thallium

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H413: May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H413 (90.8%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 142 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

P203, P260, P263, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

- Thallium is non-combustible.

- The agent itself does not burn, but it may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

- Fire may produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.

- For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

- For large fires, use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

- For fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

- For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn.

- Run-off from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic, and it may cause pollution.

- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

Thallium metal may burn but does not readily ignite. Extinguish fire using an agent suitable for type of surrounding. ...

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Ventilate area of spill. ... 2. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in sealed container for disposal. Large quantities may be reclaimed; However, if this is not practical, collect spilled material in the most convenient & safe manner & deposit in sealed containers for disposal. 3. Liquids containing sol thallium compounds may be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material & deposited in sealed containers for disposal. /Thallium and thallium cmpd/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. (Extra personal protection: P3 filter respirator for toxic particles.)

Reuse: Return to the suppliers. Recommendable methods: Solidification, & landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction. Peer review: Convert sol cmpd to insol form, solidify and landfill. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention.

Where thallium compounds must be used, strict safety precautions should be observed to prevent ingestion, inhalation or skin contact. Food, drink and cigarettes ... prohibited at the work site. /Thallium and thallium compounds/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong acids, fluorine, other halogens and food and feedstuffs. Store only in original container. Well closed.

Store separated from strong acids, fluorine, other halogens food and feedstuffs

In the presence of water, a hydroxide is formed. Thallium is therefore stored under petroleum spirit, glycerine, or deaerated water. On prolonged storage under water with free access of air, metallic thallium becomes covered with large crystals of thallium(I) carbonate, and the water becomes saturated with this salt. To protect against oxidation, rods of thallium are coated with paraffin.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.06 [mg/m3]

3.3 [mg/m3]

20 [mg/m3]

0.1 mg/m³

0.1 [mg/m3], as Tl (Tl and soluble cmpnds)

15 mg Tl/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

15.0 [mg/m3], as Tl (soluble cmpnds)

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Lethal oral doses ranging from 0.9 to 9.4 mg/kg have been reported [Gekkan Yakuji 1980; Tanaka et al. 1978; Venugopal and Luckey 1978; Yakkyoku 1977]. [Note: An oral dose ranging from 0.9 to 9.4 mg/kg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being exposed to concentrations ranging from about 40 to 450 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]

15 mg/m³

0.02 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Tl (Tl and soluble cmpnds)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, skin. /Thallium and soluble cmpds, as Tl/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Thallium and soluble cmpds, as Tl/

(inhalable fraction): 0.02 mg/m

0.02 mg/m³ (inhalable particulate matter) [2009]

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly.

Ingestion could cause effects on the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. Ingestion could cause hair loss. Ingestion of large amounts could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Thallium is not classifiable as a carcinogen, and it is not suspected to be a carcinogen. It is unknown whether chronic or repeated exposure to thallium increases the risk of reproductive toxicity or developmental toxicity. Chronic high level exposure to thallium through inhalation has been reported to cause nervous system effects, such as numbness of fingers and toes. Thallium may cross the placental barrier in humans and may be associated with fetal mortality, particularly if exposure occurs during the period of organ development (organogenesis). Thallium is excreted into breast milk of nursing mothers.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention. Safety goggles, or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent skin contact with soluble thallium compounds where skin contact may occur. Employees should be provided with and required to use dust and splash proof safety goggles where soluble thallium compounds may contact the eyes. /Thallium and thallium compounds/

Persons ... should wear ... protective equipment, & resp protective equipment ... where there is a possibility of ... inhalation of airborne dust. A complete set of working clothes is essential; these clothes should be kept in accommodations separate from that employed for ordinary clothes. /Thallium and compounds/

GENERAL INFORMATION

First Responders should use a NIOSH-certified Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) with a Level A protective suit when entering an area with an unknown contaminant or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown. Level A protection should be used until monitoring results confirm the contaminant and the concentration of the contaminant.NOTE:Safe use of protective clothing and equipment requires specific skills developed through training and experience.

LEVEL A: (RED ZONE)

Select when the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required. This is the maximum protection for workers in danger of exposure to unknown chemical hazards or levels above the IDLH or greater than the AEGL-2.

- A NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand mode or a pressure-demand supplied air hose respirator with an auxiliary escape bottle.

- A Totally-Encapsulating Chemical Protective (TECP) suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.

- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).

- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).

- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.

- Coveralls, long underwear, and a hard hat worn under the TECP suit are optional items.

LEVEL B: (RED ZONE)

Select when the highest level of respiratory protection is necessary but a lesser level of skin protection is required. This is the minimum protection for workers in danger of exposure to unknown chemical hazards or levels above the IDLH or greater than AEGL-2. It differs from Level A in that it incorporates a non-encapsulating, splash-protective, chemical-resistant splash suit that provides Level A protection against liquids but is not airtight.

