Manganese

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 46.1% (1429 of 3101) of reports.

H228 (11.6%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H319 (14.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H411 (10.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H412 (10.8%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P240, P241, P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3101 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1429 of 3101 reports by companies.

There are 19 notifications provided by 1672 of 3101 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 1 of 1 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P318, P319, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P260, P264, P270, P319, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn):

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

(General first aid procedures)

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

DO NOT USE WATER, FOAM OR CO2. Dousing metallic fires with water will generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment (i.e., building, cargo hold, etc.). Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers, or class D extinguishers. Confining and smothering metal fires is preferable rather than applying water. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: If impossible to extinguish, protect surroundings and allow fire to burn itself out. (ERG, 2024)

Use dry sand, special powder.

Use dry chemical to extinguish.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Prevention of manganese poisoning is primarily a question of suppression of toxic dusts & fumes. Good general ventilation of dust & fumes at source is essential. Airline respiratory protection equipment as well as independent respirators have to be used in specific situations to avoid excessive short-term exposures. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/

High std of personal hygiene is essential, & personal cleanliness & adequate sanitary facilities, clothing & time must be provided so that compulsory showering after work, a change of clothes & a ban on eating at work place can be effected. Smoking at work should be prohibited as well. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from acids. Dry.

Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Manganese must be stored to avoid contact with water and steam since flammable hydrogen gas is produce. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates). Protect storage against physical damage.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.2 [mg/m3], as Mn (inhalable fraction), 0.02 mg/m3, as Mn (respirable fraction)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

3.0 [mg/m3]

5.0 [mg/m3]

500 [mg/m3]

TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3 [*Note: Also see specific listings for Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl, Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, and Manganese tetroxide.]

C 5 mg/m3 [*Note: Also see specific listings for Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl and Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.]

500 mg Mn/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

500.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Chronic exposures to workers averaging 47 mg/m3 caused manganese poisoning, while no cases occurred at exposures less than 30 mg/m3 [Flinn et al. 1940]. Chronic exposure to concentrations averaging 210 mg/m3 have been associated with pneumonia [Lloyd-Davies 1946]. Workers chronically exposed to concentrations of manganese dust averaging 20 mg/m3 showed signs of manganism [Smyth et al. 1973].

500 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/

500 mg/m³

500 mg/m3 (as Mn)

See: 7439965

0.02 [mg/m3], as Mn (respirable fraction), 0.1 mg/m3, as Mn (inhalable fraction) [metal and fume]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m /Manganese and inorganic compounds, as Mn/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Manganese and inorganic compounds, as Mn/

(respirable fraction): 0.02 mg/m

0.02 mg/m³ (respirable particulate matter), 0.1 mg/m³; (inhalable particulate matter) [2012]

(inhalable fraction): 0.2 mg/m

Chronic Inhalation: 0.0003 mg/m3 (L134)

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The aerosol is irritating to the respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the lungs and central nervous system. This may result in increased susceptibility to bronchitis, pneumonitis and neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders (manganism). Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn):

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body.

Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available for work each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 10 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/: [Table#1626]

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 25 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/: [Table#1627]

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 50 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/: [Table#1628]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Up to 10 mg/m3 :

(APF = 10) Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter (including N95, R95, and P95 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

Up to 25 mg/m3 :

Manganese appears as a lustrous, brittle, silvery solid. (NIOSH, 2024)

Liquid; CBI; Large Crystals; Other Solid; Dry Powder

A lustrous, brittle, silvery solid; [NIOSH]

GREY-WHITE POWDER.

A lustrous, brittle, silvery solid.

Hard grey metal

Steel grey, lustrous, hard, brittle metal

Alpha is body centered cubic; beta is cubic; delta is body centered cubic.

Gamma or electrolytic manganese is face centered cubic; when stabilized at room temp it is face-centered tetragonal.

For more Color/Form (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

3564 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

2061 °C @760 [mm Hg]

2271 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Alpha is stable below approx 710 °C; beta is stable between 710-1079 °C; gamma is stable between 1079-1143 °C; delta is stable between 1143 °C and its melting point.

