Hexachlorophene

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311 (34.5%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 84 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Rest. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off waste out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U132, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.[

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for chlorinated pesticides (unspecified): Resin adsorption.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

... All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day and put on before work. ... Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Store at room temperature up to 25 °C (77 °F).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system and optic nerve. This may result in cardiac disorders, respiratory failure and blindness. The effects may be delayed up to 48 hours. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the nervous system and optic nerve. This may result in tissue lesions and blindness. May cause toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ... Wear dust proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. ... Provide emergency shower and eyewash.

NO open flames.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! AVOID EXPOSURE OF BREASTFEEDING WOMEN! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Hexachlorophene appears as a white free-flowing odorless powder. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.

White to light tan, crystalline powder; [HSDB]

ODOURLESS WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Crystals from benzene

Needles from benzene

WHITE TO LIGHT TAN, CRYSTALLINE POWDER

White, free-flowing powder

ODORLESS OR HAS ONLY SLIGHTLY PHENOLIC ODOR

Tasteless

166.5 °C

322 to 333 °F (NTP, 1992)

165.5 °C

164-165 °C

115 °F (Tag closed cup) /Isobac/

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in chloroform, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, olive oil, cottonseed oil, dilute aqueous alkaline solutions.

Soluble at 1 in 3.5 parts of alcohol, 1 in less than 1 part of acetone, & 1 in less than 1 part of ether

SOL IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF FIXED ALKALI HYDROXIDES

About 100 mg/mL in dimethyl sulfoxide at 20 °C

For more Solubility (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.33e-04 g/L

Solubility in water: none

log Kow = 7.54

7.54 (calculated)

pKa = 4.95

174.4 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID6020690]

Forms salts with alkalies and alkaline earths ... Phenol coefficient approximately 125 (monopotassium salt)

Fusion temperature

Melting temperature

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Phase transition

Quadrupole coupling

Transition enthalpy

Other Uses -> Biocides/Disinfectants

Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15

FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Fungicides

Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

Aryl Halides

HEXACHLOROPHENE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It forms salts with alkalis and alkaline earths. (NTP, 1992)

Oxidizers.

Hexachlorophene

Gastrointestinal

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

hexachlorophene

DILI Positive

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: no data; 2) evidence in animals: inadequate. Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. /From table/

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 20: (1979) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

TR-040: Bioassay of Hexachlorophene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 70-30-4) (1978 )

11/28/78

No Evidence

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, hexachlorophene did not induce malignant or benign tumors in Fischer 344 rats.

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Ingestion.

Redness.

Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Fall in blood pressure. Convulsions. See Effects of short-term exposure Symptoms may be delayed.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) = 340 mg/m3

LD50 RAT MALE ORAL 6 MG/KG

LD50 Rat oral 56 mg/kg

LD50 RAT WEANLING ORAL 120 MG/KG

LD50 RAT SUCKLING (10 DAYS OLD) ORAL 9 MG/KG

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Other therapies. Though this compound is quite toxic systemically and enhanced clearance methods would appear beneficial, there is no evidence to support the efficacy of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, hemoperfusion, or exchange transfusion.

Skin decontamination. If exposure has occurred through the skin, aggressive washing of skin with soap or detergent and water is probably beneficial, to remove any residues still on the skin. Since hexachlorophene is not soluble in water, water washing alone will provide no significant benefit.

Neurological support and control of seizures in critical to survival and should be performed, when possible, in an intensive care setting.

Cardiovascular and respiratory support are also very important to success in treating severe poisonings with this agent and should be provided in an intensive care unit in accordance with accepted medical practice.

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROPHENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, /proceed with/ ... the following: examination of the nervous system. Eye exam. Evaluation by a qualified allergist, including careful exposure history and special testing may help diagnose skin allergy. More than light alcohol consumption may exacerbate liver damage.

The assessment of hexachlorophene exposure can be accomplished through measurement of hexachlorophene, however, the correlation between blood levels and clinical effects is not good. Monitoring of infants for exposure may be more useful than measurements in adults, since infants appear to be more susceptible to hexachlorophene toxicity. However, this test does appear to be useful for identification of exposure. Whole Blood Reference Ranges: Normal - less than 0.03 mg/ cu ml; Exposed - People using mouthwash containing 0.5% hexachlorophene for 3 weeks, avg concentration 0.06 mg/cu mL; Toxic - level of 0.78 mg/mL was found in a child who died, however adults with levels as high as 2.16 mg/mL have been asymptomatic.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The accidental ingestion of pHisoHex in amounts from 1 oz to 4 oz has caused anorexia, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dehydration, convulsions, hypotension, and shock, and in several reported instances, fatalities.

