1-Propanol

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3950) of reports.

H225 (> 99.9%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (11.4%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H318 (> 99.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336 (> 99.9%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3950 reports by companies from 50 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3950 reports by companies.

There are 49 notifications provided by 3949 of 3950 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for n-Propyl alcohol:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

To fight fire use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

/During/ fire fighting self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /should be worn./

Flash back along vapor trail may occur.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Consult an expert! Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Absorb on paper. Evaporate on a glass or iron dish in hood. Burn the paper.

Countermeasures recommended for treating spills: activated charcoal, biological treatment agent, gelling agent, absorbing agent, dispersing agent.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in an ... /approved/ sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for n-propanol: Biological treatment.

Incineration: Waste liquid can be atomized in an incinerator or can be disposed of by way of a licensed solvent disposal company or can be reclaimed.

Adequate ventilation ... /is/ necessary.

Clothing wet with liquid propyl alcohol should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for removal of propyl alcohol from the clothing. If ... laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the propyl alcohol, the person performing the operation should be informed of propyl alcohol's hazardous properties. Any clothing which becomes wet with liq ... should be removed immediately & not reworn until propyl alcohol is removed from the clothing.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and strong acids. Well closed. Fireproof. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Keep containers closed, store in cool, well ventilated place away from ignition sources.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

250 [ppm]

670 [ppm]

4000* [ppm]

200 ppm (500 mg/m³)

250 ppm (625 mg/m³)

TWA 200 ppm (500 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (625 mg/m3) [skin]

200.0 [ppm]

TWA 200 ppm (500 mg/m3) See Appendix G

800 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

800.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Mild irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat have been reported at 400 ppm [Nelson et al. 1943]. It has been reported that 5,700 mg/kg is the lethal oral dose [Durwald and Degen 1956]. [Note: An oral dose of 5,700 mg/kg is equivalent to a 70­kg worker being exposed to about 94,000 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]

See: 71238

100.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 100 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

100 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Other recommendations: West Germany (1974) 200 ppm; Czechoslovakia (1969), East Germany (1973) 100 ppm; USSR (1972) 50 ppm.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness. If swallowed the substance easily enters the airways and could result in aspiration pneumonitis.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Residues of n-propanol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.

n-Propanol is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for blended emulsifiers in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.

n-Propanol is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for blended emulsifiers in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.

N-propanol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol. Flash point 53-77 °F. Autoignites at 700 °F. Vapors are heavier than air and mildly irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. Density approximately 6.5 lb / gal. Used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products.

Liquid; CBI

Colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor; [NIOSH]

CLEAR COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless liquid

Colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor.

Colorless liquid.

Similar to ethanol

Odor perception threshold: <0.07-100 mg/cu-m; odor recognition threshold: 0.32-150 mg/cu m

CHARACTERISTIC RIPE, FRUITY FLAVOR

Taste detection: 7.50X10+3 ppm, purity of sample not specified

Burning taste

207 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

97.19 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-195.2 °F (USCG, 1999)

-126.1 °C

77 °F (USCG, 1999)

23 °C, 74 °F (closed cup)

22 °C (open cup)

15 °C c.c.

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

MISCIBLE WITH PROPYLENE GLYCOL

> 10% acetone

> 10% benzene

> 10% ether

For more Solubility (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1000.0 mg/mL

Solubility in water: miscible

1 ml in 1 ml 95% alcohol (in ethanol)

Miscible

0.803 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8053 @ 20 °C/4 °C

% IN "SATURATED" AIR: 2.7 (25 °C); DENSITY OF "SATURATED" AIR: 1.028 (AIR= 1) @ 25 °C; 1 MG/L= 408 PPM & 1 PPM= 2.45 MG/CU M @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG

Coefficient of cubical expansion: 9.56X10-7 at 0-94 °C; critical density: 0.2734; electrical conductivity: 2X10-3 mho/cm at 25 °C; specific heat: 0.586 cal/g/deg C at 25 °C; wt/gal: 6.7 lb at 20 °C

Heat capacity, liquid @ 25 °C = 141 J/mol-K; flash point, Tag open cup = 28.9 °C; autoignition temp = 371.1 °C; explosive limit, in air = 2.2 vol% (lower), 14.0 vol% (upper); electrical conductivity @ 25 °C = 2X10-8 mho; critical density = 0.275 g/cu-cm

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8 (20 °C)

0.800-0.805

0.8044 @25 °C

2.1 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.1

Highly flammable. Water soluble.

