hexachloroethane

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.1% (1 of 32) of reports.

H315 (28.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (71.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (28.1%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (12.5%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H351 (59.4%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (56.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (75%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H411 (12.5%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 32 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 32 reports by companies.

There are 12 notifications provided by 31 of 32 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P273, P280, P318, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264+P265, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P332+P317, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P260, P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Ventilate area of spill; 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation or for disposal. ... Liquid containing hexachloroethane should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D034 & U131, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U131, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Chemical Treatability of Hexachloroethane; Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Halocarbons; Scale of Study: Batch Flow/Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound; Influent Concentration: 100 ppb; Results of Study: 100% removal; 98% desorbed from carbon by elutriation with solvent (Filtrasorb 300 used solvent included pentane-acetone, diethylether, methylene chloride-acteone, methyl chloride-acetone, and acetone).

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If materials not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Avoid breathing fumes from burning material. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Avoid bodily contact with the material.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROETHANE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, alkali metals and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

...Hexachloroethane must be stored to avoid contact with hot iron, zinc, aluminum, and alkalis, since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Before being stored or transported over longer periods of time, chlorinated ethanes ... should be carefully analyzed for water, free acid, and stabilizers because decomposition may lead to excessive corrosion. ... Chlorinated ethanes should not be brought into contact with tanks, containers, valves, etc made of aluminum. /Chloroethanes/

1.0 [ppm]

2.0 [ppm]

50 [ppm]

300 [ppm]

1 ppm (10 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 1 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix ASee Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

TWA 1 ppm (10 mg/m3) [skin]

300 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

300.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Based on the toxicological data relating to potential liver injury [Gleason et al. 1969; Elkins 1959], 300 ppm, the saturated vapor pressure at 20 C [Kirk­Othmer 1964] has been chosen as the IDLH.

300 ppm; NIOSH considers hexachloroethane to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [300 ppm]

See: 67721

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm, skin

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

1 ppm [1990]

9.8 mg/m

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The vapour is irritating to the eyes.

The substance may have effects on the liver and kidneys. The substance may have effects on the central nervous system. This may result in ataxia and tremors. Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Hexachloroethane:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear thick working gloves, safety goggles, universal gas mask.

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face-shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with solid hexachloroethane or liquids containing hexachloroethane.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

Hexachloroethane is a colorless, crystalline solid with a camphor-like odor. It may cause illness from inhalation or ingestion and may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. When heated to high temperatures it may emit toxic fumes. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. It is used to make other chemicals.

Colorless crystals that sublime at 185 deg C and have a camphor-like odor; [Hawley]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless crystals with a camphor-like odor.

Colorless crystals

Crystal structure: rhombic <46 °C; triclinic 46-71 °C; cubic >71 °C

Camphor-like odor

368.2 °F at 760 mmHg (Sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

Sublimes

368.2 °F (sublimes)

Sublimes (NTP, 1992)

368 °F (Sublimes)

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, oils

Very sol in ether and tetrachloroethylene

In water, 50 mg/L at 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

(72 °F): 0.005%

2.091 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.091 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 2.1

2.091 @ 21°C

8.16 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

8.16 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 8.2

0.4 mmHg at 68 °F ; 0.8 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.4 [mmHg]

0.4 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 53

0.2 mmHg

0.75 [mm Hg] @33.6 °C

log Kow = 4.14

Henry's Law constant = 3.89X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/ and phosgene.

... At temp above 185 °C, may give carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene.

Liquid hexachloroethane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coating

110.0 kcal at atm pressure and 20 °C

11,711.3 g cal/g mole

11.22 eV

Odor Threshold Low: 0.15 [ppm]

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

HEXACHLOROETHANE can react with hot iron, zinc and aluminum. Dehalogenation of this material by reaction with alkalis and metals will produce unstable chloroacetylenes. It can also react with strong oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992).

Hexachloroethane was among a number of chemicals studied for vigorous reactions with zinc, cadmium, or mercury.

Alkalis; metals such as zinc, cadmium, aluminum, hot iron and mercury.

Alkalis; metals such as zinc, cadmium, aluminum, hot iron & mercury

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Hexachloroethane

7 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

3 x 10 ^-2 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of hexachloroethane. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of hexachloroethane. Overall evaluation: Hexachloroethane is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Observation of carcinomas in one mouse strain after oral exposure. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Hexachloroethane: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 73: (1999) Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances

TR-361: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Hexachloroethane (CASRN 67-72-1) in F344/N Rats (Gavage Studies) (1989 )

10/03/88

Clear Evidence

No Evidence

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of hexachloroethane for male F344/N rats, based on the increased incidences of renal neoplasms. The marginally increased incidences of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland may have been related to hexachloroethane administration to male rats. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of hexachloroethane for female F344/N rats administered 80 or 160 mg/kg by gavage for 103 weeks.

The severity of nephropathy and incidences of linear mineralization of the renal papillae and hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis were increased in dosed male rats. The incidences and severity of nephropathy were increased in dosed female rats.

