyes.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Chloroform (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Store only in original container. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep in tightly closed containers; storage code: LI

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from strong alkalis and strong mineral acids.

Glass containers should be dark green or amber. Technical-grade chloroform can be stored in lead-lined or mild steel containers of all-welded construction. When storage vessels are made of unlined steel, precautions are needed to prevent the entry of moisture.

Preserve ... at a temp not exceeding 30 °C.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Chloroform (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.5 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

2.0 [ppm]

64 [ppm]

3200 [ppm]

2 ppm (9.78 mg/m³) [60 minutes]

Ca ST 2 ppm (9.78 mg/m3) [60-minute] See Appendix A

50 ppm (240 mg/m³)

C 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) See Appendix G

500 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

500.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that inhalation of 10,000 ppm has produced clinical anesthesia [NIOSH 1974] and that exposure for 2 minutes to 1,107 ppm has caused dizziness and vertigo [Lehmann et al. 1936]. Workers exposed 4 hours/day to concentrations of 57 to 71 ppm complained of lassitude, loss of appetite, and nausea [Challen et al. 1958]. Exposures to 390 ppm were tolerated for 30 minutes without complaint, whereas 1,030 ppm resulted in dizziness, intracranial pressure, and nausea in 7 minutes, with headache for several hours [Lehmann and Flury 1943].

NIOSH considers chloroform be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [500 ppm]

See: 67663

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

10 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

Acute Inhalation: 0.1 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.05 ppm (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.02 ppm (L134)

Acute Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.1 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.1 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

Chloroform appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Denser (12.3 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Nonflammable under most conditions, but burns under extreme conditions. May cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption or ingestion. Used as a solvent, to make other chemicals, as a fumigant.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor; [NIOSH]

VOLATILE COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.

Highly refractive, nonflammable, heavy, very volatile liquid

Clear, colorless liquid

Colorless, highly refractive, heavy volatile liquid.

Pleasant, etheric, nonirritating

Pleasant odor

Odor threshold: 205-307 ppm

Characteristic odor

Sweet taste

143 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

61.12 °C

61.00 to 62.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

61.17 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-82.3 °F (EPA, 1998)

-63.47 °C

-63.2 °C

-63.41 °C

None (EPA, 1998)

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 7.95X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

Highly soluble in water

One mL dissolves in about 200 mL water at 25 °C

Miscible with alcohol, benzene, ether, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, oils

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Chloroform (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

7.95 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.8 (slightly soluble)

(77 °F): 0.5%

1.4832 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4788 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Density: 1.484 at 20 °C/20 °C

An alcholic solution of chloroform containing 6% by volume of chloroform, corresponding to 10.5% by weight and approximately 89% absolute alcohol by volume. Colorless, clear liquid. Chloroform odor. Density: approximately 0.85 /Spirit of chloroform/

Density (at 20 °C): 1.48 g/ml

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.7

1.4788 @25 °C

4.12 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.12 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.12

Slightly soluble in water. Dissolves in water to form a corrosive solution of hypochlorous acid which decomposes on standing to chlorine, oxygen, and chloric acid.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

CSL00037

CHLOROFORM + Alkali metals

Explosion hazard

Explosive

User-Reported

CSL00052

ACETONE + POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE + CALCIUM HYDROXIDE + CHLOROFORM

Chloroform and acetone interact vigorously and exothermally in presence of solid potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to form 1,1,1-trichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane.

Bretherick's

CSL00060

ALUMINUM + CARBON TETRACHLORIDE + MAGNESIUM + CHLOROFORM

Potentially explosive in the presence of Mg or Al powder

CSL00103

SODIUM + CHLOROFORM

Potentially explosive

CSL00107

SODIUM AZIDE + CHLOROFORM

highly explosive

CSL00108

ALUMINUM + CHLOROFORM

A mixture of acetone and CHLOROFORM in a residue bottle exploded. Since addition of acetone to chloroform in the presence of base will result in a highly exothermic reaction, it is thought that a base was in the bottle. [MCA Case History 1661(1970)]. Powdered aluminum and carbon tetrachloride (also methyl chloride and chloroform or mixtures of these chemicals) exploded when heated (to 153 °C) and by impact, [Chem. Eng. News 32:258(1954); UL Bull. Research 34 (1945), ASESB Pot. Incid. 39(1968)]. An inadequately cooled addition of sodium to a chloroform-methanol mixture (sodium methoxide) caused a violent explosion, [MCA Case History No. 693]. It is incompatible with dinitrogen tetraoxide, fluorine, sodium metal and alcohols, nitromethane, and triisopropylphosphine.