- A hooded chemical-resistant suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.

- Coveralls, long underwear, a hard hat worn under the chemical-resistant suit, and chemical-resistant disposable boot-covers worn over the chemical-resistant suit are optional items.

LEVEL C: (YELLOW ZONE)

Select when the contaminant and concentration of the contaminant are known and the respiratory protection criteria factors for using Air Purifying Respirators (APR) or Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) are met. This level is appropriate when decontaminating patient/victims.

- A NIOSH-certified CBRN tight-fitting APR with a canister-type gas mask or CBRN PAPR for air levels greater than AEGL-2.

Thallium appears as bluish-white soft malleable metal or gray granules. Density 11.85 g / cm3. Emits toxic fumes when heated. May be packaged under water.

Appearance and odor vary depending upon the specific soluble thallium compound. [NIOSH]

BLUISH-WHITE VERY SOFT METAL. TURNS GREY ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Light-gray to tan powder with a slightly aromatic odor.

Bluish-white metal that turns gray on exposure to air.

Bluish-white, very soft, inelastic, easily fusible, heavy metal

Soft, blue-white metal

Somewhat softer than lead; when freshly melted resembles tin in whiteness; oxidizes rapidly, turning gray, then brownish black form an oxide coating

1473 °C @760 [mm Hg]

For more Solubility (Complete) data for THALLIUM, ELEMENTAL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Insoluble in water; reacts with acid

Dissolves in warm dilute mineral acids, forming thallous (+1) salts and liberating hydrogen gas

Solubility in water: none

11.8 g/cu cm

Relative density (water = 1): 11.9

11.8 @25 °C

Vapor pressure: 1.59X10-5 Pa at 400 K; 0.0931 at 800 K; 16.9 Pa at 1000 K /Calculated/

1 Pa at 609 °C; 10 Pa at 704 °C; 100 Pa at 824 °C; 1 kPa at 979 °C; 10 kPa at 1188 °C; 100 kPa at 1485 °C

depends upon the specific compound

When heated to decomp ... emits toxic fumes of /thallium/

795 kJ/mol

Molar heat capacity: 26.32 J/mol K at 25 °C, 100 kPa (760 mm Hg)

Standard enthalpy of fusion: 4.14 kJ/mol

Standard enthalpy of formation (gas): 182.2 kJ/mol

Naturally occurring isotopes: 203 (29.50%), 205 (70.50%); oxidizes superficially in air forming a coating of Tl2O (thallium(I) oxide); forms alloys with other metals and readily amalgamates with mercury; may be distilled in a stream of hydrogen; begins to volatilize at 174 °C; may be distilled in a stream of hydrogen

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for THALLIUM, ELEMENTAL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

electron density of states

nuclear state

dielectric constant

electromagnetic induction

optical coefficient

crystal structure

fusion temperature

Debye frequency

isoelectronic shift

dielectricity

diffusion

enthalpy

electrode potential

isothermal section

Flammable in the form of powder or dust. Insoluble in water.

Metals, Less Reactive

Strong Reducing Agent

THALLIUM is a reducing agent. Reacts so vigorously with fluorine that the metal becomes incandescent [Mellor 5:421 1946-47].

FLUORINE ACTS SO VIGOROUSLY ON THALLIUM THAT THE METAL BECOMES INCANDESCENT.

Varies. Thallium metal reacts violently with strong acids (such as hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric) and strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine). Reacts with other halogens at room temperature.

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Thallium(I) compounds have a high aqueous solubility and are readily absorbed through the skin. Part of the reason for thallium's high toxicity is that, when present in aqueous solution as the univalent thallium(I) ion (Tl+), it exhibits some similarities with essential alkali metal cations, particularly potassium (due to similar atomic radii). It can thus enter the body via potassium uptake pathways. Other aspects of thallium's chemistry differ strongly from that of the alkali metals, such its high affinity for sulfur ligands. Thus this substitution disrupts many cellular processes (for instance, thallium may attack sulfur-containing proteins such as cysteine residues and ferredoxins). (Wikipedia) A 2013 study found evidence that the thallium(I)-induced liver toxicity is a result of the disruptive effect of this metal on the mitochondrial respiratory complexes (I, II, and IV), which are the obvious causes of metal-induced reactive oxygen species formation and ATP depletion. The latter two events, in turn, trigger cell death signaling via opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and cytochrome c expulsion. (A15464)

Thallium

Trace element

Soluble thallium

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Among the distinctive effects of thallium poisoning are loss of hair (which led to its initial use as a depilatory before its toxicity was properly appreciated) and damage to peripheral nerves (victims may experience a sensation of walking on hot coals), although the loss of hair only generally occurs in low doses; in high doses the thallium kills before this can take effect. (Wikipedia) Thallium toxicity is complex and severe. It affects several systems in human body, including liver, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, reproductive, renal, and nervous systems. Among them, liver is an important organ which possibly assists metabolic reduction of metals; hence, it could be a noticeable organ for thallium toxicity. This is confirmed by the other study on thallium-induced toxicity in experimental animals which reported highest accumulation in liver, kidney, and ileum. (A15464)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Thallium can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Ingestion is an important route of exposure.

