diketene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (98%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (70.4%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (70.4%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (70.4%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (27.6%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (27.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (70.4%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 152 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use carbon dioxide, dry sand. NO hydrous agents. NO water. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

To fight fire, use alcohol foam.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray. Carbon dioxide may be used. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Diketene, stabilized/

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. Thermally unstable.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2521 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 60 m (200 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.7 km (0.4 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 1.0 km (0.6 mi)

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in covered containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commrcial sorbents. /Diketene, stabilized/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Diketene, stabilized/

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Disperse vapors using fans or blowers. /Diketene, stabilized/

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. Eliminate all ignition sources. Approach release from upwind. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. Releases may require isolation or evacuation.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from acids, bases and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Fireproof. Cool. Dry. Store only if stabilized.

Store at 32 °F (0 °C) in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Special vented containers may be required. Separate from oxidizing materials, acids, and alkalies.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.091 [ppm]

1.0 [ppm]

3.0 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: 1 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 20 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for diketene:[Table#3818]

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance may be irritating to the respiratory tract, eyes and skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with acids, bases or water. Above 33 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Diketene, stabilized appears as a colorless liquid with a disagreeable odor. Slightly less dense than water. Irritates skin and eyes. Used to make paints and pharmaceuticals.

Colorless liquid with a disagreeable odor; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless liquid; turns brownish-yellow upon standing at room temperature

Colorless liquid when pure

Light colored liquid

Pungent odor

126.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Heat of Fusion at Melting Point = 1.44X10+7 Joules kmol

93 °F (NFPA, 2010)

93.2 °F (34 °C) - closed cup

93 °F (33.9 °C) - open cup

93 °F (34 °C) - closed cup

33 °C c.c.

Very slightly soluble in water in which it decomposes slowly

Miscible with most organic solvents. Miscible with hexane

Slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane (ca. 12.5 wt% at 23 °C), octane, cyclohexane, and methyl cyclohexane

Soluble in common organic solvents

Solubility in water at 25 °C: slowly hydrolyzes

1.0877 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density (at 20 °C): 1.09 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.02

1.0877 @ 20°C

2.9 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.9

10.7 [mmHg]

VP: 1.07 kPa at 20 °C

10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1

7.5 [mm Hg] @19.3 °C

Self-initiated exotermic dimerization is explosive.

Turns brownish-yellow upon standing at room temperature.

Readily polymerizes on standing.

590 °F (310 °C)

Decomposes in water.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Begins to react and decompose exothermically at 208 °F (98 °C) or lower if contaminated.

0.88 mPa.s

42.89 kJ/mol at 25 °C

33.89 mN/m at 25 °C

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Explosive

Polymerizable

DIKETENE is a very reactive dimer, it may undergo a spontaneous decomposition followed by explosion or ignition [Vervalin, 1973, p.86]. In the presence of bases, amines, mineral acids or Lewis acids a violent polymerization will occur, accompanied by gas evolution [Zdenek, F. et al., Czech Pat. 156 584, 1975].

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. A violent polymerization reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or sodium acetate.

Reacts with water to form acetone and carbon dioxide.

Presence of mineral, or Lewis acids, or bases including amines, will catalyze violent polymerization.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetyl ketene is a colorless liquid, which turns brownish-yellow upon standing at room temperature. It is used in the production of acetoarylamides, pigments and toners, pesticides, food preservatives, pharmaceutical intermediates. It is also used as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry. HUMAN STUDIES: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: it was not carcinogenic in mice following dermal application or sc injection, and in rats after sc injection. Extended toxicity testing on mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits showed that ten minute exposures to concentrations of freshly generated acetyl ketene as low as 116 ppm was lethal.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LCLo (rat) = 20,000 ppm/1H