Mixtures with dinitrogen tetraoxide are explosive when subjected to shock of 25 g TNT equiv or less.

Chloroform and acetone interact vigorously & exothermally in presence of solid potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to form 1,1,1-trichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane. A laboratory incident involving the bursting of a solvent residues bottle was attributed to this reaction.

Heating aluminum powder with carbon tetrachloride-chloroform mixtures in closed systems to 152 °C may cause an explosion, particularly if traces of aluminum chloride are present.

Triisopropylphosphine reacts, when undiluted, rather vigorously with chloroform.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Chloroform (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong caustics; chemically-active metals such as aluminum or magnesium powder, sodium & potassium; strong oxidizers [Note: When heated to decomposition, forms phosgene gas.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chloroform is a clear, colorless liquid. It is used in the manufacture of fluorcarbon-22. Chloroform is a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, gutta-percha, resins. It is also used as cleansing agent, as well as in fire extinguishers to lower the freezing temperature of carbon tetrachloride, and in the rubber industry. Chloroform was formerly used as an anesthetic and in pharmaceutical preparation immediately prior to World War II. However, these uses have been banned. HUMAN STUDIES: In humans, anesthesia with chloroform may result in death due to respiratory and cardiac arrhythmias and failure. Renal tubular necrosis and renal dysfunction have also been observed in humans. Chloroform is irritating to mucous membranes, producing gastroenteritis with persistent nausea and vomiting. Symptoms following ingestion of chloroform are similar to those following inhalation. Cases of severe intoxication after suicidal attempts, with the same pattern of symptoms as after anesthetic use, have been reported. There are considerable inter-individual differences in susceptibility. Some persons presented serious illness after an oral dose of 7.5 g of chloroform, whereas others survived a dose of 270 g chloroform. Long term exposure to concentrations of 100-1,000 mg/cu m (20-200 ppm) of chloroform produce mainly neurological effects, with increased incidence of symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, lassitude, dry mouth, and anorexia. Some studies also observed effects on the liver, including jaundice, increased serum enzyme levels, and increased liver size. Exposure to concentrated chloroform vapors causes a stinging sensation in the eye. Splashing of the liquid into the eye evokes burning, pain and redness of the conjunctival tissue. Occasional injury of the corneal epithelium will recover fully within a few days. Dermal contact with chloroform causes chemical dermatitis (symptoms: irritation, reddening, blistering and burns). Chloroform with metabolic activation failed to induce chromosome breakage or sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: The oxidative biotransformation of chloroform is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 to produce trichloromethanol. Loss of HCl from trichloromethanol produces phosgene as a reactive intermediate. The reaction of phosgene with tissue proteins is associated with cell damage and death. The liver is the target organ for acute toxicity in rats and several strains of mice. Liver damage is characterized by early fatty infiltration and balloon cells, progressing to centrilobular necrosis and then massive necrosis. The kidney is the target organ in male mice of other more sensitive strains. The kidney damage starts with hydropic degeneration and progresses to necrosis of the proximal tubules. Mice are more sensitive to chloroform toxicity than rats. The carcinogenic effects of chloroform on the liver and kidney of rodents appear to be closely related to cytotoxic and cell replicative effects observed in the target organs. Chloroform has little, if any, capability to induce gene mutation or other types of direct damage to DNA. Two problems potentially compromise the interpretation of mutagenicity data on chloroform. First, there is a possibility that ethyl and diethylcarbonate, produced by reaction of phosgene with ethanol that is routinely added to U.S.P (US Pharmacopoeia) chloroform, could generate false positive results. Secondly, testing of chloroform must be done in a sealed system because of its volatility, and so studies that did not take this factor into account could give false negative results. There are some limited data to suggest that chloroform is toxic to the fetus but only at doses that are maternally toxic. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Levels of chloroform in surface waters are generally low and would not be expected to present a hazard to aquatic organisms. However, higher levels of chloroform in surface water resulting from industrial discharges or spills may be hazardous to the embryo-larval stages of some aquatic species.

Chloroform and the reactive intermediates of chloroform metabolism, especially phosgene, bind covalently and irreversibly to cellular macromolecules and cause cellular damage within the liver and kidney. While the exact mechanism is unknown, phosgene has been shown to react with molecules such as cysteine, deplete hepatic glutathione, form adducts with microsomal proteins, and elevate hepatic enzyme levels. Chloroform has also been shown to block HERG potassium channels, causing cardiac arrest. (L13, A11, A29)

Chloroform

1 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Trichloromethane

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

listed as chloroform; the total for trihalomethanes (THM) from the 1998 Final Rule for Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products.

