Ethyl Bromide

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302+H332 (46.7%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H420 (46.1%): Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 165 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H333: May be harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable metal containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Ethyl bromide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Light sensitive. Refrigerate before opening. Over time, pressure may increase causing containers to burst. Handle and open container with care.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

250 [ppm]

580 [ppm]

3500 [ppm]

See Appendix D

200.0 [ppm]

200 ppm (890 mg/m³)

TWA 200 ppm (890 mg/m3) See Appendix G

2000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

2000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Concentrations of 12,000 ppm caused immediate eye irritation in volunteers and 5 minutes at 6,500 ppm resulted in eye irritation, headache, and vertigo [Sayers and Yant 1929]. Workers exposed intermittently to concentrations up to 1,500 ppm complained of no systematic symptoms over a period of several years [Watrous 1947].

2000 ppm

See: 74964

5.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 ppm, skin

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

5 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

5 ppm [1990]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Romania: 90 ppm; USSR: 1 ppm

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure could cause unconsciousness.

Ethyl bromide appears as a colorless volatile liquid. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Flash point below 0 °F. Vapors are heavier than air. Toxic by inhalation. Irritates skin and eyes. Used to make pharmaceuticals and as a solvent.

Colorless to yellow liquid with an ether-like odor; Note: A gas above 101 degrees F; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless to yellow liquid with an ether-like odor.

Colorless to yellow liquid with an ether-like odor. [Note: A gas above 101 °F.]

Colorless, volatile liquid

Colorless to yellow liquid ... [Note: A gas above 101 degrees F]

... Ether-like odor

Ethereal odor

Burning taste

101.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

38.4 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-182 °F (NTP, 1992)

-118.4 °C

-10 °F (NTP, 1992)

-20 °C, -4 °F (Closed cup)

-20 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 61 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 9,000 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 1.067, 0.965, 0.914, and 0.896 g/100 g water at 0, 10, 20, and 30 °C, respectively

Miscible with ethanol, ether, chloroform

Miscible with organic solvents

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.91

1.46 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4604 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Bulk density: 12-12.1 lb/gal

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.451 @ 20°C

3.76 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.76 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.76

375 mmHg at 68 °F ; 400 mmHg at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

467.0 [mmHg]

467 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 51

375 mmHg

400 [mm Hg] @21 °C

log Kow = 1.61

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

952 °F (NTP, 1992)

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Turns yellow on exposure to air and light.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

ETHYL BROMIDE will react with steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. It can react vigorously with oxidizers. It reacts with strong bases. It also reacts with chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc and magnesium. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992)

Incompatible materials: Carbon oxides, Hydrogen bromide gas.

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc & magnesium.

The vigorous interaction of ethanol, phosphorus, and bromine to give bromoethane is considered too dangerous for a school experiment.

Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic & corrosive fumes. Vigorous reaction with oxidizing materials.

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc & magnesium

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ethyl bromide is a colorless liquid with a vapor heavier than air. Ethyl bromide is used as an ethylating agent in chemical synthesis. Ethyl bromide was formerly used as a narcotic agent for dental and medical surgery. HUMAN STUDIES: The main health concerns relating to the exposure of ethyl bromide are the potential for neurotoxicity, irritation of the respiratory tract, damage to genetic material, carcinogenicity, hematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Limited human experience during surgical anesthesia has indicated that, in addition to CNS depression, there is a possibility of lung congestion and degeneration of the liver and kidney tissues. Symptoms of exposure to ethyl bromide include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Other symptoms include CNS depression, lung irritation, acute congestion and edema, liver damage, and kidney damage. It can cause nausea, dizziness, headache, and nervous system disturbances. Central nervous system depression, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest may occur. Loss of balance, slurred speech, unconsciousness, and death can occur. Ingestion can cause burning of the digestive tract, vomiting, and moderate gastrointestinal upset. Skin rash may occur. It can affect motor control after repeated exposures. Heart damage has been reported. The course of ethyl bromide poisoning was described in three stages. The first stage lasted 2-4 days and involved a garlicky odor on the breath, sleepiness, fatigue, sharp pain and paresthesia of the lower legs, and staggering gate. During the second phase that lasted 2-5 days, the symptoms of the first phase grew more severe. The third phase was characterized by spastic paresthesia of the legs, disturbance of the peripheral nervous system, and atrophy of the lower leg. CNS disturbances can also occur at high ethyl bromide exposures. Prognosis for recovery is good for most patients. ANIMAL STUDIES: Immediate effects of ethyl bromide exposure in mice and rats included increased respiration, hyperactivity, incoordination, dyspnea, and coma. The liquid is apparently irritating to skin and eyes of rabbits and is reported to be absorbed through the skin. Exposure of rats and rabbits by inhalation at 538 ppm ethyl bromide for 4 hr/day for 6 months resulted in disruption of hepatic function as shown by a decrease in hepatic glycogen and fat levels as well as prolonged hexobarbital sleep. Hepatic cell granular dystrophy and decreased cytoplasmic RNA levels were also reported. Another study reported that exposure of rats, also at 538 ppm of ethyl bromide by inhalation resulted in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the pituitary gland, hypertrophy of the cortex, and increased lipid content of the adrenal gland. Severe testicular atrophy was observed in rats, but not in mice, at 1600 ppm (7.14 g/cu m) ethyl bromide but not at lower concentrations. ln female mice, but not in rats, the size and number of corpora lutea in the ovary were decreased at 1600 ppm (7/10 animals) and at 800 ppm (3.57 g/cu m, 3/9 animals). Ethyl bromide was mutagenic to bacteria, but not to Drosophila melanogaster in a single study. In another single study, ethyl bromide increased the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges, but not of chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. In a two year carcinogenicity bioassay by inhalation, a dose related increase in uterine tumors was observed in female mice. A small increase in the incidence of gliomas was found in female rats exposed to the highest dose used.

