propane

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, and P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H220 (99.5%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (39.1%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2246 reports by companies from 31 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P203, P210, P222, P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P319, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Propane:

Eye: FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Stop flow of gas. For small fires use dry chemicals. Cool adjacent areas with water spray.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one half mile radius.

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out; in other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide ...

Behavior in fire: Containers may explode; vapor is heavier than air & may travel a long distance to a source of ignition & flash back.

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible, and may accumulate in low ceiling spaces causing deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc, electrostatic charges can be generated ... On loss of containment this liquid evaporates very quickly displacing the air and causing a serious risk of suffocation when in confined areas.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors.

· Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

· In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. (Extra personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.) ... Check oxygen content before entering area. Turn leaking cylinder with the leak up to prevent escape of gas in liquid state.

1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of leak. 3) Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder & the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, & repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Propane may be disposed of by burning at a safe location or in a suitable combustion chamber.

When a filling, storage & dispatch depot is being selected, consideration must be given to the safety of both the site & the environment. Pump rooms, filling machinery ... must be located in fire resistant buildings with roofs of light construction. Doors & other closures should open outwards from the building. The premises should be adequately ventilated & a system of lighting with flameproof electrical switches should be installed. /gases & air, compressed/

If material is not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock down vapors.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (ie, for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amt of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PROPANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool.

COMPRESSED GASES MAY BE STORED IN THE OPEN ONLY IF THEY ARE ADEQUATELY PROTECTED FROM THE WEATHER & DIRECT SUNLIGHT. STORAGE AREAS SHOULD BE LOCATED AT A SAFE DISTANCE FROM OCCUPIED PREMISES & NEIGHBORING DWELLINGS. /GASES & AIR, COMPRESSED/

Storage temp: ambient; venting: safety relief

Store cylinder outdoors without direct sunlight or heat radiation and with adequate ventilation. Provide electrical equipment with spark resistant construction.

Four main types of storage are used: high pressure storage aboveground, low pressure refrigerated storage aboveground, frozen earth storage, and underground cavern storage. 1) Aboveground pressure storage tanks are usually designed for a 1720 kPa (250 psi) working pressure ... 2) Refrigerated, aboveground storage tanks usually are designed for a few kPa (psi) of pressure. They must be coupled with refrigeration systems to cool the product ... to a temp equal to the product's boiling point @ the operating pressure of the tanks. Vapors are generally recondensed by refrigeration and returned to the tanks. 3) In frozen earth storage of propane, the walls and bottom of a pit in the ground are frozen and a dome is constructed over the pit. The pressure in the storage cavern is maintained @ nearly atmospheric pressure by refrigeration systems that cool the product to its boiling point @ storage pressure. Heat leaks into the cavity and vaporizes some of the propane; the vapor that is formed is compressed, cooled, and returned to the pit as liquid by the refrigeration system. ... 4) Underground storage caverns, which operate @ approx formation temp and @ the corresponding /liquified petrolem gas (LPG)/ vapor pressure ... must be of sufficient depth to develop an overburden pressure greater than the vapor pressure of the stored liquid. Mined storage caverns are about 60-152 m deep, whereas salt formation caverns may be from 106-1524 m deep ...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

1000.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) = 23,000 ppm * = >10% LEL; ** = >50% LEL; *** = >100% LEL AEGL 2 - 10 min/30 min/60 min/4 hr/8 hr = ** 17,000 ppm AEGL 3 - 10 min/30 min/60 min/4 hr/8 hr = *** 33,000 ppm For values denoted as * safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account. For values denoted as ** and *** extreme safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account.

AEGLs Status: Final

5500 [ppm]

17000 [ppm]

33000 [ppm]

1000 ppm (1800 mg/m³)

TWA 1000 ppm (1800 mg/m3)

2100 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

2100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that brief inhalation exposures to 10,000 ppm propane cause no symptoms in humans [Braker and Mossman 1980]. Propane is considered to be a simple asphyxiant [ACGIH 1991].

