Methyl Bromide

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H420: Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H221 (45.8%): Flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (87.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H301+H331 (24.5%): Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (45.8%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (54.2%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H420 (41.3%): Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P203, P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 155 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P363, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed for hours to days. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Methyl Bromide Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to methyl bromide may be severe and include tremors, convulsions, brain hemorrhage, paralysis, coma, and permanent brain damage. Respiratory effects include cough, tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate), pulmonary edema, and respiratory collapse. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes), pallor, ventricular fibrillation, and circulatory collapse may also occur. Lethargy, profound weakness, headache, dizziness, mental confusion, slurring of speech, staggering gait, and blurred or double vision are often found. Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and anorexia. Oliguria (scanty urination), anuria (lack of urine formation), kidney hemorrhage, and kidney failure may occur. Contact with methyl bromide may cause dermatitis (red, inflamed skin) and conjunctivitis (red, inflamed eyes).

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to methyl bromide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to methyl bromide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to methyl bromide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure: No information is available. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Full protective clothing, including self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, boots, and bands around legs, arms, and waist should be provided. No skin surface should be exposed. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

Non-flammable in air; burns in oxygen. Use water spray, foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. (EPA, 1998)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with appropriate extinguishing agent. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use flooding quantities of water as fog. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 123 [Gases - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1062 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 150 m (500 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.7 km (0.5 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

If in a building, evacuate building and confine vapors by closing doors and shutting down HVAC systems. Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak to disperse the gas. Wear chemical protective suit with self-contained breathing apparatus to combat spills. Stay upwind and use water spray to "knock down" vapor; contain runoff. Stop the flow of gas, if it can be done safely from a distance. If source is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep this chemical out of confined spaces, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.

Spillage Disposal: Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U029, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Controlled incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak, stop flow of gas or remove leaking cylinder to open air and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. If material is in the liquid form, allow it to vaporize. Stay upwind, keep out of low areas. Use water spray to reduce vapors. (EPA, 1998)

Fireproof if in building. Separated from strong oxidants, aluminium and cylinders containing oxygen. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Poison gas. Color Code-Blue: Health Hazard/ Poison: Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight. Maintain temperature below 40 °C; avoid heat sources. Protect against physical damage. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Contents under pressure. Refrigerate before opening. Storage class (TRGS 510): Gases.

Fireproof if in building. Separated from strong oxidants, aluminum and cylinders containing oxygen. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Store away from heat or flame since contents are pressureized.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred for cylinders. Isolate from active metals.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

1.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

19 [ppm]

210 [ppm]

740 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

20 ppm (80 mg/m³)

C 20 ppm (80 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

250 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

250.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: It has been reported that rats have survived an exposure to 2,600 ppm for 24 minutes [Irish et al. 1940]. . . .Human data: It has been stated that 220 ppm can be endured for several hours without serious effects [Clarke et al. 1945].

NIOSH considers methyl bromide to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [250 ppm]

See: 74839

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm, skin

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

1 ppm as TWA; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

1 ppm [1994]

peak limitation category: I(2); carcinogen category: 3; pregnancy risk group: C

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

Methyl bromide appears as colorless highly toxic volatile liquid or a gas. Boiling point 3.56 °C (38.41 °F). Usually odorless, but has a sweetish chloroform-like odor at high concentrations. Used as an insecticide, a rodenticide, a fumigant, a nematocide, a chemical intermediate and as a fire extinguishing agent. (EPA, 1998)

Gas Vapor

Colorless gas with a chloroform-like odor at high concentrations. [Note: A liquid below 38 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.] [NIOSH]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.

Colorless gas with a chloroform-like odor at high concentrations.

Colorless gas with a chloroform-like odor at high concentrations. [Note: A liquid below 38 °F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless, transparent, easily liquified gas or volatile liquid

Colorless gas [Note: A liquid below 38 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

Usually odorless; sweetish, chloroform-like odor at high concentrations

Methyl bromide has practically no odor or irritating effects in low concentration and therefore does not provide any warning of physiologically dangerous concentrations.