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

Readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

7.2 (metal) (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

7.3 g/cu cm

Density: alpha, 7.47 at 20 °C; beta, 7.26 at 20 °C; gamma, 6.37 at 1100 °C; delta, 6.28 at 1143 °C

7.47 g/cm³

7.20 (metal)

7.3 @25 °C

0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)

Vapor pressure: 5.55X10-7 Pa at 800 K; 0.00221 at 1000 K; 0.524 Pa at 1200 K; 24.9 Pa at 1400 °C /Calculated/

1 Pa at 955 °C (solid); 10 Pa at 1074 °C (solid); 100 Pa at 1220 °C (solid); 1 kPa at 1418 °C /liquid/; 10 kPa at 1682 °C /liquid/; 100 kPa at 2060 °C /liquid/

0 mmHg (approx)

Superficially oxidized on exposure to air.

MANGANESE DUST CLOUDS HAVE MINIMAL IGNITION TEMP OF 450 °C. ... THE LIMITING OXYGEN (O2) PERCENTAGE PREVENTING IGNITION OF DUST CLOUD IS 15.

Decomp cold water slowly, rapidly on heating; converted by fluorine into di- and trifluoride; by chlorine into the dichloride.

Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point: 4020 J/g

One stable isotope: 55; exists in 4 allotropic forms: alpha form: body-centered cubic, stable below approx. 710 °C, density (at 20 °C): 7.47; beta form: cubic, stable in the range 710-1079 °C, density (at 20 °C): 7.26; gamma form or electrolytic manganese: face-centered cubic, stable in the range 1079-1143 °C, density (at 1100 °C): 6.37; delta form: body-centered cubic, stable in the range 1143 °C to melting point, density (at 1143 °C): 6.28; gamma manganese when stabilized at room temperature is face-centered tetragonal, density (at 20 °C): 7.21; melting point: 1244 °C; boiling point: 2095 °C

Superficially oxidized on exposure to air. Burns with an intense white light when heated in air. Decomposes in water slowly in the cold, rapidly on heating; pure electrolytic manganese is not attacked by steam. Reacts with dilute mineral acids with evolution of hydrogen and formation of divalent manganous salts. Reacts with aqueous solns of sodium or potassium bicarbonate. When heated in nitrogen above 2000 °C burns to form a nitride. Converted by fluorine into the di- and trifluoride, by chlorine into the dichloride. In form of powder reduces most metallic oxides on heating. On heating, reacts directly with carbon, phosphorous, antimony or arsenic.

When stabilized at room temp, gamma has mp of 1244 °C and bp of 2095 °C

Specific heat 0.115 cal/g/deg C; latent heat of fusion 3.5 kcal/g-atom

COLORS GLASS AN AMETHYST COLOR, & IS RESPONSIBLE FOR COLOR OF TRUE AMETHYST

GAMMA FORM CHANGES TO ALPHA AT ORDINARY TEMP

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

thermal expansion coefficient

Manganese dust (finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. During a fire in an industrial bag filter, a mixture of aluminum and manganese dusts was released and an explosion resulted [Occ. Haz. 28:185-7. 1946-47].

Metals, Less Reactive

Pyrophoric

Manganese dust(finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. Powdered manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly; with fluorine the reaction takes place with incandescence [Mellor 12:185, 344. 1946-47]. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with manganese with incandescence and a feeble explosion [Mellor 12:188. 1946-47]. Manganese or potassium ignites in nitrogen dioxide [Ann. Chim. et Phys.(2) 2:317]. Manganese burns with a brilliant flame when heated in sulfur dioxide vapor [Mellor 12:187. 1946-47]. Contact with conc. hydrogen peroxide causes violent decomposition and/or ignition.

Will react with water or steam to produce hydrogen; can react with oxidizing materials.

During a fire in an industrial bag filter, a mixture of aluminum and manganese dust was inadvertently released from the hopper below the bag and a drastic explosion resulted.

Heated manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly. Powdered manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly.