2100 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]

2100 ppm

2100 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 74986

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm. /Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases [C1-C4]/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Aliphatic hydrocarbon gases [C1-C4]/

Withdrawn [2013]

1800 mg/m

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Propane appears as a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. For transportation it may be stenched. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. The leak may be either a liquid or vapor leak. The vapors can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Gas Vapor; CBI

Colourless gas or liquid with mild, characteristic odour

Colorless, odorless gas. [Note: A foul-smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]; [NIOSH] Vapor density = 1.56 (heavier than air); [HSDB]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.

Colorless, odorless gas.

Colorless, odorless gas. [Note: A foul-smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas [Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

Odorless [Note: A foul smelling odorant is often added when used for fuel purposes].

-43.8 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-42.1 °C at 1 atm

-42.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-305.9 °F (USCG, 1999)

-187.6 °C

-189.9 °C

-189.7 °C

-187.63 °C

-156 °F (gas) (USCG, 1999)

-156 °F (Closed cup)

NA (Gas)

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Slightly soluble in acetone; soluble in ethanol; very soluble in ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform

100 vol water dissolve 6.5 vol at 17.8 °C, 753 mm Hg; 100 vol absolute alcohol dissolve 790 vol at 16.6 °C, 754 mm Hg; 100 vol ether dissolve 926 vol at 16.6 °C, 757 mm Hg; 100 vol chloroform dissolve 1299 vol at 21.6 °C, 757 mm Hg; 100 vol benzene dissolve 1452 vol at 21.5 °C, 757 mm Hg; 100 vol turpentine dissolve 1587 vol at 17.7 °C, 757 mm Hg

In water, 62.4 ppm at 25 °C

0.0624 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.007

0.59 at -58 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.493 at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.5

0.59 at -58 °F

0.493 @25 °C

1.55(relative gas density)

1.5 (USCG, 1999) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.56 at 0 °C (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.6

9823 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

VP: 1 Pa at -156.9 °C; 10 Pa at -145.6 °C; 100 Pa at -130.9 °C; 1kPa at -111.4 °C; 10kPa at -83.8 °C; 100 kPa at -42.3 °C

7150 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 840

8.4 atm at 70 °F

Highly flammable.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

PROPANE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Explosive reaction with chlorine dioxide.

Heating barium peroxide under gaseous propane at ambient pressure caused a violent exothermic reaction which deformed the glass container.

The relationship between critical pressure and composition for self-ignition of chlorine-propane mixtures at 300 °C was studied, and the tendency is minimal for 60:40 mixtures. Combustion is explosive under some conditions.

Strong oxidizers.

Strong oxidizers

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

dizziness, confusion, excitation, asphyxia; liquid: frostbite

central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

LC50 (rat) > 800,000 ppm/15m

EC50 Rat inhalation 280,000 (95% confidence limit: 220,000 to 350,000) ppm, 504,996 (95% confidence limit: 396,783 to 631,245) mg/cu m)/10 min; Effects: CNS depression

LC50 Rat inhalation >800,000 ppm (1,442,847 mg/cu m)/15 min

LC50 Rat inhalation >1,464 mg/L/15 min

Propane, when used as an aerosol propellant with isobutane in deodorant and antiperspirant products (65 to 70% by wt), has not been shown to cause skin irritation in 125 human volunteers who applied the aerosol products twice daily for 12 wk.

When dogs were exposed to 15-90% propane concn for 10 min, the heart was more sensitive to ventricular fibrillations induced by epinephrine than without propane treament.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention ... /For eyes:/ First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor.