Organobromide compounds, especially alkylbromides are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can randomly modify the surfaces of proteins and lipids, leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. One of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves (trigeminal nerve) of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. Alkylation of DNA by alkylbromides may also lead to mutations.

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of bromoethane were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of bromoethane. Overall evaluation: Bromoethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Bromoethane

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 52: (1991) Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Bromoethane (Ethyl Bromide)

TR-363: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Bromoethane (Ethyl Bromide) (CASRN 74-96-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1989 )

10/03/88

Some Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of bromoethane for male F344/N rats, as indicated by increased incidences of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland; neoplasms of the brain and lung may also have been related to exposure to bromoethane. For female F344/N rats, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity, as indicated by marginally increased incidences of neoplasms of the brain and lung. For male B6C3F1 mice, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity, based on marginally increased incidences of neoplasms of the lung. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity for female B6C3F1 mice, as indicated by neoplasms of the uterus.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Bromoethane is a weak carcinogen and a strong lachrymator. Studies in rodents indicated that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of bromoethane can lead to marginal increases in lung, adrenal and brain neoplasms (A3149)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

Pain. Redness.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; central nervous system depression; pulmonary edema; liver, kidney disease; cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Inhalation can cause drowsiness and excessive amounts can lead to unconsciousness. Exposure to eyes can lead to redness and pain.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LC50 (rat) = 26,980 ppm/1H

LD50: 1350 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 1750 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T21)

LC50: 27 000 ppm over 1 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T21)

LC50 Rat inhalation 27,000 ppm/1 hr

LC50 Mouse inhalation 16,230 ppm/1 hr

LD50 Mouse ip 2850 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 1750 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1350 mg/kg

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

There is a possible interaction of epinephrine with ethyl bromide. In studies with dogs, ethyl bromide and other halogenated compounds have been shown to cause cardiac syncope. Anesthetized dogs that had inhaled ethyl bromide and that were subsequently injected with 0.03 mg/kg epinephrine died of ventricular fibrillation.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Ethyl bromide's production and use in organic synthesis and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use as a refrigerant, grain and fruit fumigant and as a topical and inhalation anesthetic resulted in its direct release to the environment. Ethyl bromide may be released to the environment naturally in volcanic gases and by polar macroalgae. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 467 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates ethyl bromide will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 45 days. Ethyl bromide does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, ethyl bromide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 22. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Ethyl bromide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 33% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be a fast environmental fate process in soil and water. Ethyl bromide will be susceptible to hydrolysis under wet soil conditions. If released into water, ethyl bromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Aqueous hydrolysis half-lives at 20 and 25 °C are 40 and 30 days, respectively, suggesting that hydrolysis may be an important environmental fate process in water. Occupational exposure to ethyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethyl bromide is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population is likely to be exposed to ethyl bromide via inhalation of ambient air, with higher exposure possible in the vicinity of a manufacturing facility. (SRC)

The release of ethyl bromide by polar macroalgae (brown, red and green) was investigated at 0 °C under a laboratory setting. Phaeophyta (brown algae) produced ethyl bromide up to 400 ng/g wet algal weight per day while red and green algae produced negligible amounts(1). Ethyl bromide was detected, not quantified in lava gas samples from two volcanos in Japan (Kuju and Satsuma Iwojima) and two volcanos in Italy (Mt. Etna and Vulcano)(2).