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (bobwhite quail) oral 575 mg/kg /Isobac/

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) female oral 1450 mg/kg /Isobac/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C, pH 7.6; Concentration: 0.000487 mM for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) age 30 days, length 20.1 mm, weight 0.103 g; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 24.3 °C, pH 7.30, hardness 51.1 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 45.8 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 5.8 mg/L; Concentration: 21 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 19-23 ug/L) /99% purity/

1.90e+01

2.50e+02

6.00e+00

5.00e+01

8.00e+00

3.00e-04

Volatile

5.70e+01

7.40e+02

1.80e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Hexachlorophene's former US production and use in soaps and germicidal preparation may haveresulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Hexachlorophene's former production and use as a fungicide may have resulted in its direct release to the environment. Historically, exposure to hexachlorophene was primarily in hospitals, sanitariums, convalescent homes, and rest homes with its use as a germicidal soap. In 1972, the US FDA limited the use of hexachlorophene to prescription products and banned over-the-counter sale of cosmetics and drugs containing more than 0.1% hexachlorophene. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates hexachlorophene will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase hexachlorophene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Hexachlorophene has an atmospheric half-life of 4.9 days based upon average atmospheric reaction rates with hydroxyl radicals and ozone. If released to soil, hexachlorophene is expected to have no mobility based upon a reported Koc of 91,000. The pKa of hexachlorophene is 4.95, indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole and the pKa. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation in soil is not an important environmental fate process. If released into water, hexachlorophene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Hexachlorophene was not biodegraded in surface water in one study. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant and the pKa. BCFs of 82 to 278 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Hexachlorophene may be susceptible to aqueous photolysis by sunlight as it absorbs light at wavelengths of 302 and 312 nm at pH 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to hexachlorophene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexachlorophene was produced or used. Monitoring and past use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexachlorophene via dermal contact with medicinal products containing hexachlorophene. (SRC)

Hexachlorophene has not been reported to be a natural product(1).

Historically, exposure to hexachlorophene was primarily in hospitals, sanitariums, convalescent homes, and rest homes with its use as a germicidal soap(1). In 1972, the US FDA limited the use of hexachlorophene to prescription products and banned over-the-counter sale of cosmetics and drugs containing more than 0.1% hexachlorophene(2). Hexachlorophene's former production and use in soaps and germicidal preparations(3) may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Hexachlorophene's former production and use as a fungicide(4) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 91,000(2), indicates that hexachlorophene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of hexachlorophene is 4.95(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of hexachlorophene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(5) and the pKa(3). Hexachlorophene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7), suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 91,000(2), indicates that hexachlorophene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 4.95(3) indicates hexachlorophene will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization of the anion from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Hexachlorophene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of 82-153 in carp (Cyprinus carpio)(7) and 278 in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)(8) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Radio-labeled C14-hexachlorophene was not biodegraded in surface water from the Skidaway River, GA(9). Hexachlorophene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths of 302 and 312 nm at pH 7 and 8, respectively(10-11), and therefore may be susceptible to aqueous photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexachlorophene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase hexachlorophene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Hexachlorophene has an atmospheric half-life of 4.9 days based upon average atmospheric reaction rates with hydroxyl radicals and ozone(3).

AEROBIC: Hexachlorophene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Radio-labeled C14-hexachlorophene was not biodegraded in surface water from the Skidaway River, GA(2). In sediments from Skidaway River, radio-labeled C14-hexachlorophene was degraded with a half-life of 290 days(2).

Hexachlorophene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Hexachlorophene has an atmospheric half-life of 4.9 days based upon average atmospheric reaction rates with hydroxyl radicals and ozone(2). Hexachlorophene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths of 302 and 312 nm at pH 7 and 8, respectively(2-3), and therefore may be susceptible to aqueous photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The BCF of hexachlorophene in carp (Cyprinus carpio), exposed for 8 weeks to 2 and 0.2 ug/L were 87-148 and 82-153, respectively(1). BCFs for hexachlorophene in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) and snails (Physa sp) are 278 and 970, respectively(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC).