Consider the points of attack /central nervous system/ in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Eight adult volunteers of both sexes were exposed to isobutane, propane, or mixtures of the two gases (250 to 1,000 ppm for 1, 5, and 10 min and 1, 2, and 8 hr/day for 1 day or 2 wk) in a controlled environmental chamber for the purpose of monitoring their physiological responses. No untoward subjective responses were reported during or following these exposures. No abnormal physiological responses were observed in any volunteer. No cardiac abnormalities related to exposure were recorded. Serial computerized spirometric measurements revealed no pulmonary function abnormalities.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute exposures to propane 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm for periods of 1 min to 8 hr did not produce any untoward physiological effects as determined by serial EKGs and continuous monitoring of modified V5 by telemetry during exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Human exposures to propane were consistent with the model predictions for /central nervous system depression/ onset and speed of action. Humans exposed at 1,000 ppm (0.1%) propane for 10 minutes did not experience any CNS symptoms, while those exposed at 100,000 ppm (10%) experienced distinct vertigo in 2 minutes. These data indicated that the onset of /CNS depression/ for propane exposures occurred at a concentration between 1,000 and 100,000 ppm (eg, possibly at 47,000 ppm as predicted by the model) and occurs quickly (under 15 minutes).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Propane is an anesthetic and is nonirritating to the eyes, nose, or throat. Direct skin or mucous membrane contact with liquefied propane causes burns and frostbite.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPANE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Animal inhalation studies indicate a gas concn of 89% to be below the anesthetic level but to depress the blood pressure of cats.[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The effects of propane /were studied/ in guinea pigs exposed to 24,000-29,000 ppm and 47,000-55,000 ppm propane for periods of 5, 30, 60, and 120 min; at the lower concn, irregular breathing was observed and at the higher concn, tremors were evident during the first 5 min of exposure. Stupor was commonly observed in the animals exposed for longer periods of time (up to 2 hr). All animals recovered from the propane exposure and there were no pathological signs of organ toxicity at necropsy. In these studies, a /CNS depressant/ ... effect for propane was not seen until exposure levels were about 50,000 ppm. In contrast, /other studies showed/ n-butane caused anesthesia in mice within 1 min at 22,000 ppm and caused death in dogs at 20,000-25,000 ppm. Therefore, propane is much less toxic than its next higher homolog, n-butane.[Snyder, R. (ed.) Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam - New York - Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 263]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Propane is a simple asphyxiant like methane and ethane ... In dogs, 1% propane causes hemodynamic changes, whereas 3.3% decreases inotropism of the heart; a decrease in mean aortic pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output; and increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In primates, 10% induces some myocardial effects, whereas exposure to 20% causes aggravation of these parameters and respiratory depression.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 4:10]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Guinea pigs showed sniffing & chewing movement at 2.2 to 5.5%, with a rapidly reversible effect upon cessation of exposure ...[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 3181]

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPANE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry, as a heating fuel and in outdoor gas grills may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Combustion of polyethylene and gasoline, waste incinerators as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries may also contribute to its release into the environment. Propane is a component of natural gas and crude petroleum. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7,150 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates propane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase propane will be degraded in the atmosphere by a reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days. Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, propane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 460. Propane is readily degraded by soil bacterium; within 24 hr propane was oxidized to acetone. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. Propane will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water is not expected to be an important environmental fate process; after 192 hr, the trace concentrations of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 min and 2.6 hours, respectively. An estimated BCF of 13 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to propane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propane is produced or used. Propane is widely detected in air. The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to propane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from natural gas and crude oil emissions. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to propane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation. (SRC)

Propane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas.

The principal volatile decomposition products /of phenolic resins/ are methane, acetone, carbon monoxide, propanol, & propane.

In gasoline: 0.07-0.08 vol %; in flue gas of municipal incinerator: < 0.4-0.5 ppm

Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1-6). Combustion of polyethylene(7) and gasoline(3-6), waste incinerators(8) as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries(1,2) may also contribute to its release into the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Propane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Using cell suspensions of microogranisms isolated from soil and water, propane was oxidized to acetone within 24 hours(6,7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil and sediment.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 minutes and 2.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 13.1(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(8). This indicates that biodegradation may not be an important fate process in water.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propane, which has a vapor pressure of 7150 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase propane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.15X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

... Propane is utilized by Microbacterium vaccae, & is readily degraded by soil bacteria. ... Mycobacterium phlei is capable of growing on propane as the only carbon source. Propane is suggested to be metabolized by the various microorganisms via the malonyl succinate pathway.

AEROBIC: Within 24 hr, propane was oxidized to its corresponding methyl ketone, acetone(1-3), and the corresponding alcohols, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, by cell suspensions of over 20 methyltrophic organisms isolated from lake water and soil samples. After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(4). The average propane utilization by microflora of 5 soils was 23 and 32% for single and mixed alkanes, respectively(5). The respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.67X10-5 sq cm sec-1 and 0.033 day-1 for propane contained in a model estuarine ecosystem at 10 °C and a salinity of 30 parts per trillion; the corresponding biodegradation half-life ranged from 33 to 99 days(6). At 20 °C and a salinity of 30 parts/per trillion, the respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.92X10-5 sq cm sec-1 and 0.120 day-1; the corresponding biodegradation half-life for n-propane ranged from 7 to 9 days(6).