Burning taste

38.4 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

3.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

3.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-136 °F (EPA, 1998)

-93.7 °C

-93.68 °C

None (EPA, 1998)

194 °C /Open cup vs closed cup not specified/

NA (Gas)

2 % (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 15,200 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 18.5 g/L at 20 °C

In water, 13.4 g/L at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in water

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

15.2 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 1.5

1.73 at 32 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.6755 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density: 1.730 at 0 °C/4 °C (liquid); 3.974 g/L at 20 °C (gas)

Transition Point: -99.4 °C; Absolute density of gas at 101.325 kPa at 25 °C: 3.974 kg/cu m; Critical volume: 1.639 d cu m/kg; Critical density: 0.610 kg/d cu m; Critical compressibility factor: 0.209; Heat of transition at -99.4 °C = 1.195 kcal/kg

Saturated liquid density: 107.700 lb/cu ft at 35 °F; Liquid heat capacity: 0.198 Btu/lb-feet at 35 °F; Liquid thermal conductivity: 0.700 Btu-inch/hr-sq ft-F at 30 °F; Saturated vapor pressure: 27.710 lb/sq in at 70 °F; Saturated vapor density: 0.46270 lb/cu ft at 70 °F; Ideal gas heat capacity: 0.106 Btu/lb-F at 75 °F

Relative density (water = 1): 1.7 (liquid, 0 °C)

1.73 (liquid at 32 °F)

1.6755 @ 20°C

1.73 (Liquid at 32 °F)

3.36(relative gas density)

3.27 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.27 at 20 °C (Air = 1)

Nonflammable over a wide range of concentrations in air. Slightly soluble in water (about 1.75 g/100 mL of solution at 20 °C). Reacts slowly with water to give methyl alcohol and hydrobromic acid. [Kirk-Othmer Vol. 4].

Halogenated Organic Compounds

METHYL BROMIDE is incompatible with metals, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene oxide. [Lewis]. Can give flammable products if mixed with potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and other strong bases. Methyl bromide in a steel tank reacted with an aluminum tube (part of the level gauge) producing methyl aluminum bromide. When the latter was subsequently exposed to air, enough heat was produced to ignite the methyl bromide-compressed air mixture above the liquid layer. The ensuing explosion shattered the tank (also incompatible with zinc, magnesium, and alloys)[Chem. Eng. Pro. 58(8). 1962]. A reaction between methyl bromide and dimethyl sulfoxide resulted in an explosion that shattered the apparatus [NFPA 491M. 1991].

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, Plastics, Rubber, Aluminum, Strong bases, and its alloys, Alkali metals, Zinc.

Reacts with strong oxidants. Attacks many metals in the presence of water. Attacks aluminium, zinc and magnesium. This produces pyrophoric compounds. This generates fire and explosion hazard.

Risk of fire and explosion on contact with aluminium, zinc, magnesium or oxygen.

Aluminum, magnesium, strong oxidizers. [Note: Attacks aluminum to form aluminum trimethyl which is SPONTANEOUSLY flammable.]