Alcohols and Polyols

Highly Flammable

CSL00096

CHLORINE + 1-PROPANOL

Potentially explosive in the presence of alcohols

Explosive

User-Reported

N-PROPANOL reacts with alkali metal, nitrides and strong reducing agents to give flammable and/or toxic gases. Reacts with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Converted by oxidizing agents to propanal or propionic acid. May initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents (NIOSH, 2024).

Ignition occurs when potassium tert-butoxide reacts with ... n-propanol ...

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions.

Strong oxidizers.

The vapor mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed. Reacts with strong oxidants (perchlorates, nitrates).

Contact of 1.5 g portions of the solid butoxide /potassium tert-butoxide/ with drops of the liquid (l) or with the vapors (v) of the reagents below caused ignition ... .

Strong oxidizers

1-Propanol

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

3 samples had 1-&gt;100 ppm, age 1-27 yr

Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Weakness. Incoordination. Confusion.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Aspiration hazard! Abdominal pain. Sore throat. Vomiting. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; dry cracking skin; drowsiness, headache; ataxia, gastrointestinal pain; abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; In Animals: narcosis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

n-Propyl Alcohol

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

LCLo (rat) = 4,000 ppm/4H

LD50 Rabbit oral 2.8 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1.87 g/kg

LD50 Rat ip 2164 mg/kg

LD50 Rat iv 590 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

N-PROPANOL INHIBITED N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE METABOLISM IN ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER.

IN VITRO ... WITH RAT LIVER SLICES BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE TO TRICHLOROETHANOL WAS FOUND TO BE ENHANCED MORE EFFECTIVELY BY N-PROPANOL AND N-BUTANOL THAN BY ETHANOL ...

ADDING 1 G/L OF PROPAN-1-OL, PROPAN-2-OL, BUTAN-1-OL, BUTAN-2-OL, ISOBUTANOL TO 40% ETHANOL IN ORANGE JUICE LOWERED AND DELAYED BLOOD ETHANOL MAX IN 10 20-30 YR-OLD MEN WHO DRANK 3.75 ML/KG OF SYNTHETIC BEVERAGE.

CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO N-PROPANOL WERE EVALUATED IN A CONTROL GROUP & IN PATIENTS BEFORE & DURING RECEIPT OF DISULFIRAM THERAPY. LOCAL CUTANEOUS ERYTHEMA WAS OBSERVED FROM PATCH TESTS WITH N-PROPANOL IN HYDRATED SKIN. SINCE REACTIONS NOTED FROM TOPICALLY APPLIED ALCOHOLS BEFORE & DURING DISULFIRAM THERAPY WERE NOT STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT, A LOCALIZED DISULFIRAM-ALCOHOL REACTION IS UNLIKELY. ERYTHEMA RESULTING FROM TOPICALLY APPLIED ALCOHOLS OCCURRED IN A DOSE RELATED MANNER & WAS CAUSED BY A DIRECT VASODILATORY EFFECT ON THE CUTANEOUS MICROVASCULATURE.

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with lactated Ringer's to support vital signs. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or a reading on a dextrose strip or glucometer of less than 50 mg/dl) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to propyl alcohol at potentially hazardous levels: 1. Initial medical screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions (listed below) which might place the employee at incr risk from propyl alcohol exposure. Skin disease: Propyl alcohol is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. Liver disease: Although propyl alcohol is not known as a liver toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the biotransformation and detoxification of foreign substances should be considered before exposing persons with impaired liver function. Kidney disease: Although propyl alcohol is not known as a kidney toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the elimination of toxic substances justifies special consideration in those with impaired renal function. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of propyl alcohol might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee developing the above listed conditions should be referred for further medical examinations.

n-Propyl alcohol can produce mild central nervous system depression. Other reported symptoms ... include dry cracking skin, drowsiness, headaches, ataxia, gastrointestinal pain, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting & diarrhea.