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

Weight-of-Evidence Characterization: Under the 1986 U.S. EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, chloroform has been classified as Group B2, probable human carcinogen, based on "sufficient evidence" of carcinogenicity in animals (U.S. EPA, 1998). Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996; U.S. EPA, 1999), chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-exposure conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues (U.S. EPA, 1998). Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure under exposure conditions that do not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chloroform. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloroform. Overall evaluation: Chloroform is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Chloroform is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 73: (1999) Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances

09/01/76

Clear Evidence

No Evidence

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chronic exposure to chloroform causes liver and kidney damage. It has also been shown to have detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. Skin contact with large amounts of chloroform results in sores. Inhaling large amounts of chloroform can cause central nervous system and respiratory depression, and may be fatal. (L13)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L13) ; inhalation (L13)

Cough. Shortness of breath. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; dizziness, mental dullness, nausea, confusion; headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); anesthesia; enlarged liver; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Acute inhalation of chloroform causes dizziness, fatigue, and headache. (L13)

Cancer, Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)

Liver, kidneys, heart, eyes, skin, central nervous system

[in animals: liver & kidney cancer]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, weight 300-500 mg; dermal (using filter paper) 111 ug/sq cm for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 103-122 ug/sq cm) /> or =98% purity/

LC50; Species: Penaeus duorarum (Pink shrimp); Conditions: static; Concentration: 81,500 ug/L for 96 hr

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 560000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 950000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population changes, general /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Chloroform (89 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 40 and 160 ppm /chloroform/ caused no mortality in goldfish after 4 days while at 300 ppm a 30% mortality was observed. 40 ppm caused no mortality in guppies while at 160 and 300 ppm, 30 and 50% mortality, respectively, was observed. At 160 and 300 ppm the fish acquired darker pigmentation, retarded reproduction rate and growth, and caused an equilibrium loss (especially at 300 ppm). 40 ppm caused five-fold incr in leukocytes after a six month exposure.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of a marine diatom to eight common chemicals and one herbicide. The 50% reduction in the number of cells per milliliter and that of total cell volume was estimated in relation to each of the nine chemicals. ...Chloroform... /was/ classified as practically nontoxic (>100 mg/L). ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In Gasterosteus aculeatus /threespine sticklebach/ chloroform produced anesthesia which could be maintained for at least 90 min at concentrations of 210 mg/L. Exposure to concentrations higher than 300 mg/L resulted in decreased oxygen consumption and death ... whereas concentrations lower than 120 mg/L excited the animals and gave rise to considerable higher oxygen uptake.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chloroform is considerably more toxic to the juvenile stages of several species of amphibians /than to adult amphibians/. In a continuous-flow system, ... the toxicity of chloroform to embryo-larval stages of several species of amphibians after exposure for 7-9 days /was tested/ ... Hyla crucifer appeared to be the most susceptible species. An effect was found on the hatching rate of the embryos, which declined from 97% at 8 ug/L to 4% at 7340 ug/L. In addition there was some evidence of teratic larvae. During the 4 days post-hatching the LC50 declined from 760 to 270 ug/L. The other species tested were less affected and only Rana pipiens showed a high teratogenicity frequency in the offspring (100% at 27 mg/L at 18% hatching rate).

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Chloroform (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3.20e-01

1.40e+00

1.20e-01

5.30e-01

2.20e-01

8.0E+01(G)

2.20e-02

3.10e-02

1.00e-02

1.95e-03

Volatile

2.54e+03

1.60e+01

6.70e+01

6.10e+00

2.60e+01

1.20e+01

8.0E+01 (G)

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Chloroform's production and use in the synthesis of hydrochlorofluorocarbon 22 (HCFC-22), use as an extractant or solvent, chemical intermediate, dry cleaning agent, fumigant ingredient, synthetic rubber generation may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its indirect production in the manufacture of ethylene dichloride and as a disinfection byproduct in the chlorination of drinking water, municipal sewage, cooling water in electric power generating plants will result in its direct release to the environment. Chloroform is produced during the atmospheric photodegradation of trichloroethylenes. It is produced by the tropical red algae (Asparagopsis armata) and by the red seaweed (A. taxiformis). Chloroform has been reported to be produced by micro algae in the North Sea and open ocean of the northeast Atlantic. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 197 mm Hg indicates chloroform will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroform will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 156 days. Chloroform does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chloroform is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 34-196. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.67X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Chloroform is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. Under normal environmental conditions, chloroform is not expected to undergo biodegradation in soil. However, several studies have demonstrated that at low concentrations, chloroform can be anaerobically degraded by methanogenic bacteria in the presence of a primary substrate such as acetic acid. If released into water, chloroform is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Reports of biodegradation of chloroform in aqueous environments have both supported and refuted anaerobic biodegradation. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively. BCFs in various fish have been reported as 1.4-10.35 suggesting bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 3,400 and 340 years at pHs 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to chloroform may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroform is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloroform via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with chlorinated pool water and other consumer products containing chloroform. (SRC)