TR-068: Bioassay of Hexachloroethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 67-72-1) (1978 )

01/18/78

No evidence was provided for the carcinogenicity of the compound in Osborne-Mendel rats. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, hexachloroethane was carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice, inducing hepatocellular carcinomas in both sexes.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Redness.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; In Animals: kidney damage; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Cancer, Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys

[in animals: liver cancer]

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

ATSDR Final

IRIS Current

LCLo (rat) = 5,900 ppm/8hr

LD50 Rat female oral, diluent: corn oil, 4460 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Rat female oral, diluent: methylcellulose, 7080 mg/kg /From table/

LC50 Eisenia fetida (Earthworm, adult, 300-500 mg) dermal 19 ug/sq cm/48 hr (95% confidence interval: 16-23 ug/sq cm)

LC50 Daphnia magna 2.9 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/.

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 8,070 ug/L/96 hr (static, unmeasured bioassay)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age 0-24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 22.0 °C, pH 8.23 (8.16-8.29), hardness 196 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 172 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 6.56 mg/L (6.45-6.78 mg/L); Concentration: 1360 ug/L for 48 hr (1040-1790 ug/L) /98% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROETHANE (38 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /Fathead minnows, 44 days of age, in 24.7 °C water, in toxicant concentrations of 0.28 to 2.16 mg/L were studied/. Affected fish lost schooling behavior, had increased respiration, and lost equilibrium prior to death. No effect data recorded. Individual lengths and weight of the test fish not recorded; ... Measured mean weight was 0.28 g. The chemical was dissolved using dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent carrier. Samples not taken at 96 hr ... . Minimum detection limits were not recorded.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /Fathead minnows, 32 days of age, in 24.7 °C water, in toxicant concentrations of 0.29 to 3.34 mg/L were studied/. Affected fish lost schooling behavior, had increased respiration, and lost equilibrium prior to death. No effect data recorded. Individual lengths and weight of the test fish not recorded; ... Measured mean weight was 0.13 g. ... Mean recovery was likely >90%. ... Samples not taken at 96 hr ... . Control chamber concentrations were <0.001 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Static acute and renewal chronic tests were conducted with Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia reticulata to determine their relative sensitivities to selected organic and inorganic chemicals: 2-chloroethanol, 2,4-pentanedione, pentachlorophenol, hexachloroethane, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentadiol, endrin, silver, lead, chromium, and cadmium. The three species tested yielded comparable acute EC50 values for Dalphnia magna, Dalphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia reticulata varied twofold for hexachloroethane. Chronic EC50 values for the three species were within one order to magnitude for 2-chloroethanol, 2,4-pentanedione, cadmium, chromium and silver. Differences in the sensitivities of these three popular cladoceran test species were within one order of magnitude. Reproductive impairment in all three test species appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of chronic toxicity than survival.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The available freshwater data for chlorinated ethanes indicate that toxicity increases greatly with increasing chlorination, and that acute toxicity occurs at concentrations as low as ... 980 ug/L for hexachloroethane. ... Chronic toxicity occurs at concentrations as low as ... 540 ug/L for hexachloroethane.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The available saltwater data for chlorinated ethanes indicate that toxicity increases greatly with increasing chlorination and that acute toxicity to fish and invertebrate species occurs at concentrations as low as ... 940 ug/L for hexachloroethane.

1.80e+00

8.00e+00

2.60e-01

1.10e+00

3.30e-01

5.00e+01

2.00e-04

4.00e-02

7.00e-04

3.00e-02

Volatile

1.30e+02

8.00e+02

2.60e+01

1.10e+02

1.90e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

Hexachloroethane's production and use in organic synthesis, as a camphor substitute in nitrocellulose, in the manufacture of pyrotechnics and explosives, in metallurgical activities, limited use in the synthesis of metal chlorides, as a plasticizer, and as an ingredient in rubber formulations may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a military screening smoke will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.4 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates hexachloroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexachloroethane does not contain functional groups that react with atmospheric oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone. Hexachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, hexachloroethane is expected to have low to slight mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 1380 to 2360. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.89X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Hexachloroethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The biodegradation half-life of hexachloroethane in a non-adapted aerobic sandy soil was reported as 25-48 days. If released into water, hexachloroethane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the range of Koc values. Hexachloroethane injected into a shallow sand aquifer was degraded with a half-life of 40 days in 10 °C groundwater under anaerobic conditions. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 6 days, respectively. BCF values ranging from 1.0 to 708 suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high. Hexachloroehtane was not hydrolyzed at pH 3, 7, and 11 at 85 °C, indicating hydrolysis will be a slow process in the environment under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to hexachloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexachloroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexachloroethane via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

Hexachlorethane is not known to occur as a natural product.