THE ACTIVITY OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE ACID PHOSPHATASE (EAPASE) WAS ENHANCED 3-FOLD BY N-PROPANOL. THE EXTENT OF HUMAN PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (PAPASE) ACTIVATION BY N-PROPANOL WAS LOWER THAN THAT OF EAPASE. THE ACTIVATION OF EAPASE WAS ANALYZED BY MEANS OF THE LINEWEAVER-BURK PLOT, AND WAS NONCOMPETITIVE. PAPASE ACTIVATION BY ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS WAS NONCOMPETITIVE.

Complete hemolysis or denaturation of human erythrocytes occurred in all aq propyl alc solutions after 45 min at 37 °C.

... MAY BE SLIGHTLY MORE TOXIC THAN ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, BUT IT APPEARS TO INDUCE MANY OF THE SAME BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... BY DAILY ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO GROWING CHICKS /IT HAS BEEN STATED/ TO CAUSE IMPAIRMENT OF GROWTH & IN OTHER ANIMALS GI IRRITATION ... .

RATS SURVIVED A 2 HR EXPOSURE TO SATURATED VAPOR BUT TWO OF SIX RATS DIED AFTER A 4 HR EXPOSURE AT 4000 PPM. EXPOSURE OF RATS TO A MINIMUM OF 20,000 PPM FOR 1 HR RESULTED IN NO MORTALITIES DURING A 14 DAY POSTEXPOSURE OBSERVATION PERIOD.

WHEN RATS WERE GIVEN 6.5 G/KG ORALLY, THE LD50 DOSE, THEY BECAME COMATOSE WITHIN A FEW MINUTES AFTER TREATMENT AND DEATHS OCCURRED BETWEEN 2 AND 18 HR POSTTREATMENT. NO MACROSCOPIC LIVER LESIONS WERE OBSERVED AND NO DEATHS OCCURRED WHEN 6 RATS WERE GIVEN ORAL DOSES OF 2160 MG/KG/DAY N-PROPANOL ON EACH OF FOUR SUCCESSIVE DAYS. APPLICATION OF 38 ML/KG/DAY TO THE SKIN OF RABBITS FOR 30 DAYS OVER A PERIOD OF 6 WEEKS RESULTED IN DEATHS OF ONE-THIRD OF THE ANIMALS TREATED.

REAGENT GRADE (TWICE REDISTILLED) 1-PROPANOL WAS ADMIN BY INTUBATION IN DOSES OF 0.3 ML/KG TWICE A WEEK TO 18 WISTAR RATS AGED 10 WK ... AVG TOTAL DOSAGE WAS 50 ML & AVG SURVIVAL TIME WAS 570 DAYS. ... SEVERE LIVER INJURY & HYPERPLASIA OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PARENCHYMA, 5 MALIGNANT TUMORS (2 MYELOID LEUKEMIAS, 2 LIVER SARCOMAS, 1 LIVER CELL CARCINOMA) & 10 BENIGN TUMORS /WERE OBSERVED/. THREE BENIGN BUT NO MALIGNANT TUMORS WERE FOUND IN CONTROLS GIVEN SALINE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of propyl alcohol might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 4.48 g/l/96 hr (95% confidence limit 4.10-4.88 g/l); age 30 days old, water hardness 47.0 mg/l (CaCO3), temp 27.7 °C, pH 7.40, dissolved oxygen 5.4 mg/l, alkalinity 43.0 mg/l (CaCO3), tank vol: 1.0 l, additions: 36 vol/day (flow-through bioassay)

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 4.48 g/l/96 hr (95% confidence limit 4.10-4.88 g/l); age 30 days old, water hardness 47.0 mg/l (CaCO3), temp 27.7 °C, pH 7.40, dissolved oxygen 5.4 mg/l, alkalinity 43.0 mg/l (CaCO3), tank vol: 1.0 l, additions: 36 vol/day (flow-through bioassay)