Chloroform is produced by the tropical red algae (Asparagopsis armata) and by the red seaweed (A. taxiformis)(1). It has been estimated that the mass of biogenic chloroform exchanged to the atmosphere from tropical oceans is 350X10+3 tons/yr(1). Chloroform has been reported to be produced by micro algae in the North Sea and open ocean of the northeast Atlantic(2). Chloroform has been reported at concentrations of 1-2 ppm in peat bog samples collected from a bog located in Lower St. Mary, New Brunswick, Canada in the fall of 1995(3). Chloroform was produced in spruce forest soil at a rate of 127 ng/kg wet soil weight/day in Store Bogeskov, Denmark in Oct 1998(4). Chloroform was found in wood degrading areas up to 1000 ng/sq m/hr(5).

Chloroform's production and use in the synthesis of hydrochlorofluorocarbon 22 (HCFC-22)(1), use as an extractant or solvent, chemical intermediate, dry cleaning agent, fumigant ingredient, synthetic rubber production(2,3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its indirect production in the manufacture of ethylene dichloride and as a disinfection byproduct in the chlorination of drinking water, municipal sewage, cooling water in electric power generating plants(2,3) will result in its direct release to the environment. Chloroform is produced during the atmospheric photodegradation of trichloroethylenes and is produced from auto exhaust(2,3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 34-196(2-3), indicate that chloroform is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloroform from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.67X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chloroform is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 197 mm Hg(5). In a study of chloroform residence time in soils, chloroform was found to have a half-life of 0.3 days when applied 1 cm deep into soil and 1.4 days when applied 10 cm deep, classifying it as "very short lived", mostly due to volatilization(6). Under aerobic conditions, little or no degradation of chloroform is reported up to 25 wk(7-9). Studies have demonstrated that at low concentrations, chloroform can be anaerobically degraded by methanogenic bacteria in the presence of a primary substrate such as acetic acid(10) and even better under sulfate reducing conditions(11). A 0% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(12) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 34-196(2-3), indicate that chloroform is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.67X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively(SRC). In a field study of chloroform volatilization, it was found that the volatilization half-life from the Rhine River was 1.2 days while in a lake located in the Rhine basin the half-life was 31 days(5). Chloroform is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment base upon estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 3400 and 340 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCFs of 1.4-10.35 measured in various fish(8-10), suggest the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Chloroform was not degraded aerobically or anaerobically in an aquifer storage and recovery site(11). Chloroform had influent concentrations of 15,250 and <5.0 ug/L and effluent concentrations of <14 and <5.0 ug/L using an activated sludge with a daily mass loading of COD/bacterial mass ratios of 0.3 and 0.6, respectively(12). [

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroform, which has a vapor pressure of 197 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroform is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 156 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.03X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The tropospheric half-life for chloroform has been estimated at 3 years(4).

AEROBIC: Under aerobic conditions, some investigators report little or no degradation in up to 25 weeks(1-3) while others report considerable degradation: 49% in 7 days, 100% in 28 days; however, a large fraction of this loss was probably due to volatilization(4); 25% in 14 days(5), and 67% in 24 days(6). No marine biodegradation of chloroform has been reported(7). Chloroform, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its Theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(8). Among the aerobic microorganisms, chloroform has been shown to be degradable only by methanotrophic bacteria(9). When it is introduced into an aerobic bioreactor for treatment, it appears in the effluent and is not degraded(9). At an air/water flow rate of 0.10 cu cm/cu m min, chloroform, at an initial concentration of 43.3 ug/L had an average effluent concentration of 3.6 ug/L with 32.5% being air stripped and 59.2% being degraded(10). Chloroform removal was low and a half-life was not observed after 42 days(11). Chloroform, at 1.0 and 1.2 mg/L, was found to be recalcitrant under aerobic conditions(12). Chloroform was transformed >99% when introduced to microorganisms previously fed butane after 50 days with a 10 day lag, but not when introduced to ammonia, methane or propane fed microorganisms(13). Chloroform had influent concentrations of 15,250 and <5.0 ug/L and effluent concentrations of <14 and <5.0 ug/L using an activated sludge with a daily mass loading of COD/bacterial mass ratios of 0.3 and 0.6, respectively(14). Chloroform was reduced from 0.12 mg/L to <40 ug/L after anaerobic digestion at 25 °C for 53 days and then was digested aerobically for 20 days which reduced chloroform to a not detected level(15). Chloroform was not degraded aerobically or anaerobically in an aquifer storage and recovery site(16).