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Aluminum, magnesium, strong oxidizers [Note: Attacks aluminum to form aluminum trimethyl, which is SPONTANEOUSLY flammable.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Methyl bromide is a colorless gas. Methyl bromide's most prevalent use pattern is as a soil fumigant. It is also used as a post harvest treatment of commodities and structural fumigation. Structural non-food treatments (such as residential buildings) are reportedly no longer performed. It is also used in synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, either as a methylating agent or as the Grignard reagent, methylmagnesium bromide. HUMAN STUDIES: Methyl bromide can cause severe irritation and corrosive skin injury, blisters and vesicles resembling second-degree burns. In particular, severe injury may occur if gas or liquid is trapped in gloves, boots or other clothing. A number of fatalities have occurred in humans from inhalation of methyl bromide. Overwhelming exposure may cause death from CNS depression and respiratory failure. In addition, inhalation exposure to high levels of methyl bromide may cause direct damage to lungs resulting in chemical pneumonia and edema that also may be fatal. Secondarily, inhalation exposure may damage the central and peripheral nervous system. In cases where damage to the lung is not fatal, death may result from convulsions or coma. Where death has not resulted, CNS and PNS damage may persist, the former as organic brain syndrome and the latter as a peripheral neuropathy in cases of heavy exposure. CNS and PNS damage results more commonly from episodic or high level chronic rather than acute exposure. More rarely, renal and hepatic sequelae may ensue from acute overexposure to methyl bromide. Human experience indicates that acute fatal intoxication can result from exposures to vapor levels as low as 1164 to 1552 mg/cu m, and harmful effects can occur at 388 mg/cu m or more. Systemic poisoning has been reported to occur from a two week exposure (8 hr/day) at about 136 mg/cu m. Symptoms generally increase in severity with increasing levels of exposure and may vary somewhat according to exposure circumstances and individual susceptibility. In sublethal poisoning cases a latency period of 2 to 48 hr (usually about 4 to 6 hr) occurs between exposure and onset of symptoms. Exposure of human lymphocyte cultures to 4.3% methyl bromide for 100 sec increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges from 10.0 to 16.8%. Compared to individuals with no history of methyl bromide exposure, samples from exposed workers showed an increased incidence of micronuclei in oropharyngeal cells, and an increased frequency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (hprt) mutations in lymphocyte. ANIMAL STUDIES: Experimental exposure of a rabbit's eye to pure methyl bromide gas at room temperature for one and one half minutes caused immediate loss of surface luster, followed in several hours by loss of corneal epithelium, and much edema of the conjunctivae and lids. A day later the corneal stroma was bluish, much swollen, and nearly opaque, but within five days the cornea started to clear. Toxic responses in rabbits administered bromomethane sc at 20-120 mg/kg included limb paralysis, cessation of drinking, reduced urine excretion. Levels >50 mg/kg sharply increased the blood bromide level and reduced platelets, serotonin, and water content. Mice were exposed to 0, 0.87, 1.72, 2.20, 2.70, 3.50, 3.82, 4.70, 5.77, or 5.93 mg/L. Animals exposed to 3.50 mg/L or more exhibited kidney lesions. Animals with exposure to 2.20 or 2.70 mg/L showed decreased lung and liver weight. Liver lesions appeared in animals exposed to 4.70 mg/L. Animals exposed to 5.77 mg/L developed decreased motor coordination. Oral administration of 25 and 50 mg/kg bw methyl bromide by gavage for periods of 20, 60, 90 and 120 days, caused ulceration and epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach in rats without evidence of malignancy. In other experiment, the incidence of adenomas of the pituitary gland was significantly increased in high-dose males compared with controls. In females, no increase in the incidence of tumors related to treatment was observed. No clinical evidence of maternal toxicity, fetoxicity or developmental toxicity was observed in rats. Inseminated rabbits exposed to 70 ppm methyl bromide were terminated due to excessive mortality and neurotoxicity characterized by convulsions and paresis in the hind limbs seen after one week of treatment. Control and 20 ppm exposed rabbits were sacrificed on gestation day 30. No fetoxicity nor developmental toxicity was noted in the 20 ppm group. Alkylation of guanine-N-7 in DNA of liver and spleen was observed after treatment of male mice with (14)C methyl bromide by inhalation. Methyl bromide was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 when tested at concn of 0.02-0.2% in desiccators in absence of metabolic activation. A commercial methyl bromide was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and TA100 (but not to TA1538 or TA98) and to Escherchia coli WP2 hcr in the absence of metabolic activation. Micronuclei were induced in bone marrow cells of rats and mice and in peripheral blood cells of mice exposed to methyl bromide by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 2 wk. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Morphological damage to the gill epithelium, indicative of alkylation of cell membranes, was the most pronounced effect of methyl bromide in carp. Not hazardous to bees when used as described.

Organobromide compounds such as bromomethane are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can readily modify free thiols (cysteines) and methionine residues of the surfaces of proteins leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. The bromide ion (which is produced from bromomethane metabolism in the body) is known to affect the central nervous system, causing a condition called bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, T104). However, the exact mechanism of toxicity for methyl bromide is currently uncertain, although its alkylating property as well as the reactive intermediates formed through metabolic transformation remain attractive hypotheses.

Bromomethane

Gastrointestinal

Respiratory

1.4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

5 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

Listed as Methyl bromide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of methyl bromide. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of methyl bromide. Overall evaluation: Methyl bromide is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans (Group 3).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Methyl bromide

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 41: (1986) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Pesticide Exposures

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Methyl Bromide

TR-385: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Methyl Bromide (CASRN 74-83-9) in B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1992 )

11/19/90

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, methyl bromide caused degenerative changes in the cerebellum and cerebrum, myocardial degeneration and cardiomyopathy, sternal dysplasia, and olfactory epithelial necrosis and metaplasia. Toxic effects persisted although exposure to methyl bromide in the 100 ppm group terminated after 20 weeks. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of methyl bromide in male or female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 10, 33, or 100 ppm.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Bromomethane is highly toxic. Studies in humans indicate that the lung may be severely injured by the acute (short-term) inhalation of bromomethane. Acute and chronic (long-term) inhalation of bromomethane can lead to neurological effects in humans. Neurological effects have also been reported in animals. Degenerative and proliferative lesions in the nasal cavity developed in rats chronically exposed to bromomethane by inhalation. Chronic inhalation exposure of male animals has resulted in effects on the testes at high concentrations. Studies in humans indicate that the lung may be most severely injured by the acute inhalation exposure of bromomethane. The kidney is also sensitive to bromomethane. Anuria and proteinuria are common signs of renal injury in acutely exposed humans.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin also as a vapour.

inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Headache. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Weakness. Shortness of breath. Confusion. Hallucinations. Loss of speech. Incoordination. Convulsions. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Tingling sensation. Itching. Burning sensation. Redness. Blisters. Pain. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Temporary loss of vision.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; muscle weak, incoordination, visual disturbance, dizziness; nausea, vomiting, headache; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); hand tremor; convulsions; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); skin vesiculation; liquid: frostbite; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Breathing modest amounts of bromomethane may lead to the development of a headache, nausea and weakness after several hours. Breathing high concentrations of bromomethane may cause pulmonary edema, impairing respiratory function. Acute exposure by inhalation of bromomethane frequently leads to neurological effects in humans. Symptoms of acute exposure in humans include headaches, dizziness, fainting, apathy, weakness, confusion, speech impairment, visual effects, numbness, twitching, and tremors; in severe cases paralysis and convulsions are possible. Bromomethane is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Dermal exposure to bromomethane can cause itching, redness, and blisters in humans. Neurological effects, including lethargy, forelimb twitching, tremors, and paralysis, have also been observed after chronic exposure to bromomethane.

Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

[in animals: lung, kidney & forestomach tumors]

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

LD50; Species: /Colinus virginianus/ (Northern bobwhite) oral 73 mg/kg (95% confidence limit: 62.5-125 mg/kg) /from table/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill); Conditions: static bioassay, freshwater, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 11 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (tidewater silverside); Conditions: static bioassay, synthetic seawater, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 12 ppm for 96 hr

LD50; Species: Coleoptera (various weeville and beetles); Concentration: 4.505 mg/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The available data for halomethanes indicate that acute toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 11,000 ug/L. ... No data are available concerning the chronic toxicity of halomethanes to sensitive freshwater aquatic life. /Halomethanes/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The available data for halomethanes indicate that acute and chronic toxicity to saltwater aquatic life occur at concentration as low as 12000 and 6400 ug/L, respectively. ... A decrease in algal cell numbers occurs at concentrations as low as 11,500 ug/L. /Halomethanes/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity of methyl bromide to carp was determined in experiments with a 4 hr exposure period. The 4 hr median lethal concentration was calculated at approximately 17 mg/L ie, the order of magnitude of actually encountered peak concentration in surface water. The concentration effect curve was very steep and the response was somewhat delayed. Morphological damage to the gill epithelium, indicative of alkylation of cell membranes, was the most pronounced effect of methyl bromide. It consisted of initial swelling of the lymphatic space and vacuolization of the epithelial cells, followed by disintegration of the epithelium and invasion of leukocytes.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a chronic (12-day) study in Daphnia reproduction was inhibited at 0.1 mg/L. The author concluded that the reason for the high mortality was unclear and could have been due to a transient decrease in the overall viability of the Daphnia magna population.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

6.80e+00

3.00e+01

5.20e+00

2.20e+01

7.50e+00

8.0E+01(G)

1.90e-03

1.40e-03

5.00e-03

Volatile

3.59e+03

2.10e+01

9.00e+01

1.60e+01

6.60e+01

2.30e+01

8.0E+01 (G)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment because of its impact on the ozone layer. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Methyl bromide's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide, acaricide, nematicide, rodenticide and soil sterilant will result in its direct release to the environment. Under the Montreal Protocol, use of methyl bromide in industrialized countries was to be completely eliminated in 2005. In non-industrial countries, use was to be completely eliminated in 2015. The bulk of the methyl bromide detected in the environment is believed to be released from oceans; the gross flux of methyl bromide to the atmosphere from the oceans is 3.9X10+10 g/yr. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1620 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates methyl bromide will exist in the gas phase. Gas-phase methyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is about 1.5 years. Methyl bromide absorbs UV light at wavelength 200 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm. Upward diffusion of methyl bromide to the stratosphere occurs into which lower wavelength light can penetrate and where photolysis is expected to be the predominant removal mechanism for methyl bromide. If released to soil, methyl bromide is expected to have very high mobility based upon Koc values of 9 to 22. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.34X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Methyl bromide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Chemical reactions, likely nucleophilic substitutions on soil organic matter, are the predominant pathway through which methyl bromide degrades in soil. If released into water, methyl bromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon its Koc values. Utilizing a sludge test, 17% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.0 hours and 3.9 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process based on a half-life of 20 days under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to methyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl bromide is produced or used. US farm workers may have been exposed to methyl bromide during its past use as a soil sterilant. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl bromide via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

