1-Pentanol

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H314 (15.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H315 (84.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (25.4%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (97.5%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2793 reports by companies from 33 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 411 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Extinguish with dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective on fire. Cool exposed containers with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /pentanols/

The vapor is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /pentanols/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /pentanols/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /pentanols/

Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for pentanol: Activated carbon.

Amyl alcohol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /pentanols/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. If contact with the material is anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /pentanols/

/To prevent/ explosion above 33 °C use a closed system, ventilation, and explosion-proof electrical equipment. /from table/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, and alkaline metals and alkaline-earth metals. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

20.0 [ppm]

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause lowering of consciousness.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

Face splash shield, goggles, protective clothing, and cartridge respirator. (USCG, 1999)

Standard industrial hygiene controls should be used in limiting employee exposure. These include the use of barrier creams and personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. canister-type respirators capable of absorbing organic vapor will protect against pulmonary absorption in areas with low levels of air contamination. Airline respirators or self-contained oxygen equipment should be used in enclosed work areas and where there is high level contamination. /phenyl alcohols/

Personnel protection: Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. /pentanols/

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 43 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

N-pentanol appears as a colorless liquid with a mild to moderately strong odor. Less dense than water. Flash point 91 °F. Boiling point 280 °F. Vapors heavier than air. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Vapors may irritate skin and eyes. Used as a solvent and to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid; [Hawley]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless to pale yellow liquid

Colorless liquid

CHARACTERISTIC FUSEL-LIKE ODOR

Mild odor

BURNING TASTE

280 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

137.5 °C

136.00 to 138.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

-110 °F (NTP, 1992)

-78.9 °C

91 °F (NTP, 1992)

91 °F (33 °C) (CLOSED CUP)

43 °C c.c.

10 to 50 mg/mL at 63 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with alcohol, ether

Sol in acetone

MISCIBLE WITH MOST ORG SOLVENTS

In water, 22,000 mg/L at 25 °C

22 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 2.2 (moderate)

miscible with alcohol

(in ethanol)

0.818 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8146 @ 20 °C/4 °C

/Bulk density/ (wt/gal)= 6.9 lb at 20 °C.

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.810-0.816

3.04 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.0 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3

1 mmHg at 56.5 °F ; 2.8 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

2.2 [mmHg]

2.2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.6

low Kow= 1.51

Henry's Law constant = 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

680 °F (USCG, 1999)

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Highly Flammable

Moderately toxic, flammable if exposed to powerful oxidizers. Incompatible with oxidizing materials, hydrogen trisulfide [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 224].

Attacks many alkaline and earth alkaline metals forming flammable/explosive gas.

Incompatible with oxidizing materials, hydrogen trisulfide.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Nausea. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Temporary loss of vision.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Further see Inhalation.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

LCLo (rat) = 14,000 mg/m3/6h

LD50 Rabbit dermal 2000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse ip about 325 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse iv 184 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse oral 200 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 2200 mg/kg bw

There is no antidote for intoxication /of pentyl alcohols/. If symptoms develop, the victim should be removed from the contaminated area and given supportive treatment if it is needed. /Pentyl alcohols/

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Inhalation of amyl alcohol vapors by man caused ... vertigo ... dyspnea, and cough ... double vision, deafness, delirium, and occasionally fatal poisoning, preceded by severe nervous symptoms, have been ascribed ... to effects of absorption of amyl alcohol.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Amyl alcohol vapor causes stinging sensation of eyes and irritation of the respiratory passages ... producing lacrimation, and hyperemia of conjunctiva, but no significant corneal injury.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Neurotoxic effects of 1-pentanol include/ delirium; deafness; diplopia; CNS depression; preconvulsive movement; iritis. /From table/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