ANAEROBIC: Several studies have demonstrated that at low concentrations, chloroform can be anaerobically degraded by methanogenic bacteria in the presence of a primary substrate such as acetic acid(1). When a batch study was conducted using a mixed methanogenic culture at 35 °C, chloroform underwent complete biodegradation from an initial concentration of 0.34 uM solution using acetic acid as the primary substrate(1). Chloroform underwent 96% degradation from an initial concentration of 0.28 uM in a continuous-flow fixed film methanogenic column which was fed acetic acid as the primary substrate(1). Chloroform has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on degradation at concentrations as low as 1.67 uM(1). At an initial concentration of 22.6 uM, 96% of chloroform was reduced by sulfate-reducing organisms(2). Rates of transformation by the sulfate-reducing culture were found to be much higher than the rates observed for an acetic acid utilizing methanogenic culture(2). The culture degraded chloroform primarily by reductive dehalogenation leading to the formation of an equimolar amount of dichloromethane, which was degraded at a very slow rate compared to chloroform(2). Additional acclimation of the culture for 1 year did not lead to any appreciable change in the rate of transformation of chloroform(2). Chloroform was not degraded under anaerobic conditions in leachate from a Gloucester site in Canada(3). Chloroform, at 1.0 and 1.2 mg/L, was found to be recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions(4). Under anaerobic conditions, slow degradation has been reported after acclimation(5) and degradation was reported in river bank (31% in <1 yr) and dune (100% in <3 mo) infiltration(6). However, another investigator reported no degradation in 27 weeks in aquifer material in the laboratory(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloroform with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.03X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 156 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Studies have shown that chloroform reaction with hydroxyl radicals has an atmospheric half-life of 80 days which amounts to a 0.9% loss per sunlit day(2-3). Chloroform is more reactive in photochemical smog situations (presence of NOx) with an average degradation rate of 0.8%/hr(4). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 6.5X10-5 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(5); this corresponds to half-lives of 3400 and 340 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(5). Under oxidative degradation, chloroform has been shown to produce phosgene, hydrogen chloride, water, carbon dioxide and chlorine(6). Chloroform decomposes at ordinary temperature in sunlight in the absence of air, and in the dark in the presence of air(7). Photodegradation does not appear to be a factor in aquatic systems(8).

Chloroform BCF valuess were reported as 2.9-10.35(1). A BCF of 6 was reported in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)(2). The BCF for chloroform was reported as 7, 4, 3 and 3 in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), respectively(3). BCFs of 4.1-13 and 1.4-4.7 were reported in carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 ppm of chloroform over a 6-week period(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Kocs for chloroform of 153-196 were calculated(1) based upon Kd values of 1.763-2.133 mg/g and % organic matter in tested soil (1.6-2.4)(2). Chloroform is adsorbed most strongly to peat moss, less strongly to clay, very slightly to dolomite limestone and not at all to sand(3). The Koc values measured for 2 soils was 34; 3 other soils with the lowest organic carbon content in the same study gave no appreciable adsorption(4). Field experiments in which chloroform was injected into an aquifer and the concentration in a series of observation wells determined, demonstrated that chloroform is very poorly retained by aquifer material (retardation factor 2-4), less so than other C1- and C2-halogenated compounds studied(4-5). Laboratory percolation studies with a sandy soil gave similar results (retardation factor <1.5)(6). Chloroform was reported to have a Koc of 65(7), 55(8), 47(9) and 34(10). According to a classification scheme(11), these Koc values suggest that chloroform is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U044 and D022, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/ product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Chloroform (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

/GUIDE 151 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Chloroform (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1888; Chloroform

IMO 6.1; Chloroform.

49 403 10; Chloroform (not elsewhere classified, other than technical grade)

49 403 11; Chloroform (not elsewhere classified, technical grade)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Chloroform is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. ??chemical?? is included on the dangerous goods list.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III