The bulk of the methyl bromide detected in the environment is believed to be released from oceans(1,2). Mean aquatic production of methyl bromide was estimated at 1.5X10+10 g/yr(3). Of the methyl bromide produced in the ocean, 60-75% of it is destroyed in situ, with the remainder being emitted to the atmosphere(3). The gross flux of methyl bromide to the atmosphere from the oceans is 3.9X10+10 g/yr(3). Global biomass burning could contribute an average of 3X10+10 g (range, 1X10+10 to 5X10+10 g) of methyl bromide annually to the atmosphere(3). The study of two southern California coastal salt marshes showed up to 42 umol/sq m/day flux rates of methyl bromide, with large diurnal, seasonal and spatial variablities(4). The methyl bromide emission rate from saltwort was 12 ng/g dry weight/day at 25 °C and increased to 175 ng/g dry weight/day at 50 °C(5). The release of methyl bromide by polar macroalgae (brown, red and green) was investigated at 0 °C under a laboratory setting; Phaeophyta (brown algae) produced methyl bromide up to 60 ng/g wet algal weight per day while red and green algae produced negligible amounts(6).

Methyl bromide's production and use for degreasing wools, methylating agent and in natural plant oils extraction(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as an insecticide, acaricide, nematicide, rodenticide and soil sterilant(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). In 1992, emissions of industrially produced methyl bromide from soil fumigation, durable disinfestation, perishable disinfestation, and structural disinfestation ranged from 16.7-47.3 Gg (where Gg = 10+9 g), 4.8-8.4 Gg, 5.4-6.0 Gg, and 2.0-2.1 Gg, respectively(2). Methyl bromide may be released in auto exhaust when ethylene dibromide is used in leaded gasoline by catalytic decomposition of ethylene dibromide(3), although the amount of leaded gasoline being used is considerably reduced(SRC). Methyl bromide may also be released in exhaust fumes from turbines(4). Emission rate of methyl bromide from ash was 0.23 ng/g dry weight/day at 30 °C and 4.6 ng/g dry weight at 50 °C(5).

Methyl bromide was introduced as a pesticide in 1932 and first registered in the U.S. in 1961. Under the Clean Air Act and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, as of January 1, 2005, U.S. production and import of methyl bromide is banned, except for uses that qualify for (i) a critical use exemption (CUE), (ii) a QPS /quarantine and preshipment/ exemption, or (iii) an emergency exemption(1). Under the Montreal Protocol, use of methyl bromide in developed (industrialized) countries was to be completely eliminated in 2005. In developing (non-industrial) countries, use was to be completely eliminated in 2015(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported Koc values of 9 to 22(2) indicate that methyl bromide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of methyl bromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.34X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). Methyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1620 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). In soil, chemical reactions, likely nucleophilic substitutions on soil organic matter, were identified as the predominate pathway through which methyl bromide was degraded(5). Methyl bromide reacts rapidly with aniline, a model used to simulate reactions with organic matter in soil; the degradation half-life of methyl bromide with aniline was 2.9 days at 24 °C(5). The oxidation of 14C-methyl bromide to 14CO2 was measured in field experiments with soils fumigated with mixtures of methyl bromide and chloropicrin. Degradation of methyl bromide by chemical and/or biological processes accounted for 20 to 50% of the loss of methyl bromide during fumigation(6) with the remainder of methyl bromide loss due to volatilization(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Methyl bromide, applied to undisturbed soil samples volatilized >75% in the first 48 hours(1). Methyl bromide was not detected in any of the soil column leachates throughout the 23 week study. Negligible quantities of soil gas methyl bromide were detected after 7 days. Bromide ion concentration increased in the leachate from a background level of 0.01 ug/g to 0.4 ug/g within the first rain event, peaked at a concentration of 4.3 ug/g in 3 weeks and then decreased with subsequent rain events. This study showed that methyl bromide will degrade in the soil before it will leach through the soil profile(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), reported Koc values of 9 to 22(2) indicate that methyl bromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.34X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.0 hours and 3.9 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.19(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process based on a rate constant of 4.1X10-7/sec(8), corresponding to a half-life of 20 days under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Utilizing a sludge test, 17% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(9) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), methyl bromide, which has a vapor pressure of 1620 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase methyl bromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.9X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) Methyl bromide absorbs UV light at wavelength 200 nm(4,5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC). Upward diffusion of methyl bromide to the stratosphere is believed to be the dominant loss mechanism of this compound from the troposphere(5). In the stratosphere, into which lower wavelength light can penetrate, photolysis is expected to be the predominant removal mechanism for methyl bromide(6).