Concentrated nitric acid reacts with powdered manganese with incandescence and ... /an/ explosion.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Oxidizers [Note: Will react with water or steam to produce hydrogen.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Manganese is a metal required for numerous biochemical processes and its functions arise secondarily from its inclusion within protein structures as a cofactor. This includes for immune function and for the biochemical regulation of energy consumption, growth potential, coagulation, and hemostatic function. Also, manganese is involved with mechanisms to remove byproducts of aberrant oxidative stress. Plants are the main source of manganese in the diet. Other sources include vitamins, health products, drinking water that might contain trace amounts, and breast milk and formula for infants. Manganese toxicity, called manganism, is rare but might occur from occupational, accidental, and iatrogenic exposures. The main toxicity includes extra-pyramidal side-effects that closely resemble symptoms of Parkinson syndrome. This i secondary to deposition in specific components of the basal ganglia and the alteration of dopaminergic neuronal enzyme activity. Other noteworthy effects include cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and increased mortality in infants. Examples of exposures for the development of manganism include from chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use in critically ill patients, the consumption of contaminated well-water, and exposure through welding, smelting, and mining. Manganese is readily absorbed through the intestinal tract, and absorption is variable based on the level of dietary intake, with biliary and pancreatic metabolism affecting excretion. However, these mechanisms are bypassed with IV administration, owing to the potentiality for manganism with IV preparations containing the essential metal.

The most often documented etiologies for the development of manganism include chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use in critically ill patients, consumption of contaminated well-water, and exposure through welding, smelting, and mining work.

Manganese is a cellular toxicant that can impair transport systems, enzyme activities, and receptor functions. It primarily targets the central nervous system, particularily the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. It is believed that the manganese ion, Mn(II), enhances the autoxidation or turnover of various intracellular catecholamines, leading to increased production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and other cytotoxic metabolites, along with a depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to oxidative damage and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to dopamine, manganese is thought to interact with other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. Manganese overwhelms the manganese superoxide dismutase and produce oxidative damage. The neurotoxicity of Mn(II) has also been linked to its ability to substitute for Ca(II) under physiological conditions. It can enter mitochondria via the calcium uniporter and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It may also inhibit the efflux of Ca(II), which can result in a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Mn(II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial aconitase activity to a significant level, altering amino acid metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. (L228)

Manganese

1.4 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

5 x 10 ^-5 mg/m^3

Trace element

An exception to the HBSL methodology was made; USEPA OW uses a 3-fold modifying factor to account for increased bioavailability of manganese from drinking water.

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. High levels of manganese may also cause damage to the reproductive system. (L228)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion

Oral (L228) ; inhalation (L228)

Abdominal pain. Nausea.

Manganism; asthenia, insomnia, mental confusion; metal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, flu-like fever; low-back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); kidney damage

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

respiratory system, central nervous system, blood, kidneys

Neurotoxin - Parkinsonism

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

2.5-5 mg/day /Total manganese/

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

SURROGATE. IRIS recommends subtracting Mn dietary exposure and applying a modifying factor of 3.

LD50: 9 g/kg (Oral, Rat) (T26)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Manganese and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Manganese and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Manganese and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In its acute form, manganese poisoning has the effect, characteristic of other heavy metals if /dust or fume is/ inhaled in sufficient quantity, of producing "metal fume fever".