Dermal; inhalation; ingestion

No acute symptoms expected.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Headache. Weakness. Muscle pain. Blurred vision. Restlessness. Convulsions. Increased heart rate. Symptoms may be delayed.

- Acute eye exposure is unlikely to result in any local or systemic effects other than mild local irritation.

- Adverse effects due to thallium poisoning are usually delayed by 12 to 24 hours in acute poisoning and reach their maximum by the second or third week after exposure.

- Transient nausea and vomiting (emesis) are seen first, followed by painful sensations in the arms/hands and legs/feet within 1 to 5 days (sometimes more).

- Other effects include: Visual effects; rapid heart rate and high blood pressure; abnormal heart rhythms; respiratory failure; unusual, painful, or burning sensations; muscle aches and weakness; headache; seizures, delirium, and coma; loss of appetite; excessive salivation; inflammation of the mouth, lips, and gums; possible green discoloration of urine shortly after exposure; kidney damage; breakdown of red blood cells; severe acne; and dry and crusty scaling of the skin.

- Severe: Possible damage to the nerves controlling the muscles of the head and neck (e.g., swallowing and eye movements) and also to the muscles that assist in breathing; possible heart damage to the point of being unable to support blood pressure; and loss of scalp hair (alopecia) that develops 2 to 3 weeks after exposure.

- See Ingestion Exposure.

Nausea and vomiting; painful peripheral neuropathy; alopecia. (L2148)

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Gastrointestinal (Stomach and Intestines, part of the digestive system), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Thallium (Soluble Salts)

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

One of the main methods of removing thallium (both radioactive and normal) from humans is to use Prussian blue, which is a material which absorbs thallium. Up to 20 g per day of Prussian blue is fed by mouth to the person, and it passes through their digestive system and comes out in the stool. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are also used to remove thallium from the blood serum. At later stage of the treatment additional potassium is used to mobilize thallium from the tissue.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Thallium and Related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Thallium and Related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Thallium and Related Compounds/

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to ... thallium /and thallium/ compounds at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the eyes, nervous system, lung, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and body hair should be stressed. Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed in humans exposed to thallium, a urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ on centrifuged sediment. Periodic Medical Examination: These medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. /Thallium and thallium compounds/

Respiratory Symptom Questionnaires: Questionnaires have been published by the American Thoracic Society and the British Medical Research Council. These questionnaires have been found to be useful in identification of people with chronic bronchitis, however certain pulmonary function tests such as FEV 1 ... have been found to be better predictors of chronic airflow obstruction. /Thallium/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... Data /were presented/ on the health of workers employed in a magnesium sea water battery plant; exposure to thallium was in the form of fume from alloying in the furnaces, skin contact in the strip-rolling of the thallium-magnesium alloy, and as a dust generated in the scrap-brushing of the alloy. Some workers had exposures above 0.1 mg/cu m as indicated by urinary thallium concentrations of up to 236 ug/L. A urine thallium concentration of 100 ug/L corresponds to a 40-hour/week exposure to 0.1 mg/cu m. There were no statistically significant differences in cardiovascular or gastrointestinal effects in the cohort of 86 exposed workers compared with 79 unexposed controls in the same factory. /Thallium alloy dusts/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Implantation of a pellet of pure thallium (3 to 5 mm diameter) into the motor cortex of a monkey, Macaca mulatta, resulted in death within 6 days.

7.80e-01

1.20e+01

2.00e-01

7.80e-01

1.20e+01

2.00e-01

2.00e+00

1.40e-02

1.40e-01

Volatile

2.30e+00

3.50e+01

6.00e-01

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. (Extra personal protection: P3 filter respirator for toxic particles.)

Reuse: Return to the suppliers. Recommendable methods: Solidification, & landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction. Peer review: Convert sol cmpd to insol form, solidify and landfill. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

UN 1707; Thallium cmpd, nos; Thallium cmpd, nos, liquid or solid (pesticides)

IMO 6.1; Thallium cmpd, nos; Thallium cmpd, nos, liquid or solid (pesticides)

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+; R: 26/28-33-53; S: (1/2)-13-28-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II