The degradation of n-alkanes by microorganisms is similar to the degradation of fatty acids. The terminal methyl group is enzymatically oxidized by incorporation of a molecular oxygen by a monooxygenase producing a primary alcohol with further oxidation to an acid group, although involvement of a dioxygenase is also postulated. Once the fatty acid is produced, it is degraded into 2-carbon units via the beta-oxidation pathway. ... Another pathway for n-alkane degradation that is encountered less often is the oxidation of both terminal carbons to form a dioic acid with subsequent beta-oxidation. Subterminal oxidation of the 2-carbon atom is seen mainly in C3-C6 alkanes. ... A dehydrogenation of the n-alkane may also occur yielding an alkene which is then converted to an alcohol, although there is little evidence for this theory. Some microorganisms have been shown to have both terminal and subterminal oxidation, each having different rates of activity. /In a study comparing/ ... growth on long and short chain alkanes by some bacteria ... the initial oxidase had a broad specificity and would oxidize C1-C8 alkanes. ... /n-Alkanes/

Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry, as a heating fuel and in outdoor gas grills may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Combustion of polyethylene and gasoline, waste incinerators as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries may also contribute to its release into the environment. Propane is a component of natural gas and crude petroleum. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7,150 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates propane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase propane will be degraded in the atmosphere by a reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days. Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, propane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 460. Propane is readily degraded by soil bacterium; within 24 hr propane was oxidized to acetone. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. Propane will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water is not expected to be an important environmental fate process; after 192 hr, the trace concentrations of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 min and 2.6 hours, respectively. An estimated BCF of 13 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to propane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propane is produced or used. Propane is widely detected in air. The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to propane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from natural gas and crude oil emissions. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to propane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation. (SRC)

Propane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas.

The principal volatile decomposition products /of phenolic resins/ are methane, acetone, carbon monoxide, propanol, & propane.

In gasoline: 0.07-0.08 vol %; in flue gas of municipal incinerator: < 0.4-0.5 ppm

Propane's production and use in the petroleum industry may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1-6). Combustion of polyethylene(7) and gasoline(3-6), waste incinerators(8) as well as disposal of products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries(1,2) may also contribute to its release into the environment.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Propane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Using cell suspensions of microogranisms isolated from soil and water, propane was oxidized to acetone within 24 hours(6,7), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important fate process in soil and sediment.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 460(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.36(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 41 minutes and 2.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 13.1(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(8). This indicates that biodegradation may not be an important fate process in water.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propane, which has a vapor pressure of 7150 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase propane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.15X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

... Propane is utilized by Microbacterium vaccae, & is readily degraded by soil bacteria. ... Mycobacterium phlei is capable of growing on propane as the only carbon source. Propane is suggested to be metabolized by the various microorganisms via the malonyl succinate pathway.

AEROBIC: Within 24 hr, propane was oxidized to its corresponding methyl ketone, acetone(1-3), and the corresponding alcohols, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, by cell suspensions of over 20 methyltrophic organisms isolated from lake water and soil samples. After 192 hr, the trace concn of propane contained in gasoline remained unchanged for both a sterile control and a mixed culture sample collected from ground water contaminated with gasoline(4). The average propane utilization by microflora of 5 soils was 23 and 32% for single and mixed alkanes, respectively(5). The respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.67X10-5 sq cm sec-1 and 0.033 day-1 for propane contained in a model estuarine ecosystem at 10 °C and a salinity of 30 parts per trillion; the corresponding biodegradation half-life ranged from 33 to 99 days(6). At 20 °C and a salinity of 30 parts/per trillion, the respective gas exchange and degradation rate constants were 0.92X10-5 sq cm sec-1 and 0.120 day-1; the corresponding biodegradation half-life for n-propane ranged from 7 to 9 days(6).