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The authors ... compared the clinical features of 15 career welders, who were ascertained through an academic movement disorders center and compared to two control groups with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). One control group was ascertained sequentially to compare the frequency of clinical features, and the second control group was sex- and age-matched to compare the frequency of motor fluctuations. ... Welders were exposed to a mean of 47,144 welding hours. Welders had a younger age at onset (46 years) of PD compared with sequentially ascertained controls (63 years; p < 0.0001). There was no difference in frequency of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, asymmetric onset, postural instability, family history, clinical depression, dementia, or drug-induced psychosis between the welders and the two control groups. All treated welders responded to levodopa. Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias occurred at a similar frequency in welders and the two control groups. PET with 6-[18F]fluorodopa obtained in two of the welders showed findings typical of idiopathic PD, with greatest loss in posterior putamen. /The authors concluded that/ Parkinsonism in welders is distinguished clinically only by age at onset, suggesting welding may be a risk factor for PD. These preliminary data cannot exclude a genetic contribution to susceptibility in these exposed individuals.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a cross-sectional study, the serum concentrations of inhibin B and prolactin of 96 male current welders were compared with the concentrations measured in 96 age-matched referents. Also, 23 patients who were all former welders diagnosed as having welding-related manganism were studied. The current welders' geometric mean (GM) airborne exposure to manganese (Mn) was 121 ug/cu m (range 7-2320). The serum concentrations of prolactin adjusted for age and smoking habits (GM 193 mIU/L vs. 166 mIU/L; p=0.047) and inhibin B adjusted for alcohol consumption (arithmetic mean (AM) 151 ng/L vs. 123 ng/L; p=0.001) were higher in the welders compared with the referents. The whole blood Mn concentration was associated with the serum prolactin concentrations. Tobacco smoking resulted in lower serum prolactin concentrations. The GM serum prolactin concentrations of the patients did not significantly differ from that of the referents, but their AM serum inhibin B concentration was statistically significantly lower. The results may suggest an effect of Mn on the pituitary that is reversible upon cessation of exposure. Lower inhibin B concentrations in the patients could point to a functional impairment of the testicular Sertoli cells, that may be caused by a welding fume component or other factors in their work environment.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to a group of 61 ferroalloy male workers and 87 controls. The average (geometric mean) manganese concentrations in total dust at the plant have changed from 1981 to 1997 respectively from 1597.03 ug/cu m to 239 ug/cu m at the furnace area; from 151.53 to 255.76 ug/cu m at the casting area; from 167 to 54.7 ug/cu m at the maintenance (welding operations), yielding a current overall value of 54.25 ug/cu m. A cumulative exposure index was calculated for each alloy worker and the average value (geometric mean) resulted to be 1204.87 ug/cu m x years, which divided by the average length of exposure (15.17 years), showed the concentration of 70.83 ug/cu m of manganese in total dust. Blood and urinary manganese geometric means resulted significantly higher in the exposed workers (9.18 ug/L and 1.53 ug/g creatinine, respectively) than in controls (5.74 ug/L and 0.40 ug/g creatinine, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the airborne manganese concentrations in total dust and blood manganese (n = 55; R = 0.36; R2 = 0.13; p = 0.0068), whereas no association resulted between cumulative exposure index and both blood manganese and urinary manganese. Higher prevalence of symptoms reporting was observed in the alloy workers concerning irritability, loss of equilibrium and rigidity. Tremor parameters including the central frequency and its dispersion, resulted to be statistically different in the exposed workers compared to the controls. Motor functions exploring the coordination of rapid and alternating movements and memory functions resulted to be impaired in the manganese workers. Dose-effect relationships were observed between the cumulative exposure index and some of the test results, whereas no relationship was found with the airborne manganese concentrations and the biological indicators of exposure. These findings are consistent with the existing knowledge of a cumulative mechanism of action of manganese, which must be carefully considered when setting safe exposure levels. ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ...Rats were exposed to manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes at concentrations of 65.6 +/- 2.9 (low dose) and 116.8 +/- 3.9 mg/m3 (high dose) total suspended particulate for 2 hr per day in an inhalation chamber for 30 days. Animals were sacrificed after the initial 2 hr exposure, and after 15 and 30 days of exposure. The rats exposed to the welding fumes exhibited a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight when compared to the control during the 30-day exposure period, yet an elevated cellular differential count and higher levels of albumin, LDH, and beta-NAG, but not elevated TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in the acellular bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, the DNA damage resulting from 30 days of welding-fume exposure was confirmed by a comet assay and the inmmunohistochemistry for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OH-dG). ...

5.20e-02

2.20e-01

1.00e+01

1.40e-01

Volatile

1.80e+03

2.60e+04

4.30e+02

2.80e+01

2.40e-02

1.60e-01

6.60e-01

5.50e+03

7.70e+04

1.30e+03

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.

ON THE PACIFIC FLOOR ALONE, THERE IS AN ESTIMATED 400 BILLION METRIC TONS ... .

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Flammable Solid