LC50 Ambystoma mexicanum (Mexican axolotl) 4000 mg/l/48 hr (3-4 wk after hatching) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Clawed toads 4000 mg/l/48 hr (3-4 wk after hatching) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LD100 Semotilus atromaculatus (creek chub) 500 mg/l/24 hr in Detroit river water /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Environmental effects of the substance have been adequately investigated, but no significant effects have been found.

n-Propanol's production and use as a solvent, chemical intermediate, ruminant feed supplement, and flavor and fragrance in foods may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Propanol occurs in nature as a result of emissions from animal wastes, microbes (by metabolism processes), plants (by fermentation and spoilage), volcanos, insect venom, and fusel oils. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 21 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-propanol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-propanol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is 2.9 days. If released to soil, n-propanol is expected to have very high mobility based upon a Koc of 33. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. n-Propanol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, n-propanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems; the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days. n-Propanol also has been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 62 hours and 31 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis will not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to n-propanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-propanol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-propanol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food additives and natural products, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-propanol. (SRC)

Natural sources are expected to release significant amounts of n-propanol(1). n-Propanol occurs in nature as a result of emissions from animal wastes, microbes (by metabolism processes), volcanos, insect venom, and fusel oils(1-4). Other potential sources of atmospheric n-propanol are photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons, combustion (eg, forest fires), and oceans(1-4).

n-Propanol's production and use as a solvent, chemical intermediate, a ruminant feed supplement, and a flavor and fragrance in foods(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). At landfill sites, n-propanol has been identified in the air and leachates(2). Emission of n-propanol via waste gases and wastewater occurs in industry, and diffuse airborn emissions occur during the use of the compound(2). For example, emissions may occur from diesel exhaust, plastics combustion, printing, sewage treatment, whiskey production, and wood pulping(3); also, from wastewater in the manufacture of inks, nail polishes, polymers, degreasers, vegetable oils, and brake fluids; and from consumer products including lacquers, cosmetics, cleaners, polishes, and pharmaceuticals(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 33(SRC) determined from a log Kow of 0.25(2), and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-propanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of n-propanol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 21 mm Hg(5). n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems(6-9); the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days(SRC). n-Propanol has also been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 33(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.25(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-propanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 62 hours and 31 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC) from a log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems(7-10); the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days(SRC). n-Propanol has also been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-propanol, which has a vapor pressure of 21.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase n-propanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.53X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: n-Propanol is readily degraded in laboratory tests using activated sludges, sewage seeds, and wastewater inocula(1-4). In 1 day test using 500 mg/l n-propanol and activated sludge at 20 °C, a 37% theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) was obtained(1). Biodegradation of 3, 7, and 10 mg/l with filtered sewage seed in fresh water resulted in a 64% ThOD in 5 days and 75% ThOD in 20 days(2). n-Propanol was 99% removed using acclimated activated sludge at 20 °C (71 mg COD/g-hr rate)(3). Biodegradation of n-propanol in fresh water, using a domestic and synthetic waste water seed, resulted in a 93% ThOD and 97% ThOD (in 5 day tests), respectively(4). Biodegradation of 3, 7, and 10 mg/l with filtered sewage seed in salt water resulted in a 43% ThOD in 5 days and 73% ThOD in 20 days(2).

ANAEROBIC: n-Propanol will be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(1-4). Typical n-propanol removal efficiencies for an anaerobic lagoon treatment facility with a retention time of 15 days were 77% and 81% after loading with concentrated wastes(1). In closed bottle studies, n-propanol was completely degraded anaerobically by an acetate-enriched culture, derived from a seed of domestic sludge(1). The culture started to utilize cross-fed n-propanol after 4 days, at a rate of 110 mg/l per day(1). In a mixed reactor with a 20-day retention time, seeded by the same culture, 41% removal was achieved in the 20 days following 70 days of acclimation to give a final n-propanol of 10,000 mg/l(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-propanol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.52X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.9 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). n-Propanol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm). Reaction with hydroxyl radicals in aquatic media will not be an important fate process(3,4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for n-propanol(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.25(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of n-propanol is estimated as 33(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 0.25(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for n-propanol is 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-propanol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 62 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 31 days(SRC). n-Propanol's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-propanol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 21.0 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: n-Propanol was detected in the drinking water supply of Washington, DC at a level of 0.001 ppm(1).