Hexachloroethane's production and use in organic synthesis(1,2), as a camphor substitute in nitrocellulose(2,4), in the manufacture of pyrotechnics and explosives(1,2), in metallurgical activities(1-4), limited use in the synthesis of metal chlorides(3), as a plasticizer, and as an ingredient in rubber formulations(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a military screening smoke(1,2,5) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Because of its toxic properties, use as a plasticizer or in rubber formulations is decreasing(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 1,380 to 2,360(2,3) indicate that hexachloroethane is expected to have low to slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of hexachloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.89X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Hexachloroethane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.4 mm Hg(5). The biodegradation half-life of hexachloroethane in a non-adapted aerobic sandy soil was reported as 25-48 days(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 1,380 to 2,360(2,3), indicate that hexachloroethane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.89X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values ranging from 1.0 to 708(7-10) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high(SRC). Hexachloroethane injected into a shallow sand aquifer was degraded with a half-life of 40 days in 10 °C groundwater under anaerobic conditions(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexachloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.4 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Hexachloroethane does not contain functional groups that react with atmospheric oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone(3). Hexachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Hexachloroethane at 100 mg/L achieved 0% of its theoretical BOD using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L over a 2 week incubation period and the Japanese MITI test(1). The biodegradation half-life of hexachloroethane in a non-adapted aerobic sandy soil was reported as 25-48 days(2).

ANAEROBIC: Hexachloroethane injected into a shallow sand aquifer was degraded with a half-life of 40 days in 10 °C groundwater(1). Hexachloroethane was degraded by approximately 20% from an initial concentration of 7 uM in anaerobic groundwater samples collected from a contaminated plume(2). The mechanism was considered to be via a slower, microbially-mediated first step to form pentachloroethane followed by a more rapid dehydrohalogenation step forming tetrachloroethylene(2). Hexachloroethane transformation was not observed in poisoned samples(2).

Hexachloroethane does not contain functional groups that react with atmospheric oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone(1). Hexachloroehtane was not hydrolyzed at pH 3, 7, and 11 at 85 °C, indicating hydrolysis will be a slow process in the environment under environmental conditions(1). The hydrolysis half-life of hexachloroethane at pH 7 and 25 °C was estimated on the order of 1X10+9 years(2). Hexachloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Hexachloroethane was reduced to tetrachloroethane in aqueous solutions in the presence of 1 mM sodium sulfide and 0.2 mM juglone with a half-life of approximately 2 hours(1). Hexachloroethane at an initial concentration of 0.92 uM was reduced to tetrachloroethylene in an aqueous solution containing electrochemically reduced humic acids at pH 7.8 and 25 °C(2). The half-life for this reaction was approximately 50 hours(2). Observed first-order rate constants for the abiotic reduction of hexachloroethane by hydrogen sulfide in aqueous solutions ranged from 3.21 hr-1 (H2S concentration 100 g/L, pH 9.5) to 0.0603 hr-1 (H2S concentration 5 g/L, pH 7.7)(3). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 0.22 and 11.5 hours, respectively(3). Disappearance of hexachloroethane from an initial concentration of 5 uM in natural water from Lower Mystic Lake, MA that contained hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides was >98% after 10 days in unaltered water and >99% after 9 days in filter-sterilized water(4). The products of hexachloroethane transformation reported were pentachloroethane. Pseudo first-order rate constants for the reaction of hexachloroethane at 0.1 mM in clay suspensions containing ferruginous smectite were 0.37 hr-1 and 0.39 hr-1 in unaltered and reduced preparations, respectively(5). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 0.19 and 0.18 hours, respectively(5).

Bioconcentration factors of 139, 708, and 510 were measured for hexachloroethane in bluegill sunfish(1), fathead minnows(2) and rainbow trout(3), respectively. BCF values of 1.4-8.5 and 1.0-6.8 have been measured for hexachloroethane at 5 ug/L and 0.5 ug/L in carp(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of zero to 30 indicate the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms are low and from 100 to 1,000 are high(SRC).

The half-life for hexachloroethane in the tissue of bluegill sunfish was measured as <1 day(1). Thirty-day old fathead minnows accumulated hexachloroethane following a 1 hour exposure period, giving a steady-state bioconcentration ratio of 188.7 (accumulation/water concentration)(2). Free-swimming rainbow trout, partitioned hexachloroethane preferentially into fat tissue with a blood:water and fat tissue:blood ratio of 61 and 175, respectively, following 600 hours exposure; uptake was characterized by a very slow accumulation of hexachloroethane in the fat compartment(3). Fathead minnows and mayflies exposed to Hamilton Harbor (Ontario, Canada) sediment contained concentrations of hexachloroethane greater than the control organisms(4). BAF values measured for hexachloroethane in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), and Atlantic croaker (Micropoganias undulatus) were 759, 27,500, 15,100, and 27,500, respecively(5).

Measured Koc values ranging from 1,380 to 2,360 have been reported for hexachloroethane(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this range of Koc values suggests that hexachloroethane is expected to have low to slight mobility in soil.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D034 & U131, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U131, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Chemical Treatability of Hexachloroethane; Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Halocarbons; Scale of Study: Batch Flow/Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound; Influent Concentration: 100 ppb; Results of Study: 100% removal; 98% desorbed from carbon by elutriation with solvent (Filtrasorb 300 used solvent included pentane-acetone, diethylether, methylene chloride-acteone, methyl chloride-acetone, and acetone).

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROETHANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NA 9037; Hexachloroethane

49 412 25; Hexachloroethane

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UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III