Ethyl bromide's production and use in organic synthesis and as a solvent(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use as a refrigerant, grain and fruit fumigant(2) and as a topical and inhalation anesthetic(1) results in its direct release to the environment(SRC)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 22(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethyl bromide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethyl bromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 467 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 9,000 mg/L(4). Hydrolysis in moist soil may be an important environmental fate process(SRC) based upon aqueous hydrolysis half-lives of 40 and 30 days at pH 7 and at 20 and 25 °C, respectively(5,6). Ethyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 33% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be a fast environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 22(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethyl bromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 467 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 9,000 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.61(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis half-lives of 40 and 30 days at pH 7 and at 20 and 25 °C(8,9), respectively, indicate that hydrolysis is an important enviornmental fate process in water(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 33% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(10) indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be a fast environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethyl bromide, which has a vapor pressure of 467 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethyl bromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 45 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Ethyl bromide does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Ethyl bromide, present at 100 mg/L, reached 33% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethyl bromide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 45 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the aqueous hydrolysis of ethyl bromide at 25 °C and pH 7 has been reported to be 2.64X10-7/sec which corresponds to a half-life of 30 days(3). At 20 °C, the aqueous hydrolysis rate constant has been reported to be 7.2X10-4/hr which corresponds to a half-life of about 40 days(4). Calculated hydrolysis rates of half-lives of 21.9 and 5.6 days at 25 and 35 °C, respectively, from a measured rate constant of 5.7X10-13/min(5). Ethyl bromide may react with naturally-occurring nucleophiles in groundwater (such as the SH ion found near sulfur and sulfide deposits) to form aliphatic sulfur-containing products(6,7). Ethyl bromide does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(8) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for ethyl bromide(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.61(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of ethyl bromide can be estimated to be 22(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that ethyl bromide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for ethyl bromide is estimated as 7.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 467 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 9,000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethyl bromide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). Ethyl bromide's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of ethyl bromide from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: Ethyl bromide was tentatively identified (but not quantified) in a drinking water sample collected from the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, PA in Aug 1976(1).

During a 1986 study, ethyl bromide was tested for but not detected in any liquid or sludge sample at any of the 37 US water pollution control plants analyzed; detection limits = 40, 2, and 40 ug/L for raw sewage, effluent, and liquid sludge samples, respectively(1). Ethyl bromide has been detected in leachates from industrial and municipal landfills(2,3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Ethyl bromide was qualitatively detected in ambient air samples collected in the vicinity of the organic bromine chemical manufacturing areas in El Dorado and Magnolia, AR in 1977(1).

The release of ethyl bromide by polar macroalgae (Phaeophyta (brown), Rhodophyta (red) and Chlorophyta (green) species native to King George Island, Antarctic; green species native to Spitsbergen and Disko Island, Greenland) was investigated at 0 °C under a laboratory setting(1).[Table#1523]

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimated the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of ethyl bromide in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as high as 25 workers; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 12,285 workers are potentially exposed to ethyl bromide in the USA(1). Occupational exposure to ethyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethyl bromide is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population is likely to be exposed to ethyl bromide via inhalation of ambient air, with higher exposure possible in the vicinity of a manufacturing facility(SRC).

A gas chromatographic technique determined that ethyl bromide is present in the vapors from graphite/epoxy resin plastic material, used in machining, when put under thermal stress(1).

Clinical cases of occupational ethyl bromide intoxication observed between 1937 and 1942 /were reviewed/. ...Blood bromine concentration of patients suffering from ethyl bromide poisoning at the time of admission were reported to be 15-53 mg/100 mL. Spinal fluid bromine concentrations were 4-7 mg/100 mL. After 5-10 days without exposure, the patients' blood bromine levels were 5-7 mg/100 mL; however after 2-3 weeks, these returned to background levels of 0.61-1.81 mg/100 mL. No background levels for spinal fluid bromine concentration are reported. ...

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Ethyl bromide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1891; Ethyl bromide

IMO 6.1; Ethyl bromide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Ethyl bromide is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Ethyl bromide is included on the dangerous goods list.

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

Symbol: F, Xn; R: 11-20/22-40; S: (2)-36/37; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II