/CASE REPORTS/ Long ago a disturbance of color vision in a brewer ... /allegedly/ caused by amyl alcohol ... otherwise ... no authentic case of visual disturbance from amyl alcohol ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In an acute inhalation study, groups of 10 mice, rats, and guinea pigs were exposed to the aerosolized mixture calculated to be 14 mg/L for 6 hr. Two rats and seven mice died during the exposure; all other animals survived. Histological examinations showed the lung and kidney as the principal target organs. Appreciable lung edema was observed in the mice. Aspiration of 0.2 mL n-amyl alcohol caused deaths in 10 out of 10 rats. The deaths were instantaneous and were attributed to cardiac and respiratory arrest.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Irritating when applied for 24 hr, occlusive to intact skin of rabbits. /74% Pentan-1-ol, 25% 2-Methyl-1-butanol, 1% 3-Methyl-1-butanol/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Sensory irritation due to inhalation of n-pentanol, n-heptanol, sec-butanol and tert-pentanol was determined from the reflexively induced decrease in respiratory rate in CF-1 mice. The concentration-effect relations followed Michaelis-Menten equations, complying with receptor mediated processes. The relations were transformed into nearly rectilinear relationships in log concentration-effect plots, and the extrapolated threshold concentrations (RD-0) from the lines were 120, 28, 640 and 1210 ppm, respectively, obtained from the first 2 min of the exposure period. These values were comparable to those found in Swiss-Webster mice and to those obtained by electrophysiological experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats. The hydrophobic properties of the receptor biophase were found to approach that of the internal part of the bilayer membrane. Estimates on threshold limit values (TLV) were obtained and were found in reasonable agreement with the established values. The nose has a scrubbing effect, which reduces the concentration in the lungs in normal mice. n-Pentanol, sec-butanol and tert-pentanol decreased tidal volume in normal mice, explained either by an activation of receptors in the upper airways or by a sensitization of the stretch receptors. Two types of pulmonary responses were seen in tracheal-cannulated mice, which could be explained by an effect on stretch receptors and another type of lung receptors.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ N-Amyl alcohol in corn oil administered to rats by oral intubation at levels of 0, 50, 150 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 wk had no demonstrable effect on food consumption, body and organ weight, hematological values, etc.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebra fish) 530 mg/L/96 hr; static

LC50 Leuciscus idus (Golden orfe) 479 mg/L/48 hr; static

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, fry <24 hr old) 606 mg/L/96 hr; flow through

LC50 Alburnus alburnus (Bleak) 470 mg/L/96 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study describes effects of selected nonpolar narcotics of varying hydrophobicity (quantified by the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient, log Kow) and molecular structure on the population growth kinetics of the freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. The response of Tetrahymena exposed to different nonpolar narcotics varied from a change in generation time to a change in lag phase with similar generation time compared to control. Two narcotics with high (>3.00), intermediate (>0.00 and <3.00), and low log Kow (<0. 00) values were tested. Growth of Tetrahymena inhibited up to 85% by the high log Kow toxicants (2-decanone and butylbenzene) grew with similar rates as the control, but exhibited increased lag time, suggesting that the protozoan became acclimated to toxicant stress. Results from growth of Tetrahymena in the low log Kow toxicants (ethanol and acetone) indicate an increased generation time with increasing concentration. Cells inhibited by the intermediate log Kow chemicals, 1-pentanol and anisole, exhibited a response that was a combination of the previously mentioned two contrary responses. Cells inhibited <35% with 1-pentanol and <50% with anisole grew with similar generation times as control flasks, whereas in cells inhibited >35% or >50%, respectively, the doubling times were longer than control growth.

n-Pentyl alcohol's production and use as a solvent in the manufacturing of petroleum additives, urea-formaldehyde plastics processing, organic chemical manufacturing and raw material for pharmaceutical preparations, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Pentyl alcohol occurs in animal wastes and in essential oils of vegetation. It also occurs in volatile components of many foods. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-pentyl alcohol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentyl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. If released to soil, n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 160. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. n-Pentyl alcohol may also volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on its vapor pressure. Screening studies using sewage inoculum suggests that n-pentyl alcohol will degrade readily in the environment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. If released into water, n-pentyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 43 hours and 23 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound does not contain functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to n-pentyl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-pentyl alcohol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-pentyl alcohol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

n-Pentyl alcohol occurs naturally in animal wastes and in essential oils of vegetation(1). It also occurs naturally as a volatile component of many foods including blue cheese(2), cassava(3), nectarine(4), chickpea seed(6) and kiwi fruit flowers(5).