LD50 Rat oral 560 mg/kg

LC50 Guinea pig inhalation 3 g/cu m/2 hr

LD50 Rabbit dermal 2830 mg/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ketones and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Ketones and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ketones and related compounds/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Male Swiss-Millerton mice were painted 3 times weekly with approximately 100 mg of a 10% diketene in acetone solution per application. The entire backs of the animals were painted and the hair clipped when necessary. 4 control groups with 3 times weekly painting of benzene, acetone, benzo[a]pyrene, and no treatment were included. All tumors were excised at death and confirmed microscopically. The median survival time was 561 days. No tumors were observed.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The backs of female ICR/Ha Swiss mice were freed of hair and applications of close to 100 mg of 10% solutions were made 3 times weekly onto the dorsal skin. Mice were individually weighed and observed regularly and their tumors were charted on appearance. At the time of death all animals were autopsied. All abnormal tissues and tumors were investigated microscopically. Diketene did not cause carcinogenic effects in this study. The lack of effect was so far seen on the rapid hydrolisis of the diketene. The application of diketene in tricaprylin, in which hydrolisis presumably is slower, yielded however also no carcinogenic effects.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Subcutaneous injection in female Sprague-Dawley rats. 4 mg diketene in 0.1 mL tricaprylin was subcutaneously injected once weekly in the left axillary area. The rats were examined regularly for palpable masses and their condition was recorded once a month. They were treated and observed for their lifespans (543 days). No local subcutaneous sarcomas were found.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Subcutaneous injection of diketene in mice with tricaprylin as vehicle, once weekly. 1.1 mg per injection. No tumors were observed after 20 months.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Extended toxicity testing on mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits showed that ten minute exposures to concentrations of freshly generated ketene as low as 0.2 mg/L (116 ppm) may produce a high percentage of deaths in small animals.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 5 mg/L for 1 hr; Effect: biochemistry, fluorescence /formulation/

Acetyl ketene's use as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry and chemical intermediate for acetoacetic esters and acetoacetanilides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, food preservatives, and insecticides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetyl ketene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetyl ketene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.5 hrs. Vapor-phase acetyl ketene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 24 hrs. Acetyl ketene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, acetyl ketene is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 6. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, acetyl ketene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Water hydrolyzes acetyl ketene only very slowly, to unstable acetoacetic acid, which further decomposes to acetone and carbon dioxide. Occupational exposure to acetyl ketene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetyl ketene is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to acetyl ketene. (SRC)

Acetyl ketene's use as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry(1) and chemical intermediate for acetoacetic esters and acetoacetanilides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, food preservatives, and insecticides(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetyl ketene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetyl ketene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Acetyl ketene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(4) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetyl ketene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.39(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(5) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetyl ketene, which has a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetyl ketene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.5 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase acetyl ketene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 24 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Acetyl ketene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Acetyl ketene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetyl ketene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetyl ketene with ozone has been estimated as 1.1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 24 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Water hydrolyzes acetyl ketene only very slowly, to unstable acetoacetic acid, which further decomposes to acetone and carbon dioxide(3). Acetyl ketene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for acetyl ketene(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.39(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of acetyl ketene can be estimated to be 6(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that acetyl ketene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for acetyl ketene is estimated as 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetyl ketene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). Acetyl ketene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetyl ketene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg(3).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimated the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of acetyl ketene in the United States is not reasonably known; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Occupational exposure to acetyl ketene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetyl ketene is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to acetyl ketene. (SRC)

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 5 mg/L for 1 hr; Effect: biochemistry, fluorescence /formulation/

Acetyl ketene's use as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry and chemical intermediate for acetoacetic esters and acetoacetanilides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, food preservatives, and insecticides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetyl ketene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetyl ketene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.5 hrs. Vapor-phase acetyl ketene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 24 hrs. Acetyl ketene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, acetyl ketene is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 6. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, acetyl ketene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Water hydrolyzes acetyl ketene only very slowly, to unstable acetoacetic acid, which further decomposes to acetone and carbon dioxide. Occupational exposure to acetyl ketene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetyl ketene is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to acetyl ketene. (SRC)

Acetyl ketene's use as a reagent in synthetic organic chemistry(1) and chemical intermediate for acetoacetic esters and acetoacetanilides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, food preservatives, and insecticides(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetyl ketene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetyl ketene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Acetyl ketene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(4) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetyl ketene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.39(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(5) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetyl ketene, which has a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetyl ketene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.5 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase acetyl ketene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 24 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Acetyl ketene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Acetyl ketene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetyl ketene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetyl ketene with ozone has been estimated as 1.1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 24 hrs at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Water hydrolyzes acetyl ketene only very slowly, to unstable acetoacetic acid, which further decomposes to acetone and carbon dioxide(3). Acetyl ketene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for acetyl ketene(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.39(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of acetyl ketene can be estimated to be 6(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that acetyl ketene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for acetyl ketene is estimated as 6.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetyl ketene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). Acetyl ketene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetyl ketene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 10.7 mm Hg(3).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimated the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of acetyl ketene in the United States is not reasonably known; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Occupational exposure to acetyl ketene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetyl ketene is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to acetyl ketene. (SRC)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Diketene, stabilized/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Diketene, stabilized ID: 2521 [Table#3817]

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Diketene, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Diketene, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Diketene, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Acetyl ketene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2521 131P

UN 2521; Diketene, stabilized

IMO 6.1; Diketene, stabilized

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Diketene, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Diketene, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Diketene, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Diketene, stabilized/

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Transport only if stabilized.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I