AEROBIC: Methyl bromide, present at 5.01 mg/L, reached 17% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using a sludge inoculum at 1 drop/L in a biodegradation test(1). The oxidation of 14C-methyl bromide to 14CO2 was measured in field experiments with soils collected from two strawberry plots fumigated with mixtures of methyl bromide and chloropicrin. Degradation of methyl bromide by chemical and/or biological processes accounted for 20 to 50% of the loss of methyl bromide during fumigation. Oxidation was by direct bacterial attack of methyl bromide and not of methanol (a product of chemical hydrolysis). Repeated addition of methyl bromide to live soils resulted in higher rates of removal, suggesting that soil bacteria used methyl bromide as an electron donor for growth(2).

ANAEROBIC: Methyl bromide was anaerobically degraded in salt marsh sediments after chemical reaction with abundant free sulfide. The product of this nucleophilic substitution reaction was methanethiol, which underwent further chemical and bacterial reactions to form dimethyl sulfide(1).

PURE CULTURE: Methylotrophic bacteria are capable of oxidizing methyl bromide(1,2). Methyl bromide was oxidized to formaldehyde by a soluble methane monooxygenase isolated from Methylbacterium sp. CRL-26(3). Cell-free extracts and whole cell suspensions of Methylococcus capsulatus oxidized methyl bromide to formaldehyde(2,4), but Methylococcus capsulatus was unable to grow on methyl bromide(2). Methyl bromide was rapidly catalyzed to methyl chloride under anaerobic and microaerophilic seawater conditions when incubated with soil bacterium srain CC495. Under aerobic conditions 97% of the methyl bromide was oxidized in 40 minutes(5). A marine Sphingomonadaceae bacteria was shown to degrade methyl bromide in the presence of toluene despite the latter as having been shown to inhibit biodegradation of methyl bromide in coastal and open seawater samples(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of methyl bromide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.9X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.5 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rates of removal of methyl bromide from the atmosphere by Cl and NO3 radicals, and by cloud and rain water are negligible(2). The hydrolysis rate constant of methyl bromide at 25 °C and pH 7 ranges from 3X10-7(3) to 4.1X10-7/sec(4) which translates into half-lives of about 20 to 26.7 days(SRC). The products of methyl bromide hydrolysis are methanol and bromide ion(5). Methyl bromide had a hydrolysis half-life of 20.1 days at 25 °C(6). The total degradation rate for methyl bromide in seawater ranges from 8 to 42%/day for a temperature range of 20 to 30 °C; the reaction with Cl-ions is around 6.5 times that of the reaction with water(2). For example, at a sea water surface temperature of 21.9 °C and a chloride concentration of 0.56 mol/L, the calculated degradation half-life of methyl bromide in sea water is 4 days; at 35 °C, the half-life is 22 hrs(7). Methyl bromide absorbs UV light at wavelength 200 nm(8,9) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC). The half-life for direct photolysis of methyl bromide is 150,000 days(10). However, with the upward diffusion of methyl bromide from the troposphere to stratosphere into which lower wavelength light can penetrate, photolysis is expected to be the primary removal mechanism(11).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U029, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Controlled incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Methyl bromide ID: 1062 [Table#2095]

/GUIDE 123 GASES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 123 GASES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 123 GASES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Methyl bromide (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1062; Methyl bromide

IMO 2.3; Methyl bromide with not more than 2.0% chloropicrin

49 214 38; Methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide mixture, liquid

49 214 37; Methyl bromide and more than 2% chloropicrin mixture, liquid

49 214 39; Methyl bromide and nonflammable nonliquefied compressed gas mixture, liquid

49 214 40; Methyl bromide, liquid (including up to 2% chloropicrin)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Methyl bromide with not more that 2% chloropicrin is included on the dangerous goods list. /Methyl bromide with not more that 2% chloropicrin/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Methyl bromide with not more that 2% chloropicrin is included on the dangerous goods list. /Methyl bromide with not more that 2% chloropicrin/

Poison Gas

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/25-36/37/38-48/20-68-50-59; S: (1/2)-15-27-36/39-38-45-59-61

UN Hazard Class: 2.3