The Koc of hexachlorophene has been reported as 91,000(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that hexachlorophene is expected to be immobile in soil. The pKa of hexachlorophene is 4.95(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). A study of the mobility in Hagerstown silty clay loam soil TLC (thin layer chormatography) plates using 10 soil fungi and an alga (range of Rf values, 0.01-0.04, avg 0.01) indicated very little movement on the soil TLC plates(5). A monitoring study identified hexachlorophene in humic acid fractions of two sediment samples taken at least eight years after the FDA ban on the over-the-counter sale of cosmetics and drugs containing more than 0.1% hexachlorophene(6). These data indicate that hexachlorophene was strongly associated with organic matter which may have been as a result of covalent binding of the ionizable compound(5-6).

The Henry's Law constant for hexachlorophene is estimated as 5.5X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that hexachlorophene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). Hexachlorophene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.3X10-11 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

DRINKING WATER: Hexachlorophene was detected in samples of finished drinking water from 2 sewage treatment plants at levels of 3.2 to 24 ug/L and 16.4 to 44.3 ug/L(1). Hexachlorophene was detected in drinking water from Corvallis, OR at a concentration of 0.01 ppb in May of 1979(2).

SURFACE WATER: Hexachlorophene was detected in an urban drainage area in Greensboro, NC in 1972(1). Concentrations of hexachlorophene upstream (at 3 sites) and downstream (at 4 sites) from two wastewater treatment plants were 4.0-24.8 ppb (9 samples) and 3.2-44.3 ppb (27 samples), respectively(1). Concentrations of hexachlorophene in bottom water from this urban drainage area were 15.2-48.3 ppb (12 samples)(1).

Hexachlorophene was detected in all 35 sewage sludge samples from 25 different treatment plants across Canada; concentrations were 22.6 to 1190 ng/g and concentrations were higher in digested sludge. The samples were collected from 1994 to 2000(1).

Hexachlorophene concentrations and removal for 7 consecutive days were tracked from Sept 24-30, 1969 at a Corvallis, OR sewage treatment plant(1).[Table#847]

Concentrations of hexachlorophene in 24-Hour composite samples from sewage treatment plants located in Oregon; samples were collected Nov 13, 1969(1).[Table#848]

SEDIMENT: Hexachlorophene was detected in sediment samples from the Upper Haw River Basin, NC downstream from two sewage treatment plants at a concentration of 9.3-377 ppb, samples were collected June to Nov 1972 and once again in March 1973(1). In 1980, hexachlorophene was qualitatively identified in humic acid fractions of sediment samples taken from the Hudson River, NY and Buzzards Bay, MA(2).

Hexachlorophene has been detected in human milk at levels of 0-9 ug/L; exposure route not specified(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 403,543 workers (351,670 of these were female) were potentially exposed to hexachlorophene in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to hexachlorophene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexachlorophene was produced or used. Monitoring and past use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexachlorophene via dermal contact with medicinal products containing hexachlorophene(SRC).

Hexachlorophene has been detected in human milk at levels of 0-9 ug/L; conditions not specified(1). The average concentration of hexachlorophene in mother's milk (whole) after its application to disinfect the nipples (prior to FDA recommendation on stopping usage of hexachlorophene for this purpose in 1972) was 5.7 ppb (6 samples; range, <2-9.5 ppb). In 5 milk samples taken two years later, 20% were positive for hexachlorophene with an average concentration of 8.3 ppb(2).

In a study of the use of 3% hexachlorophene solution as body and hand soap, blood levels ranged from less than 0.005-0.38 mg/L blood, compared with mean baseline concn in 30 control people of 0.02 mg/L blood. After prolonged use of soap containing 0.75% hexachlorophene, levels ranged from 0.02-0.14 mg/L blood. In a study of randomly selected hospital patients, hexachlorophene blood levels ranged from 0 to 0.12 mg/L, with mean level of 0.03 mg/L(1).

Samples of adipose tissue obtained from neck during routine surgery contained mean concn of 0.01 mg/kg tissue; abdominal fat obtained at autopsy contained 0.04 mg/kg tissue. In another study, hexachlorophene was detected at levels of 0-80 ug/kg adipose tissue(1).

Whole Blood Reference Ranges: Normal - less than 0.03 mg/ cu ml; Exposed - People using mouthwash containing 0.5% hexachlorophene for 3 weeks, avg concentration 0.06 mg/cu mL; Toxic - level of 0.78 mg/mL was found in a child who died, however adults with levels as high as 2.16 mg/mL have been asymptomatic.

For more Body Burden (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROPHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U132, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.[

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for chlorinated pesticides (unspecified): Resin adsorption.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Recommendable method: Incineration.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Non-combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for HEXACHLOROPHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2875; Hexachlorophene

IMO 6.1; Hexachlorophene

49 218 64; Hexachlorophene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 24/25-50/53; S: (1/2)-20-37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III