IN ESSENTIAL OILS OF BRAZILIAN & AMERICAN PEPPERMINT, SPANISH "ORIGANUM", THYMUS MARSHALLIANUS, ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA, EUCALYPTUS CANUTA, E AGGREGATA, OREGANUM, & COTTONSEED OIL. ... ALSO /IN/ ... BITTER ORANGE OIL ...

n-Pentyl alcohol's production and use as a solvent in the manufacturing of petroleum additives, urea-formaldehyde plastics processing, organic chemical manufacturing and raw material for pharmaceutical preparations(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 160(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.51(2)and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may exist (SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg(5). Screening studies using sewage inoculum(6-9) suggest that n-pentyl alcohol will readily degrade in soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 160(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.51(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4) Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 43 hours and 23 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of n-pentyl alcohol with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution has a maximum value of 4.8X10+9/M-sec at a pH of 5(7,8). Based on this rate constant and a value of 10-17 M for the concentration of hydroxyl radical in eutrophic water(9), the half-life of n-pentyl alcohol due to this reaction can be estimated to be 56 days. Therefore, this reaction should not be important in water(SRC). Biodegradation tests of n-pentyl alcohol with sewage and activated sludge(10-13) indicate that aerobic biodegradation will occur in natural water. Biodegradation tests under anaerobic conditions(14,15) suggests that biodegradation of the compound should occur in anaerobic water and sediment(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-pentyl alcohol , which has a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: In 5-day BOD tests with sewage as microbial inoculum, the oxygen consumption of n-pentyl alcohol ranged from 59 to 86.9% of the theoretical BOD(1,4-7). In a Warburg test with activated sludge as inoculum, the oxygen consumption at 1 day of incubation was 28% of the theoretical value(3). At concentrations above 300 mg/L, n-pentyl alcohol may have an inhibitory effect on the oxidative respiratory rate in the presence of activated sludge(8). The first order rate constants (at a constant microorganism concn) for biodegradation of n-pentyl alcohol in non-adapted activated sludge was 0.0285 per hr(2) corresponding to an aerobic biodegradation half-life of 1 day.

LC50 Brachydanio rerio (Zebra fish) 530 mg/L/96 hr; static

LC50 Leuciscus idus (Golden orfe) 479 mg/L/48 hr; static

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, fry <24 hr old) 606 mg/L/96 hr; flow through

LC50 Alburnus alburnus (Bleak) 470 mg/L/96 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study describes effects of selected nonpolar narcotics of varying hydrophobicity (quantified by the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient, log Kow) and molecular structure on the population growth kinetics of the freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. The response of Tetrahymena exposed to different nonpolar narcotics varied from a change in generation time to a change in lag phase with similar generation time compared to control. Two narcotics with high (>3.00), intermediate (>0.00 and <3.00), and low log Kow (<0. 00) values were tested. Growth of Tetrahymena inhibited up to 85% by the high log Kow toxicants (2-decanone and butylbenzene) grew with similar rates as the control, but exhibited increased lag time, suggesting that the protozoan became acclimated to toxicant stress. Results from growth of Tetrahymena in the low log Kow toxicants (ethanol and acetone) indicate an increased generation time with increasing concentration. Cells inhibited by the intermediate log Kow chemicals, 1-pentanol and anisole, exhibited a response that was a combination of the previously mentioned two contrary responses. Cells inhibited <35% with 1-pentanol and <50% with anisole grew with similar generation times as control flasks, whereas in cells inhibited >35% or >50%, respectively, the doubling times were longer than control growth.