n-Propanol was found in 4 of 6 leachate samples from Minnesota landfills with a range of concns from 76-37,000 ug/l(1). n-Propanol was also found in groundwater suspected of leachate contamination (based on levels of inorganics) at a concn of 55 ug/l (2 of 13 samples), but not detected in ground water where inorganics levels indicated good or unknown water quality(1). The concn of n-propanol in municipal landfill leachates (compiled from 13 sources) was 11 mg/l(2). n-Propanol was identified in the volatile emissions from kitchen waste, kitchen waste exudate, and garden waste(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In 11 samples of air from a city in the United States in 1982, the avg concn of n-propanol was 0.00005 mg/cu-m(1).

Alcoholic beverages nearly always contain n-propanol as a product of fermentation(1). Beer contains up to 195 mg/l, wine up to 116 mg/l, various types of spirits up to 3520 mg/l, and neat ethanol up to 2910 mg/l(1). n-Propanol is present at low levels as a flavor volatile in a variety of foodstuffs and non-alcoholic drinks, eg: kefir culture, cream culture, filberts (roasted), raw milk, heat-treated milk, Kumazasa Sasa albomarginata, heated triolein, boiled buckwheat flour, tomato (ripe, juice, puree, and paste), Kogyoku apple, apple and apple juice, white bread, butter, cheddar/Swiss cheese, soy sauce, fish sauce, pigweed, winged bean (raw/roasted), soybean (raw, roasted), potato tuber, roasted watermelon seeds, babco fruit, tilsit cheese, endive, Valancia orange juice(1).n-Propanol was identified in fermentation brine of pimentos used for stuffing olives(2). n-Propanol was found in 31 commercial brines - 180 to 380 mg n-propanol/l ethyl alcohol; Cahors wine: 33 mg n-propanol/l wine; Corbiers wine: 12 mg n-propanol/l wine; Jamaican Rum: 31,300 mg n-propanol/l ethyl alcohol(2). The mean concn of n-propanol in headspace volatiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Napa Valley, CA ranged from 0.001 to 0.778 mg/l(3). n-Propanol has been detected (not quantified) in milk products including kefir and yogurt, and traces have been detected in fermented eggs(4). The range of concns of n-propanol in the volatile components of orange juices were 50-1140 ppb(5).

n-Propanol has been detected in lance (Japan)(1).

n-Propanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas in the United States(1).

... Common operations in which exposure to propyl alcohol may occur ... /are/: liberation and use during spray application of surface coatings containing solvent, polystyrene coatings, and dopes; liberation during use as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis; use on plastic film and sheeting with polyamide-based inks; use during textile and leather processing and in mfg and packaging of surface coatings as solvent in nitrocellulose lacquers, dopes, polystyrene coatings, inks, dyes, textiles, leather finishes, and artists' fixatives; mfg of cleaning prepn and polishing agents; use in extraction of vegetable oils, castor oil, and pharmaceuticals; use during cleaning and degreasing operations; use during cellulose processing; spinning of acrylonitrile; mfg of brake fluids.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 226,129 workers (84,196 of these are female) are potentially exposed to n-propanol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-propanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-propanol is produced or used(SRC). For example, occupational exposure to n-propanol occurs in settings associated with its use as a solvent or from fermentation process and sewage treatment plants(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-propanol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food additives and natural products, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-propanol(SRC).

n-Propanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas in the United States(1). The avg and range of n-propanol concns in human breath due to metabolic processes is 130 ug/cu-m and not detected-1,270 ug/cu m (8 subjects in zero air), respectively (2).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in an ... /approved/ sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for n-propanol: Biological treatment.

Incineration: Waste liquid can be atomized in an incinerator or can be disposed of by way of a licensed solvent disposal company or can be reclaimed.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1274; Propyl alcohol

UN 1274; Propanol

IMO 3.2; Propanol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II