The degradation of n-alkanes by microorganisms is similar to the degradation of fatty acids. The terminal methyl group is enzymatically oxidized by incorporation of a molecular oxygen by a monooxygenase producing a primary alcohol with further oxidation to an acid group, although involvement of a dioxygenase is also postulated. Once the fatty acid is produced, it is degraded into 2-carbon units via the beta-oxidation pathway. ... Another pathway for n-alkane degradation that is encountered less often is the oxidation of both terminal carbons to form a dioic acid with subsequent beta-oxidation. Subterminal oxidation of the 2-carbon atom is seen mainly in C3-C6 alkanes. ... A dehydrogenation of the n-alkane may also occur yielding an alkene which is then converted to an alcohol, although there is little evidence for this theory. Some microorganisms have been shown to have both terminal and subterminal oxidation, each having different rates of activity. /In a study comparing/ ... growth on long and short chain alkanes by some bacteria ... the initial oxidase had a broad specificity and would oxidize C1-C8 alkanes. ... /n-Alkanes/

Estimated lifetime under photochemical smog conditions in SE England: 31 hr

The rate constants for the vapor phase reaction of propane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals was measured to be 1.15X10-12(1), 2.0X10-12(2), 1.49X10-12(3), 1.22X10-12(4) and 1.20X10-12(5) cu cm/molecule-sec at 27(2,3), 25(1,4) and 22(5) °C, respectively, which correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 14(1) 8.0(2), 10.8(3), 13.2(4) and 13.4(5) days respectively at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Alkanes are generally resistant to hydrolysis(7). Propane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(7). An air sample containing propane at a concentration of 140 ppbC was not reduced within 6 hrs of irradiation by natural sunlight in downtown Los Angeles, CA(6).

The photo oxidation of propane by ozone in air is not expected to be environmentally important(1). Experimental data showed that 7.7% of the propane fraction in a dark chamber reacted with nitrogen oxides to form the corresponding alkyl nitrate(2,3), suggesting nighttime reactions with radical species and nitrogen oxides may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of propane.

An estimated BCF of 13 was calculated in fish for propane(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

The Koc of propane is estimated as 460(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.36(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that propane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for propane is estimated as 7.07X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7150 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 62.4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that propane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 41 minutes(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.6 days(SRC). Propane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of propane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

RAIN/SNOW: Propane was detected at maximum concentration of 4 ppbv in arctic snow pack(1).

SEAWATER: All 8 near surface sea water samples from the intertropical Indian Ocean contained propane at concn ranging from 2.53 to 14.66 nL of gas/L(1). Propane was detected in mid-Atlantic seawater at concentrations ranging from 51-65 pmol/L. Mid-Atlantic seawater emits propane to the air at a rate of 0.17-1.2X10+8 molec/cm sq sec(2).

Flue gases from a waste incinerator at Babylon, Long Island, NY was found to emit propane at concn generally less than 0.5 ppm(1). Propane is a product of gasoline(2-5), natural gas(5) and polyethylene(6) combustion. The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain propane at a concn 0.1% by weight(3). The average concn of propane for the exhaust of 46 automobiles was 2.6, 1.6 and 2.2 weight % of total hydrocarbon according to the federal test procedure, hot soak test and the New York City cycle, respectively(4). Propane from car exhaust ranged in concn from 0.02 to 0.05 ppmV with an average for 8 samples of 0.03 ppmV(5). A Texaco refinery located in Tulsa, OK was attributed with emissions to the surrounding atmosphere where the propane concn was measured to be 95.5 and 189.8 ppbC for two min before and after 1:33 PM(6). The propane content of the air downwind of a Mobil natural gas facility in Rio Blanco, CO was 465.3 ppbC(7). Underwater hydrocarbon vent discharges from offshore oil production platforms contained propane at a concentration in the vapor phase at 2,000 umol/L of gas(8).