n-Pentyl alcohol's production and use as a solvent in the manufacturing of petroleum additives, urea-formaldehyde plastics processing, organic chemical manufacturing and raw material for pharmaceutical preparations, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Pentyl alcohol occurs in animal wastes and in essential oils of vegetation. It also occurs in volatile components of many foods. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-pentyl alcohol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentyl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. If released to soil, n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 160. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. n-Pentyl alcohol may also volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on its vapor pressure. Screening studies using sewage inoculum suggests that n-pentyl alcohol will degrade readily in the environment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. If released into water, n-pentyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 43 hours and 23 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound does not contain functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to n-pentyl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-pentyl alcohol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-pentyl alcohol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

n-Pentyl alcohol occurs naturally in animal wastes and in essential oils of vegetation(1). It also occurs naturally as a volatile component of many foods including blue cheese(2), cassava(3), nectarine(4), chickpea seed(6) and kiwi fruit flowers(5).

IN ESSENTIAL OILS OF BRAZILIAN & AMERICAN PEPPERMINT, SPANISH "ORIGANUM", THYMUS MARSHALLIANUS, ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA, EUCALYPTUS CANUTA, E AGGREGATA, OREGANUM, & COTTONSEED OIL. ... ALSO /IN/ ... BITTER ORANGE OIL ...

n-Pentyl alcohol's production and use as a solvent in the manufacturing of petroleum additives, urea-formaldehyde plastics processing, organic chemical manufacturing and raw material for pharmaceutical preparations(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 160(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.51(2)and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may exist (SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg(5). Screening studies using sewage inoculum(6-9) suggest that n-pentyl alcohol will readily degrade in soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 160(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.51(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4) Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 43 hours and 23 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of n-pentyl alcohol with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution has a maximum value of 4.8X10+9/M-sec at a pH of 5(7,8). Based on this rate constant and a value of 10-17 M for the concentration of hydroxyl radical in eutrophic water(9), the half-life of n-pentyl alcohol due to this reaction can be estimated to be 56 days. Therefore, this reaction should not be important in water(SRC). Biodegradation tests of n-pentyl alcohol with sewage and activated sludge(10-13) indicate that aerobic biodegradation will occur in natural water. Biodegradation tests under anaerobic conditions(14,15) suggests that biodegradation of the compound should occur in anaerobic water and sediment(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-pentyl alcohol , which has a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: In 5-day BOD tests with sewage as microbial inoculum, the oxygen consumption of n-pentyl alcohol ranged from 59 to 86.9% of the theoretical BOD(1,4-7). In a Warburg test with activated sludge as inoculum, the oxygen consumption at 1 day of incubation was 28% of the theoretical value(3). At concentrations above 300 mg/L, n-pentyl alcohol may have an inhibitory effect on the oxidative respiratory rate in the presence of activated sludge(8). The first order rate constants (at a constant microorganism concn) for biodegradation of n-pentyl alcohol in non-adapted activated sludge was 0.0285 per hr(2) corresponding to an aerobic biodegradation half-life of 1 day.

ANAEROBIC: After a lag period of 7 days, 95-100% of n-pentyl alcohol biodegraded in 49 days under anaerobic conditions with digester sludge as microbial inoculum(1). The removal of n-pentyl alcohol at retention times of 4-5 days was 100% in anaerobic lagoons containing digester sludge or activated sludge as microbial inoculum(2). n-Pentyl alcohol biodegraded in two soils under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(3).

The rate constant for the reaction of n-pentyl alcohol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is 1.1X10-11 cu-cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. The rate constant for the reaction of n-pentyl alcohol with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution has a maximum value of 4.8X10+9/M-sec at a pH of 5(2,3). Based on this rate constant and a value of 10-17 M for the concentration of hydroxyl radical in eutrophic water(4), the half-life of n-pentyl alcohol due to this reaction can be estimated to be 56 days. Therefore, this reaction should not be important in water(SRC). n-Pentyl alcohol does not contain any functional group that are amenable to hydrolysis(5). Similarly, n-pentyl alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and the longest wavelength absorption band in the alcohols occur at wavelength below 200 nm(6). Therefore, n-pentyl alcohol is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for n-pentyl alcohol(SRC) using a log Kow of 1.51(1) and a regression derived equation(2). Based on a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of n-pentyl alcohol is estimated as 160(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.51(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-pentyl alcohol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for n-pentyl alcohol is 1.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-pentyl alcohol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) (2) is estimated as 43 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) (2) is estimated as 23 days(SRC) The potential for volatilization of n-pentyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.2 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: n-Pentyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in drinking water of unspecified location(s) in the U.S.(1). It was also detected in drinking water from Cincinnati, OH in 1976/1978/1980 surveys(2) and in drinking water from Seattle, WA in a 1976 survey(2). An unspecified isomer of pentyl alcohol was detected at a concn 0.001 mg/L in the drinking water of Washington, DC(3).

SURFACE WATER: n-Pentyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in sea water near Kitakyushu area of Japan(1).

GROUNDWATER: Unspecified isomer(s) of pentyl alcohol were detected at a concn 11.66 mg/L in groundwater from a sanitary landfill near Wilmington, DE(1). Unspecified isomer(s) of pentyl alcohol were also detected at a concn 0.065 mg/L in 1 of 2 municipal solid waste landfill leachate sample from Minnesota(2).

n-Pentyl alcohol was detected in the effluents from advanced waste water treatment facilities from Orange county, CA and Washington, DC(1). n-Pentyl alcohol is likely to be found in effluents from the following industries: plastics, synthetic resins and some elastomers; synthetic rubber; cleaning, polishing and sanitation preparation; industrial organic chemical; and petroleum refining(2).

n-Pentyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in air over the southern Black Forest in southwestern Germany(1). It was also identified, not quantified, in indoor air of schools in Stockholm, Sweden(2). n-Pentyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in 81% of the samples obtained from the air in 26 homes located in Finland(3).

n-Pentyl alcohol has been detected in volatile components of nectarine(1), fried bacon(3) and roasted filberts(4), Chickpea (Cocer arietimum)(5), kiwi fruit flower(7), Japanese apples(8), Cassava products(10) and Dalieb (Borassus aethiopum), an edible fruit of deciduous palm grown in Sudan(9). Unspecified isomer(s) of pentyl alcohol were detected in volatile components of fried chicken(6). n-Pentyl alcohol was detected at a mean concn 0.008 mg/kg in dry beans, at 0.019 mg/kg in dry split peas and at 0.095 mg/kg in dry lentils(2). n-Pentyl alcohol was detected at concns of 454-1267 ug/kg in commercial soybean curds(11). n-Pentyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in blue cheese(12).

n-Pentyl alcohol was found in 4 of 12 mother's milk collected from NJ, PA and LA(1).

Unspecified isomer(s) of pentyl alcohol was detected in the concentration range of 0.184 to 0.768 mg/kg (manure) in the volatile components of poultry manure(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1983) has statistically estimated that 23,189 (10,188 of these are female) workers are potentially exposed to n-pentyl alcohol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-pentyl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-pentyl alcohol is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-pentyl alcohol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC).

n-Pentyl alcohol was detected in the expired air in 4 of 8 male subjects (smoking and nonsmoking) at a concn range 0.007-0.60 ug/hr(1). It was also detected in the expired air of non-smoking healthy subjects(2) and the mean concn was 0.505 ng/L in 54 subjects with a percent occurrence of 22%(3). n-Pentyl alcohol was found in 4 of 12 mother's milk collected from NJ, PA and LA(4). It was also detected in 29 of 46 adipose tissues collected during the 1982 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey(5).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for pentanol: Activated carbon.

Amyl alcohol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Amyl alcohols; Pentanols/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Amyl alcohols; Pentanols/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Amyl alcohols; Pentanols/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Amyl alcohols; Pentanols/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for N-PENTYL ALCOHOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1105; Pentanols

IMO 3.2; Pentanols

IMO 3.3; Pentanols

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: Xn; R: 10-20-37/38; S: (1/2)-36/37-46; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III