Gas-phase propane was detected in a Los Angeles tunnel at a concentration of 47 mg/L(1). Propane was detected in a tunnel at a concentration of 26 ug/cu m(2) which was about 4 times greater than the background propane levels of 5.8 ug/cu m(2). Propane was found in the Cassiar tunnel in Vancouver, BC, Canada in 1993 and 1995 at mass fractions of 0.81 and 0.047, respectively, as well as Tuscorora, Caldecott and Fort McHenry tunnels at mass fractions of 0.08, 0.07 and 0.03, respectively(3). Propane accounted for 0.88, 0.95 and 1.17% of the emissions on a Raleigh, NC highway, Dyanomenter, and an Atlanta, GA roadway, respectively(4). Gasoline containing propane (100 ug/g) emitted propane from the tail pipes of catalytic and non catalytic engines at rates of 650 and 9,300 ug/km(5). Propane emissions from cars driving in urban, suburban, rural and motorways were observed as 7.8, 3.69, 2.13 and 1.35 mg/km(6). Propane concentration in exhaust had mean concentration of 0.21 ppm(7). Propane was detected with annual means of 1 ug/cu m in London, England background and curbside and annual mean ranging from 4-21 ug/cu m in European cities(7). Propane was detected in gasoline vapors at concentrations ranging from 0.02-2.8 mg/ cu m(8).

SEDIMENT: Propane was detected in 10 of 10 sediment samples from Walvis Bay of the Namibian shelf of SW Africa at concn of 15.0, 8.8, 8.5, 9.9, 12.3, 16.5, 6.4, 7.8, 7.3, and 4.0 ng/g(1). Sediments from the Bering Sea contained propane gas at concn ranging from 4 to 150 nL/L(2).

... Measurements in a medium size USA city in 1972 have shown community air concn of approx 50 ppb.

Expected ground level concn in USA urban air: 0.05-0.40 ppm

URBAN: The average propane concn for 2 samples per 4 sites in Tulsa, OK was 43.3 ppbC with a range of 4.6 to 189.8 ppbC(1). The propane concn for 6 sites in Rio Blanco, CO averaged 81.6 ppbC with a range from 3.2 to 465.3(2). Propane was detected in 21 of 21 air samples from Houston, TX ranging in concn from 13.0 to 592.4 ppm with an average of 108.1 ppm(2). The arithmetic and geometric means were 12.2 and 10.1 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric propane content at urban locations in New England(3).

URBAN: The ground level atmospheric concentration of propane at was 23 ppb 13:25 hours and 166 ppb at 08:00 hours for Huntington Park, CA(1). At 1500 feet the propane concn was 13 ppb at 07:43 hours and at 08:07 hours at a height of 2,200 ft the propane concn was 9 ppb(1). The propane concn ranged from 11 to 99 ppbV at a downtown Los Angeles location during the fall, 1981(2). The propane concn at 1100 ft just east of Antioch, CA was 7.0 ug/cu m, at 1000 ft near Pittsburg, CA was 7.5 ug/cu m, at 1100 ft over Carquinez Strait, CA was 5.0 ug/cu m and at 1000 ft over San Pablo Bay, CA was 1.5 ug/cu m(3). According to the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, the median urban atmospheric concn of propane is 5.733 ppbV for 541 samples(4).

For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for PROPANE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Propane was detected in emissions during hamburger meat charbroiling at a concentration of 190,000 ug/kg(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Propane was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville, PA and Baton Rouge, LA(1).

Inhalation, skin and eye contact by liquid.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,071,479 workers (528,348 of these are female) are potentially exposed to propane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to propane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propane is produced or used. Propane is widely detected in air(SRC). The most likely pathway by which the general public is exposed to propane is by inhalation due to the release of this substance from natural gas, natural gas food grills, and crude oil emissions. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to propane via ingestion of food and drinking water, although these pathways are considered minor when compared to inhalation(SRC).

The most probable route of human exposure to propane is by inhalation(SRC). Atmospheric workplace exposures have been documented(1-3). Propane is a highly volatile compound and monitoring data indicates that it is a widely occurring atmospheric pollutant(SRC).

Propane was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Propane may be disposed of by burning at a safe location or in a suitable combustion chamber.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1075; Propane or liquefied petroleum gas

UN 1978; PROPANE

IMO 2.1; Propane; Propane or liquefied petroleum gas

49 057 81; Propane (Liquified petroleum gas)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Propane and petroleum gases, liquified are included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Propane and petroleum gases, liquified are included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Gas

Symbol: F+; R: 12; S: (2)-9-16

UN Hazard Class: 2.1